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词条 1972 United States presidential election
释义

  1. Democratic nomination

     Primaries  Primary results  Notable endorsements  1972 Democratic National Convention  The vice presidential vote 

  2. Republican nomination

     Primaries  Primary results  Convention 

  3. Third parties

  4. General election

     Campaign  Results  Results by state  Close states 

  5. Post-election investigations into the Watergate break-in

  6. See also

  7. Notes

  8. Notes and References

  9. Bibliography and further reading

  10. External links

{{For|related races|1972 United States elections}}{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2013}}{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1972 United States presidential election
| country = United States
| flag_year = 1960
| type = presidential
| previous_election = 1968 United States presidential election
| previous_year = 1968
| election_date = November 7, 1972
| next_election = 1976 United States presidential election
| next_year = 1976
| votes_for_election = All 538 electoral votes of the Electoral College
| needed_votes = 270 electoral
| turnout = 55.2%[1] {{decrease}} 5.7 pp
| image_size = x200px
| image1 = Richard Nixon presidential portrait.jpg
| nominee1 = Richard Nixon
| party1 = Republican Party (United States)
| home_state1 = California
| running_mate1 = Spiro Agnew
| electoral_vote1 = 520
| states_carried1 = 49
| popular_vote1 = 47,168,710
| percentage1 = {{percent| 47,168,710| 77,744,027|1|pad=yes}}
| image2 = GeorgeMcGovern.jpg
| nominee2 = George McGovern
| party2 = Democratic Party (United States)
| home_state2 = South Dakota
| running_mate2 = Sargent Shriver
(replaced Thomas Eagleton)
| electoral_vote2 = 17
| states_carried2 = 1 + DC
| popular_vote2 = 29,173,222
| percentage2 = {{percent| 29,173,222| 77,744,027|1|pad=yes}}
| map_size = 350px
| map = {{1972 United States presidential election imagemap}}
| map_caption = Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Nixon/Agnew, blue denotes the one state and the one district won by McGovern/Shriver, gold is the electoral vote for Hospers/Nathan by a Virginia faithless elector. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
| title = President
| before_election = Richard Nixon
| before_party = Republican Party (United States)
| after_election = Richard Nixon
| after_party = Republican Party (United States)
}}{{Watergate|Events}}

The 1972 United States presidential election was the 47th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 7, 1972. Incumbent Republican President Richard Nixon defeated Democratic Senator George McGovern of South Dakota.

Nixon easily swept aside challenges from two Republican congressmen in the 1972 Republican primaries to win re-nomination. McGovern, who had played a significant role in reforming the Democratic nomination system after the 1968 election, mobilized the anti-war movement and other liberal supporters to win his party's nomination. Among the candidates he defeated were early front-runner Edmund Muskie, 1968 nominee Hubert Humphrey, and Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm, the first African-American to run for a major party's presidential nomination.

Nixon emphasized the strong economy and his success in foreign affairs, while McGovern ran on a platform calling for an immediate end to the Vietnam War, and the institution of a guaranteed minimum income. Nixon maintained a large and consistent lead in polling. Separately, Nixon's reelection committee broke into the Watergate Hotel to wiretap the Democratic National Committee's headquarters, a scandal that would later be known as "Watergate". McGovern's campaign was further damaged by the revelation that his running mate, Thomas Eagleton, had undergone psychiatric electroshock therapy as a treatment for depression. Eagleton was replaced on the ballot by Sargent Shriver.

Nixon won the election in a landslide, taking 60.7% of the popular vote and carrying 49 states, and he was the first Republican to sweep the South. McGovern took just 37.5% of the popular vote, while John G. Schmitz of the American Independent Party won 1.4% of the vote. Nixon received almost 18 million more votes than McGovern, and he holds the record for the widest popular vote margin in any United States presidential election. The 1972 presidential election was the first since the ratification of the 26th Amendment, which lowered the voting age from 21 to 18. Within two years of the election, both Nixon and Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned from office, the former due to Watergate and the latter to a separate corruption charge, and Nixon was succeeded by Gerald Ford.

Democratic nomination

{{Main|Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1972}}

Overall, fifteen people declared their candidacy for the Democratic Party nomination. They were:[2][3]

  • George McGovern, Senator from South Dakota
  • Hubert Humphrey, Senator from Minnesota and former Vice President, presidential nominee in 1968
  • George Wallace, Governor of Alabama
  • Edmund Muskie, Senator from Maine, vice presidential nominee in 1968
  • Eugene J. McCarthy, former Senator from Minnesota
  • Henry M. Jackson, Senator from Washington
  • Shirley Chisholm, Representative of New York's 12th congressional district
  • Terry Sanford, former Governor of North Carolina
  • John Lindsay, Mayor of New York City, New York
  • Wilbur Mills, Representative of Arkansas's 2nd congressional district
  • Vance Hartke, Senator from Indiana
  • Fred Harris, Senator from Oklahoma
  • Sam Yorty, Mayor of Los Angeles, California
  • Patsy Mink, Representative of Hawaii's 2nd congressional district
  • Walter Fauntroy, Delegate from Washington, D.C.
  • Reubin Askew, former Governor of Florida
Democratic Party Ticket, 1972
{{color|white|George McGovern{{color|white|Sargent Shriver
for Presidentfor Vice President
U.S. Senator
from South Dakota
(1963–1981)		 21st
U.S. Ambassador to France
(1968–1970)
Campaign

Primaries

Senate Majority Whip Ted Kennedy, the youngest brother of late President John F. Kennedy and late United States Senator Robert F. Kennedy, was the favorite to win the 1972 nomination, but he announced he would not be a candidate.[4] The favorite for the Democratic nomination then became Senator Ed Muskie,[5] the 1968 vice-presidential nominee.[6] Muskie's momentum collapsed just prior to the New Hampshire primary, when the so-called "Canuck letter" was published in the Manchester Union-Leader. The letter, actually a forgery from Nixon's "dirty tricks" unit, claimed that Muskie had made disparaging remarks about French-Canadians – a remark likely to injure Muskie's support among the French-American population in northern New England. Subsequently, the paper published an attack on the character of Muskie's wife Jane, reporting that she drank and used off-color language during the campaign. Muskie made an emotional defense of his wife in a speech outside the newspaper's offices during a snowstorm. Though Muskie later stated that what had appeared to the press as tears were actually melted snowflakes, the press reported that Muskie broke down and cried, shattering the candidate's image as calm and reasoned.[7]

Nearly two years before the election, South Dakota Senator George McGovern entered the race as an anti-war, progressive candidate.[8] McGovern was able to pull together support from the anti-war movement and other grassroots support to win the nomination in a primary system he had played a significant part in designing.

On January 25, 1972, New York Representative Shirley Chisholm announced she would run, and became the first African-American woman to run for the Democratic or Republican presidential nomination. Hawaii Representative Patsy Mink also announced she would run and became the first Asian American to run for the Democratic presidential nomination.[9]

On April 25, George McGovern won the Massachusetts primary. Two days later, journalist Robert Novak quoted a "Democratic senator" later revealed to be Thomas Eagleton as saying: "The people don't know McGovern is for amnesty, abortion, and legalization of pot. Once middle America – Catholic middle America, in particular – finds this out, he's dead." The label stuck and McGovern became known as the candidate of "amnesty, abortion, and acid". It became Humphrey's battle cry to stop McGovern—especially in the Nebraska primary.[10][11]

Alabama Governor George Wallace, an anti-integrationist, did well in the South (he won every county in the Florida primary) and among alienated and dissatisfied voters in the North.{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}} What might have become a forceful campaign was cut short when Wallace was shot in an assassination attempt by Arthur Bremer on May 15. Wallace was struck by five bullets and left paralyzed from the waist down. The day after the assassination attempt, Wallace won the Michigan and Maryland primaries, but the shooting effectively ended his campaign and he pulled out in July.

In the end, McGovern won the nomination by winning primaries through grassroots support in spite of establishment opposition. McGovern had led a commission to re-design the Democratic nomination system after the divisive nomination struggle and convention of 1968. The fundamental principle of the McGovern Commission—that the Democratic primaries should determine the winner of the Democratic nomination—have lasted throughout every subsequent nomination contest. However, the new rules angered many prominent Democrats whose influence was marginalized, and those politicians refused to support McGovern's campaign (some even supporting Nixon instead), leaving the McGovern campaign at a significant disadvantage in funding compared to Nixon.

Primary results

Primaries popular vote results:[12]

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
  • Hubert Humphrey – 4,121,372 (25.77%)
  • George McGovern – 4,053,451 (25.34%)
  • George Wallace – 3,755,424 (23.48%)
  • Edmund Muskie – 1,840,217 (11.51%)
  • Eugene McCarthy – 553,990 (3.46%)
  • Henry M. Jackson – 505,198 (3.16%)
  • Shirley Chisholm – 430,703 (2.69%)
  • Terry Sanford – 331,415 (2.07%)
  • John Lindsay – 196,406 (1.23%)
  • Samuel Yorty – 79,446 (0.50%)
  • Wilbur Mills – 37,401 (0.23%)
  • Walter E. Fauntroy – 21,217 (0.13%)
  • Unpledged – 19,533 (0.12%)
  • Ted Kennedy – 16,693 (0.10%)
  • Vance Hartke – 11,798 (0.07%)
  • Patsy Mink – 8,286 (0.05%)
  • None – 6,269 (0.04%)
{{div col end}}

Notable endorsements

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|Edmund Muskie
  • Former Governor of and Secretary of Commerce W. Averell Harriman from New York[12]
  • Senator Harold Hughes from Iowa[12]
  • Senator Birch Bayh from Indiana[12]
  • Senator Adlai Stevenson III from Illinois[13]
  • Senator Mike Gravel of Alaska[14]
  • Former Senator Stephen M. Young from Ohio[15]
  • Governor Milton Shapp of Pennsylvania[12]
  • Former Governor Michael DiSalle of Ohio[15]
  • Ohio State Treasurer Gertrude W. Donahey[16]
  • Astronaut John Glenn from Ohio[16]
Hubert Humphrey
  • Mayor Jack Sensenbrenner of Columbus, Ohio[17]
George McGovern
  • Senator Frank Church from Idaho[12]
  • Senator John V. Tunney from California[12]
George Wallace
  • Former Governor Lester Maddox of Georgia[12]
Shirley Chisholm
  • Representative Ron Dellums from California[12]
  • Feminist leader and author Betty Friedan[18]
  • Reverend Jesse Jackson from Illinois[12]
  • Feminist leader, journalist, and DNC official Gloria Steinem[19]
Terry Sanford
  • Former President Lyndon B. Johnson from Texas[20]
Henry M. Jackson
  • Governor Jimmy Carter of Georgia[21]}}

1972 Democratic National Convention

{{main|1972 Democratic National Convention}}

Results:

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
  • George McGovern – 1864.95
  • Henry M. Jackson – 525
  • George Wallace – 381.7
  • Shirley Chisholm – 151.95
  • Terry Sanford – 77.5
  • Hubert Humphrey – 66.7
  • Wilbur Mills – 33.8
  • Edmund Muskie – 24.3
  • Ted Kennedy – 12.7
  • Sam Yorty – 10
  • Wayne Hays – 5
  • John Lindsay – 5
  • Fred Harris – 2
  • Eugene McCarthy – 2
  • Walter Mondale – 2
  • Ramsey Clark – 1
  • Walter Fauntroy – 1
  • Vance Hartke – 1
  • Harold Hughes – 1
  • Patsy Mink – 1
{{div col end}}

The vice presidential vote

Most polls showed McGovern running well behind incumbent President Richard Nixon, except when McGovern was paired with Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy. McGovern and his campaign brain trust lobbied Kennedy heavily to accept the bid to be McGovern's running mate, but he continually refused their advances, and instead suggested U.S. Representative (and House Ways and Means Committee chairman) Wilbur Mills of Arkansas and Boston Mayor Kevin White.[22] Offers were then made to Hubert Humphrey, Connecticut Senator Abraham Ribicoff, and Minnesota Senator Walter Mondale, all of whom turned it down. Finally, the vice presidential slot was offered to Senator Thomas Eagleton of Missouri, who accepted the offer.[22]

With hundreds of delegates displeased with McGovern, the vote to ratify Eagleton's candidacy was chaotic, with at least three other candidates having their names put into nomination and votes scattered over 70 candidates.[23] A grassroots attempt to displace Eagleton in favor of Texas state representative Frances Farenthold gained significant traction, though was ultimately unable to change the outcome of the vote.[24]

The vice-presidential balloting went on so long that McGovern and Eagleton were forced to begin making their acceptance speeches at around 2 am, local time.

After the convention ended, it was discovered that Eagleton had undergone psychiatric electroshock therapy for depression and had concealed this information from McGovern. A Time magazine poll taken at the time found that 77 percent of the respondents said, "Eagleton's medical record would not affect their vote." Nonetheless, the press made frequent references to his "shock therapy", and McGovern feared that this would detract from his campaign platform.[25] McGovern subsequently consulted confidentially with preeminent psychiatrists, including Eagleton's own doctors, who advised him that a recurrence of Eagleton's depression was possible and could endanger the country should Eagleton become president.[26][27][28][29][30] McGovern had initially claimed that he would back Eagleton "1000 percent", only to ask Eagleton to withdraw three days later. This perceived lack of conviction in sticking with his running mate was disastrous for the McGovern campaign.

McGovern later approached six different prominent Democrats to run for vice-president: Ted Kennedy, Edmund Muskie, Hubert Humphrey, Abraham Ribicoff, Larry O'Brien and Reubin Askew. All six declined. Sargent Shriver, brother-in-law to John, Robert, and Ted Kennedy, former Ambassador to France and former Director of the Peace Corps, later accepted.[31] He was officially nominated by a special session of the Democratic National Committee. By this time, McGovern's poll ratings had plunged from 41 to 24 percent.

Republican nomination

Republican candidates:

  • Richard Nixon, President of the United States who formed his Committee for the Re-Election of the President
  • Pete McCloskey, Representative from California
  • John M. Ashbrook, Representative from Ohio
Republican Party Ticket, 1972
{{color|white|Richard Nixon{{color|white|Spiro Agnew
for Presidentfor Vice President
37th
President of the United States
(1969–1974)		39th
Vice President of the United States
(1969–1973)
Campaign

Primaries

Richard Nixon was a popular incumbent president in 1972, as he was credited with opening the People's Republic of China as a result of his 1972 visit, and achieving détente with the Soviet Union. Polls showed that Nixon held a strong lead in the Republican primaries. He was challenged by two candidates, liberal Pete McCloskey from California and conservative John Ashbrook from Ohio. McCloskey ran as an anti-war candidate, while Ashbrook opposed Nixon's détente policies towards China and the Soviet Union. In the New Hampshire primary McCloskey garnered 19.8% of the vote to Nixon's 67.6%, with Ashbrook receiving 9.7%.[32] Nixon won 1323 of the 1324 delegates to the Republican convention, with McCloskey receiving the vote of one delegate from New Mexico. Vice President Spiro Agnew was re-nominated by acclamation; while both the party's moderate wing and Nixon himself had wanted to replace him with a new running-mate (the moderates favoring Nelson Rockefeller, and Nixon favoring John Connally), it was ultimately concluded that the loss of Agnew's base of conservative supporters would be too big of a risk.

Primary results

Primaries popular vote result:[33]

  • Richard Nixon – 5,378,704 (86.92%)
  • Unpledged – 317,048 (5.12%)
  • John Ashbrook – 311,543 (5.03%)
  • Pete McCloskey – 132,731 (2.15%)

Convention

Seven members of Vietnam Veterans Against the War were brought on federal charges for conspiring to disrupt the Republican convention.[34] They were acquitted by a federal jury in Gainesville, Florida.[34]

Third parties

The only major third party candidate in the 1972 election was conservative Republican Representative John G. Schmitz, who ran on the American Independent Party ticket (the party on whose ballot George Wallace ran in 1968). He was on the ballot in 32 states and received 1,099,482 votes. Unlike Wallace, however, he did not win a majority of votes cast in any state, and received no electoral votes, although he did finish ahead of McGovern in four of the most conservative Idaho counties.[35] Schmitz's performance in archconservative Jefferson County was the best by a third-party Presidential candidate in any free or postbellum state county since 1936 when William Lemke reached over twenty-eight percent of the vote in the North Dakota counties of Burke, Sheridan and Hettinger.[36]

John Hospers and Tonie Nathan of the newly formed Libertarian Party were on the ballot only in Colorado and Washington, but were official write-in candidates in four others, and received 3,674 votes, winning no states. However, they did receive one Electoral College vote from Virginia from a Republican faithless elector (see below). The Libertarian vice-presidential nominee Theodora "Tonie" Nathan became the first Jew and the first woman in U.S. history to receive an Electoral College vote.[37]

Linda Jenness was nominated by the Socialist Workers Party, with Andrew Pulley as her running-mate. Benjamin Spock and Julius Hobson were nominated for president and vice-president, respectively by, the People's Party.

{{clear}}

General election

Campaign

McGovern ran on a platform of immediately ending the Vietnam War and instituting guaranteed minimum incomes for the nation's poor. His campaign was harmed by his views during the primaries (which alienated many powerful Democrats), the perception that his foreign policy was too extreme, and the Eagleton debacle. With McGovern's campaign weakened by these factors, the Republicans successfully portrayed him as a radical left-wing extremist incompetent to serve as president. Nixon led in the polls by large margins throughout the entire campaign. With an enormous fundraising advantage and a comfortable lead in the polls, Nixon concentrated on large rallies and focused speeches to closed, select audiences, leaving much of the retail campaigning to surrogates like Vice President Agnew. Nixon did not, by design, try to extend his coattails to Republican congressional or gubernatorial candidates, preferring to pad his own margin of victory.

Results

Nixon's percentage of the popular vote was only marginally less than Lyndon Johnson's record in the 1964 election, and his margin of victory was slightly larger. Nixon won a majority vote in 49 states, including McGovern's home state of South Dakota. Only Massachusetts and the District of Columbia voted for the challenger, resulting in an even more lopsided Electoral College tally. It was the first election since 1808 in which New York did not have the largest number of electors in the Electoral College, having fallen to 41 electors vs. California's 45.

Although the McGovern campaign believed that its candidate had a better chance of defeating Nixon because of the new Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution that lowered the national voting age to 18 from 21, most of the youth vote went to Nixon.[38] This was the first election in American history in which a Republican candidate carried every single Southern state, continuing the region's transformation from a Democratic bastion into a Republican stronghold as Arkansas was carried by a Republican presidential candidate for the first time in a century. By this time, all the Southern states, except Arkansas and Texas, had been carried by a Republican in either the previous election or the one in 1964 (although Republican candidates carried Texas in 1928, 1952 and 1956). As a result of this election, Massachusetts became the only state that Nixon did not carry in any of the three presidential elections in which he was a candidate.

Through {{CURRENTYEAR}} this remains the last election when Minnesota was carried by the Republican candidate.[39] Minnesota was later the only state not won by Ronald Reagan in either 1980 or 1984. It also proved the last occasion that Georgia, Hawaii, Maryland, Rhode Island and West Virginia would be won by Republicans until 1984.

McGovern won a mere 130 counties, plus the District of Columbia and four county-equivalents in Alaska,{{efn|These were North Slope Borough, plus Bethel, Kusilvak and Hoonah-Angoon Census Areas}} easily the fewest counties won by any major-party presidential nominee since the advent of popular presidential elections.[40] In nineteen states, McGovern failed to carry a single county;{{efn|McGovern failed to carry a single county in Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Utah, Vermont or Wyoming}} he carried a mere one county-equivalent in a further nine states,{{efn|McGovern carried only one county-equivalent in Arizona (Greenlee), Illinois (Jackson), Louisiana (West Feliciana Parish), Maine (Androscoggin), Maryland (Baltimore City), North Dakota (Rolette), Pennsylvania (Philadelphia), Virginia (Charles City) and West Virginia (Logan)}} and just two counties in a further seven.{{efn|McGovern carried just two counties in Colorado, Missouri, Montana, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio and Washington State}} In contrast to Walter Mondale's narrow 1984 win in Minnesota, McGovern comfortably did win Massachusetts, but lost every other state by no less than five percentage points as well as 45 states by more than ten percentage points – the exceptions being Massachusetts, Minnesota, Rhode Island, Wisconsin, and his home state of South Dakota. This election also made Nixon the second former Vice President in American history to serve two terms back-to-back, after Thomas Jefferson in 1800 and 1804. Since McGovern carried only one state, bumper stickers reading "Nixon 49 America 1",[41] "Don't Blame Me I'm From Massachusetts" and "Massachusetts: The One And Only" were popular for a short time in Massachusetts.[42] The "Don't Blame Me I'm From Massachusetts" bumper sticker was subsequently revived after Donald Trump won the 2016 presidential election despite losing Massachusetts to Hillary Clinton.[43]

Nixon managed to win 18% of the African American vote (Gerald Ford would get 16% in 1976). He also remains the only Republican in modern times to threaten the oldest extant Democratic stronghold of South Texas: this is the last election when the Republicans have won Hidalgo or Dimmit Counties, the only time Republicans have won La Salle County since William McKinley in 1900, and one of only two occasions since Theodore Roosevelt in 1904{{efn|Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 also obtained a plurality in Presidio County}} that Republicans have gained a majority in Presidio County.[39] More significantly, the 1972 election is the last time several highly populous urban counties – including Cook in Illinois, Orleans in Louisiana, Hennepin in Minnesota, Cuyahoga in Ohio, Durham in North Carolina, Queens in New York and Prince George's in Maryland – have voted Republican.[39]

{{start U.S. presidential ticket box| pv_footnote=| ev_footnote=}}{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=Richard Milhous Nixon (Incumbent)| party=Republican| state=California| pv=47,168,710| pv_pct=60.67%| ev=520| vp_name=Spiro Theodore Agnew| vp_state=Maryland}}{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=George Stanley McGovern| party=Democratic| state=South Dakota| pv=29,173,222| pv_pct=37.52%| ev=17| vp_name=Robert Sargent Shriver| vp_state=Maryland}}{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=John G. Schmitz| party=American Independent| state=California| pv=1,100,868| pv_pct=1.42%| ev=0| vp_name=Thomas J. Anderson| vp_state=Tennessee}}{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=Linda Jenness| party=Socialist Workers| state=Georgia| pv=83,380{{efn|In Arizona, Pima and Yavapai counties had a confusing ballot that resulted in many voters voting for both a major party candidate, and six individual Socialist Workers Party presidential electors. Technically, these were overvotes, and should not have counted for either the major party candidates or the Socialist Workers Party electors. Within two days of the election, the Attorney General and Pima County Attorney had agreed that all votes should count. The Socialist Workers Party had not qualified as a party, and thus did not have a presidential candidate. In the official state canvass, votes for Nixon, McGovern, or Schmitz, are shown as being for the presidential candidate, the party, and the elector slate of the party; while those for the Socialist Worker Party elector candidates were for those candidates only. In the view of the Secretary of State, the votes were not for Linda Jenness. Some tabulations count the votes for Jenness. Historically, presidential candidate names did not appear on ballots, and voters voted directly for the electors. Nonetheless, votes for the electors are attributed to the presidential candidate. Counting the votes in Arizona for Jenness is consistent with this practice. Because of the confusing ballots, Socialist Workers Party electors received votes on about 21 percent and 8 percent of ballots in Pima and Yavapai, respectively. 30,579 of the party's 30,945 Arizona votes are from those two counties.

}}| pv_pct=0.11%| ev=0| vp_name=Andrew Pulley| vp_state=Illinois}}

{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=Benjamin Spock| party=People's| state=California| pv=78,759| pv_pct=0.10%| ev=0| vp_name=Julius Hobson| vp_state=District of Columbia }}{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=Louis Fisher| party=Socialist Labor| state=Illinois| pv=53,814| pv_pct=0.07%| ev=0| vp_name=Genevieve Gunderson| vp_state=Minnesota}}{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=Gus Hall| party=Communist| state=New York| pv=25,597| pv_pct=0.03%| ev=0| vp_name=Jarvis Tyner| vp_state=Pennsylvania}}{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=Evelyn Reed| party=Socialist Workers| state=New York| pv=13,878| pv_pct=0.02%| ev=0| vp_name=Clifton DeBerry| vp_state=Illinois}}{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=E. Harold Munn| party=Prohibition| state=Michigan| pv=13,497| pv_pct=0.02%| ev=0| vp_name=Marshall Uncapher| vp_state=Kansas}}{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=John G. Hospers| party=Libertarian| state=California| pv=3,674| pv_pct=0.00%| ev=1{{efn|A Virginia faithless elector, Roger MacBride, though pledged to vote for Richard Nixon and Spiro Agnew, instead voted for Libertarian candidates John Hospers and Theodora "Tonie" Nathan.}}[37]| vp_name=Theodora Nathan| vp_state=Oregon}}{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=John Mahalchik| party=America First| state=New Jersey| pv=1,743| pv_pct=0.00%| ev=0 | vp_name=Irv Homer| vp_state=Pennsylvania}}{{U.S. presidential ticket box other| footnote=| pv=26,880| pv_pct=0.04%}}{{end U.S. presidential ticket box| pv=77,744,027| ev=538| to_win=270}}

Source (Popular Vote): {{Leip PV source 2| year=1972| as of=August 7, 2005}}

Source (Electoral Vote): {{National Archives EV source| year=1972| as of=August 7, 2005}}

Source (Close States): Leip, David [https://web.archive.org/web/20120825102042/http://www.mit.edu/~mi22295/elections.html#1972 "How close were U.S. Presidential Elections?"], Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved: January 24, 2013.

{{bar box
|title=Popular vote
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=600px
|barwidth=410px
|bars={{bar percent|Nixon|{{Republican Party (US)/meta/color}}|60.67}}{{bar percent|McGovern|{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}|37.52}}{{bar percent|Schmitz|#ff9955|1.42}}{{bar percent|Others|#777777|0.4}}
}}{{bar box
|title=Electoral vote
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=600px
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|bars={{bar percent|Nixon|{{Republican Party (US)/meta/color}}|96.65}}{{bar percent|McGovern|{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}|3.16}}{{bar percent|Hospers|#FFCC00|0.19}}
}}

Results by state

[44]
States/districts won by Nixon/Agnew
States/districts won by McGovern/Shriver
Richard Nixon
Republican		George McGovern
Democratic		John Schmitz
American Independent		John Hospers
Libertarian		MarginState Total
Stateelectoral
votes		#%electoral
votes		#%electoral
votes		#%electoral
votes		#%electoral
votes		#%#
Alabama9 728,701 72.43 9 256,923 25.54   11,918 1.18         471,778 46.89 1,006,093AL
Alaska3 55,349 58.13 3 32,967 34.62   6,903 7.25         22,382 23.51 95,219AK
Arizona6 402,812 61.64 6 198,540 30.38   21,208 3.25         204,272 31.26 653,505AZ
Arkansas6 445,751 68.82 6 198,899 30.71   3,016 0.47         246,852 38.11 647,666AR
California45 4,602,096 55.00 45 3,475,847 41.54   232,554 2.78   980 0.01   1,126,249 13.46 8,367,862CA
Colorado7 597,189 62.61 7 329,980 34.59   17,269 1.81   1,111 0.12   267,209 28.01 953,884CO
Connecticut8 810,763 58.57 8 555,498 40.13   17,239 1.25         255,265 18.44 1,384,277CT
Delaware3 140,357 59.60 3 92,283 39.18   2,638 1.12         48,074 20.41 235,516DE
D.C.3 35,226 21.56   127,627 78.10 3             −92,401 −56.54 163,421DC
Florida17 1,857,759 71.91 17 718,117 27.80               1,139,642 44.12 2,583,283FL
Georgia12 881,496 75.04 12 289,529 24.65   812 0.07         591,967 50.39 1,174,772GA
Hawaii4 168,865 62.48 4 101,409 37.52               67,456 24.96 270,274HI
Idaho4 199,384 64.24 4 80,826 26.04   28,869 9.30         118,558 38.20 310,379ID
Illinois26 2,788,179 59.03 26 1,913,472 40.51   2,471 0.05         874,707 18.52 4,723,236IL
Indiana13 1,405,154 66.11 13 708,568 33.34               696,586 32.77 2,125,529IN
Iowa8 706,207 57.61 8 496,206 40.48   22,056 1.80         210,001 17.13 1,225,944IA
Kansas7 619,812 67.66 7 270,287 29.50   21,808 2.38         349,525 38.15 916,095KS
Kentucky9 676,446 63.37 9 371,159 34.77   17,627 1.65         305,287 28.60 1,067,499KY
Louisiana10 686,852 65.32 10 298,142 28.35   52,099 4.95         388,710 36.97 1,051,491LA
Maine4 256,458 61.46 4 160,584 38.48   117 0.03   1 0.00   95,874 22.98 417,271ME
Maryland10 829,305 61.26 10 505,781 37.36   18,726 1.38         323,524 23.90 1,353,812MD
Massachusetts14 1,112,078 45.23   1,332,540 54.20 14 2,877 0.12   43 0.00   −220,462 −8.97 2,458,756MA
Michigan21 1,961,721 56.20 21 1,459,435 41.81   63,321 1.81         502,286 14.39 3,490,325MI
Minnesota10 898,269 51.58 10 802,346 46.07   31,407 1.80         95,923 5.51 1,741,652MN
Mississippi7 505,125 78.20 7 126,782 19.63   11,598 1.80         378,343 58.57 645,963MS
Missouri12 1,154,058 62.29 12 698,531 37.71               455,527 24.59 1,852,589MO
Montana4 183,976 57.93 4 120,197 37.85   13,430 4.23         63,779 20.08 317,603MT
Nebraska5 406,298 70.50 5 169,991 29.50               236,307 41.00 576,289NE
Nevada3 115,750 63.68 3 66,016 36.32               49,734 27.36 181,766NV
New Hampshire4 213,724 63.98 4 116,435 34.86   3,386 1.01         97,289 29.12 334,055NH
New Jersey17 1,845,502 61.57 17 1,102,211 36.77   34,378 1.15         743,291 24.80 2,997,229NJ
New Mexico4 235,606 61.05 4 141,084 36.56   8,767 2.27         94,522 24.49 385,931NM
New York41 4,192,778 58.54 41 2,951,084 41.21               1,241,694 17.34 7,161,830NY
North Carolina13 1,054,889 69.46 13 438,705 28.89   25,018 1.65         616,184 40.58 1,518,612NC
North Dakota3 174,109 62.07 3 100,384 35.79   5,646 2.01         73,725 26.28 280,514ND
Ohio25 2,441,827 59.63 25 1,558,889 38.07   80,067 1.96         882,938 21.56 4,094,787OH
Oklahoma8 759,025 73.70 8 247,147 24.00   23,728 2.30         511,878 49.70 1,029,900OK
Oregon6 486,686 52.45 6 392,760 42.33   46,211 4.98         93,926 10.12 927,946OR
Pennsylvania27 2,714,521 59.11 27 1,796,951 39.13   70,593 1.54         917,570 19.98 4,592,105PA
Rhode Island4 220,383 53.00 4 194,645 46.81   25 0.01   2 0.00   25,738 6.19 415,808RI
South Carolina8 478,427 70.58 8 189,270 27.92   10,166 1.50         289,157 42.66 677,880SC
South Dakota4 166,476 54.15 4 139,945 45.52               26,531 8.63 307,415SD
Tennessee10 813,147 67.70 10 357,293 29.75   30,373 2.53         455,854 37.95 1,201,182TN
Texas26 2,298,896 66.20 26 1,154,291 33.24   7,098 0.20         1,144,605 32.96 3,472,714TX
Utah4 323,643 67.64 4 126,284 26.39   28,549 5.97         197,359 41.25 478,476UT
Vermont3 117,149 62.66 3 68,174 36.47               48,975 26.20 186,947VT
Virginia12 988,493 67.84 11 438,887 30.12   19,721 1.35       1 549,606 37.72 1,457,019VA
Washington9 837,135 56.92 9 568,334 38.64   58,906 4.00   1,537 0.10   268,801 18.28 1,470,847WA
West Virginia6 484,964 63.61 6 277,435 36.39               207,529 27.22 762,399WV
Wisconsin11 989,430 53.40 11 810,174 43.72   47,525 2.56         179,256 9.67 1,852,890WI
Wyoming3 100,464 69.01 3 44,358 30.47   748 0.51         56,106 38.54 145,570WY
TOTALS: 538 47,168,710 60.67 520 29,173,222 37.52 17 1,100,868 1.42 0 3,674 0.00 1 17,995,488 23.15 77,744,027US

Close states

States where margin of victory was more than 5 percentage points, but less than 10 percentage points (43 electoral votes):

{{col-begin}}{{col-break|width=25%}}
  1. Minnesota, 5.51%
  2. Rhode Island, 6.19%
  3. South Dakota, 8.63%
  4. Massachusetts, 8.97%
  5. Wisconsin, 9.67%
{{col-end}}

Post-election investigations into the Watergate break-in

On June 17, 1972, five months before election day, five men broke into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate hotel in Washington, D.C.; the resulting investigation led to the revelation of attempted cover-ups of the break-in within the Nixon administration. What became known as the Watergate scandal eroded President Nixon's public and political support in his second term, and he resigned on August 9, 1974, in the face of probable impeachment by the House of Representatives and removal from office by the Senate.

As part of the continuing Watergate investigation in 1974–75, federal prosecutors offered companies that had given illegal campaign contributions to President Nixon's re-election campaign lenient sentences if they came forward.[45] Many companies complied, including Northrop Grumman, 3M, American Airlines and Braniff Airlines.[45] By 1976, prosecutors had convicted 18 American corporations of contributing illegally to Nixon's campaign.[45]

See also

  • United States House of Representatives elections, 1972
  • United States Senate elections, 1972
  • United States gubernatorial elections, 1972
  • George McGovern presidential campaign, 1972
  • Second inauguration of Richard Nixon
  • Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72, a collection of articles by Hunter S. Thompson on the subject of the election, focusing on the McGovern campaign.

Notes

{{notelist}}

Notes and References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/index.html |title=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections |publisher=uselectionatlas.org |accessdate=October 21, 2012}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal72-1249975 |title=CQ Almanac Online Edition |publisher=Library.cqpress.com |date= |accessdate=2016-08-17}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2002/Sep/29/ln/ln04a.html |title=Hawai'i, nation lose "a powerful voice" | The Honolulu Advertiser | Hawaii's Newspaper |publisher=The Honolulu Advertiser |date= |accessdate=2016-08-17}}
4. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ON9LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=q4oDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5489,4273487&dq=ted+kennedy+presidential+campaign&hl=en|title=Don't count out Ted Kennedy|newspaper=The Free Lance–Star|date=June 4, 1971|author=Jack Anderson|accessdate=March 16, 2012}}
5. ^{{cite book |title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|authorlink= David Frum|year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 0-465-04195-7|page= 298}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M001121|title=Muskie, Edmund Sixtus, (1914 - 1996)|publisher=United States Congress}}
7. ^"[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/remember/muskie_3-26.html Remembering Ed Muskie]", Online NewsHour, PBS, March 26, 1996.
8. ^{{cite news |url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F30C11F7345C107B93CBA8178AD85F458785F9 |title=McGovern Enters '72 Race, Pledging Troop Withdrawal |author=R. W. Apple, Jr. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 18, 1971 |page=1 |format=fee required |accessdate=March 16, 2012}}
9. ^{{cite web |title=Shirley Chisholm’s 1972 Presidential Campaign |author=Jo Freeman |publisher=University of Illinois at Chicago Women's History Project |date=February 2005 |url=http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/polhistory/chisholm.htm |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126085532/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/polhistory/chisholm.htm |archivedate=January 26, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}
10. ^{{cite book|author=Robert D. Novak|title=The Prince of Darkness: 50 Years Reporting in Washington|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Cq-v7M6N74C&pg=PA225|year= 2008|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|page=225|isbn=9781400052004}}
11. ^{{cite book|author=Nancy L. Cohen|title=Delirium: The Politics of Sex in America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oSUe4nZO1_YC&pg=PA37|year= 2012|publisher=Counterpoint Press|pages=37–38|isbn=9781619020689}}
12. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=46950 |title=D Primaries Race – Mar 07, 1972 |publisher=Our Campaigns |work=US President |accessdate=September 21, 2008}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=36023 |title=D Primary Race – Mar 21, 1972 |publisher=Our Campaigns |work=IL US President |accessdate=September 21, 2008}}
14. ^{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F00D16F83C591A7493C7A8178AD85F468785F9|title=More Muskie Support|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=September 27, 2008 | date=January 15, 1972}}
15. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=11755 |title=Stephen M. Young |publisher=Our Campaigns |work=Candidate |accessdate=September 21, 2008}}
16. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=10820 |title=Gertrude W. Donahey |publisher=Our Campaigns |work=Candidate |accessdate=September 21, 2008}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=36076 |title=D Primary Race – May 2, 1972 |publisher=Our Campaigns |work=OH US President |accessdate=September 21, 2008}}
18. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Bb1kkyv9e5wC&pg=PA250&lpg=PA250&dq=Friedan+chisholm |title=Life So Far: A Memoir – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= August 1, 2006|accessdate=May 28, 2010|isbn=978-0-7432-9986-2}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/pov/chisholm/special_ticket_02.php |title=POV – Chisholm '72 . Video: Gloria Steinem reflects on Chisholm's legacy |publisher=PBS |date= |accessdate=May 28, 2010}}
20. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QN93ENX3_3sC&pg=PP4&lpg=PP4&dq=Terry+Sanford+%2B+Johnson+%2B+1972#v=snippet&q=ranch&f=false |title=Terry Sanford: politics, progress ... – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=May 28, 2010|isbn=978-0-8223-2356-3|year=1999}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=58482 |title=D Convention Race – Jul 10, 1972 |publisher=Our Campaigns |work=US President |accessdate=September 21, 2008}}
22. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,906135-7,00.html|title=Introducing... the McGovern Machine|date= July 24, 1972 |work=Time Magazine|accessdate=September 7, 2008}}
23. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/conventions/chicago/facts/weird.facts/votes.shtml |title=All Politics: CNN Time. "All The Votes...Really" |publisher=Cnn.com |date= |accessdate=May 28, 2010}}
24. ^"A Guide to the Frances Tarlton Farenthold Papers, 1913-2013", Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin.
25. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/03/26/MN9NVQGO2.DTL |title=Obama bounces back – speech seemed to help |publisher=Sfgate.com |date=March 26, 2008 |accessdate=May 28, 2010 | first=Joe | last=Garofoli}}
26. ^McGovern, George S., Grassroots: The Autobiography of George McGovern, New York: Random House, 1977, pp. 214–215
27. ^McGovern, George S., Terry: My Daughter's Life-and-Death Struggle with Alcoholism, New York: Random House, 1996, pp. 97
28. ^Marano, Richard Michael, Vote Your Conscience: The Last Campaign of George McGovern, Praeger Publishers, 2003, pp. 7
29. ^The Washington Post, "George McGovern & the Coldest Plunge", Paul Hendrickson, September 28, 1983
30. ^The New York Times, "'Trashing' Candidates" (op-ed), George McGovern, May 11, 1983
31. ^{{cite book|last1=Liebovich|first1=Louis|title=Richard Nixon, Watergate, and the Press: A Historical Retrospective|date=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275979157|page=53}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.primarynewhampshire.com/new-hampshire-primary-past-results.php |title=New Hampshire Primary historical past election results. 2008 Democrat & Republican past results. John McCain, Hillary Clinton winners |publisher=Primarynewhampshire.com |date= |accessdate=2016-08-17}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=46959 |title=R Primaries Race – Mar 07, 1972 |publisher=Our Campaigns |work=US President |accessdate=September 21, 2008}}
34. ^1 {{cite book |title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|authorlink= David Frum|authors= |year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 0-465-04195-7|page= 52|pages= |url= }}
35. ^Menendez, Albert J.; The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004, p. 100 {{ISBN|0786422173}}
36. ^Scammon, Richard M. (compiler); America at the Polls: A Handbook of Presidential Election Statistics 1920-1964; pp. 339, 343 {{ISBN|0405077114}}
37. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=q6tVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=A-EDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3741,7501174&dq=john-hospers+electoral+vote+1972&hl=en |title=Libertarians trying to escape obscurity |agency=Associated Press |work=Eugene Register-Guard |date=December 30, 1973 |accessdate=July 30, 2012}}
38. ^{{cite news |url=http://reason.com/archives/2008/06/10/the-age-of-nixon |title=The Age of Nixon: Rick Perlstein on the left, the right, the '60s, and the illusion of consensus |work=Reason |date=July 2008 |accessdate=July 27, 2013 |author=Jesse Walker}}
39. ^1 2 Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016
40. ^Menendez, Albert J.; The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004, p. 98 {{ISBN|0786422173}}
41. ^{{Cite magazine |date=1973-08-27 |title=New York Intelligencer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qOYCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA57 |magazine=New York |language=en |publisher=New York Media, LLC |volume=6 |issue=35 |page=57 |access-date=2019-03-16}}
42. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/14/archives/as-massachusetts-went-im-frommassachusetts-dont-blame-me.html |title=As Massachusetts went— |last=Lukas |first=J. Anthony |date=1973-01-14 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2019-03-16 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}
43. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2016/11/16/dont-blame-me-im-from-massachusetts-bumper-sticker-is-resurrected-post-election |title=‘Don’t blame me, I’m from Massachusetts’ bumper sticker is resurrected post-election |date=2016-11-16 |work=Boston.com |access-date=2019-03-16 |language=en-US}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year=1972&datatype=national&def=1&f=0&off=0&elect=0|title=1972 Presidential General Election Data — National|accessdate=March 18, 2013}}
45. ^1 2 {{cite book |title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|authorlink= David Frum|authors= |year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 0-465-04195-7|page= 31|url= }}

Bibliography and further reading

  • {{cite journal |last=Giglio |first=James N. |title=The Eagleton Affair: Thomas Eagleton, George McGovern, and the 1972 Vice Presidential Nomination |journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly |year=2009 |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=647–676 |doi=10.1111/j.1741-5705.2009.03731.x }}
  • {{cite journal |last=Graebner |first=Norman A. |title=Presidential Politics in a Divided America: 1972 |journal=Australian Journal of Politics and History |year=1973 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=28–47 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8497.1973.tb00722.x }}
  • {{cite journal |last=Hofstetter |first=C. Richard |last2=Zukin |first2=Cliff |title=TV Network News and Advertising in the Nixon and McGovern Campaigns |journal=Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly |year=1979 |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=106–152 |doi=10.1177/107769907905600117 }}
  • {{cite journal |last=Nicholas |first=H. G. |title=The 1972 Elections |journal=Journal of American Studies |year=1973 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1017/S0021875800012585 }}
  • {{cite book |last=White |first=Theodore H. |authorlink=Theodore H. White |title=The Making of the President, 1972 |location=New York |publisher=Atheneum |year=1973 |isbn=0-689-10553-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TvQoIHPv8UC }}

External links

  • {{Britannica|1582288|United States presidential election of 1972}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20120825102042/http://www.mit.edu/~mi22295/elections.html#1972 The Election Wall's 1972 Election Video Page]
  • 1972 popular vote by counties
  • 1972 popular vote by states
  • 1972 popular vote by states (with bar graphs)
  • {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825102042/http://www.mit.edu/~mi22295/elections.html#1972 |date=August 25, 2012 |title=How close was the 1972 election? }} — Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • Campaign commercials from the 1972 election
  • C-SPAN segment on 1972 campaign commercials
  • C-SPAN segment on the “Eagleton Affair”
  • Election of 1972 in Counting the Votes
{{United States presidential election, 1972}}{{State Results of the 1972 U.S. presidential election}}{{United States elections, 1972}}{{USPresidentialElections}}{{Richard Nixon}}{{George McGovern}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:United States Presidential Election, 1972}}

4 : 1972 United States presidential election|History of the United States (1964–80)|Presidency of Richard Nixon|Articles containing video clips
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