| 词条 | Mumpsimus |
| 释义 |
A mumpsimus ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ʌ|m|p|s|ɪ|m|ə|s}}) a "traditional custom obstinately adhered to however unreasonable it may be",{{sfn|Scarlett|Roland|1972|p=236}} or "someone who obstinately clings to an error, bad habit or prejudice, even after the foible has been exposed and the person humiliated; also, any error, bad habit, or prejudice clung to in this fashion".{{sfn|Elster|2006|p=29}} Thus it may describe behaviour or the person who behaves thus. For example, all intensive purposes is a common eggcorn of the fixed expression all intents and purposes; if a person continues to say the eggcorn even after being made aware of the correct form, either the speaker or the phrase may be called a mumpsimus. OriginThe term originates from an apocryphal story about a poorly educated Catholic priest saying Latin mass who, in reciting the postcommunion prayer {{lang|la|Quod ore sumpsimus, Domine}} (meaning: "What we have received in the mouth, Lord"), instead of {{lang|la|sumpsimus}} (meaning: "we have received") substitutes the non-word mumpsimus, presumably as a mondegreen. After being made aware of his mistake, he nevertheless persisted with his erroneous version, whether from stubbornness, force of habit, or refusing to believe he was mistaken.{{sfn|Leighton|Leighton|2003|p=39}}{{sfn |Derbyshire |1981 |p=258}} The story was told by Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536) in a letter he wrote in August 1516 to Henry Bullock.{{sfn|Marshall|2001|p=513}}[1] Erasmus used it as an analogy with those who refused to accept that Novum Instrumentum omne, his edition of the Greek New Testament, corrected errors in the Latin Vulgate. The English diplomat Richard Pace (1482–1536) included a variant in his 1517 work De Fructu qui ex Doctrina Percipitur, where the priest was English and had been saying mumpsimus for thirty years when corrected.{{sfn|Hall|1873|p=137}} While Pace's book (written in Latin) is credited by the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary as the origin of "mumpsimus",[2] Pace acknowledged his borrowing in a 1517 letter to Erasmus.{{sfn|Marshall|2001|p=514}} "Mumpsimus and sumpsimus" became proverbial among Protestants in the early English Reformation.{{sfn|Marshall|2001}} UsageMumpsimus soon entered the language as a cant word widely used by 16th-century writers.{{sfn|Elyot|1883|p=289}} In William Tyndale's 1530 book Practice of Prelates, the word was used in the sense of a stubborn opponent to Tyndale's views. He said that the men whom Cardinal Wolsey had asked to find reasons why Catherine of Aragon was not truly the wife of King Henry VIII of England were "...all lawyers, and other doctors, mumpsimuses of divinity".{{sfn|Marshall|2001|p=516}} In 1531 Sir Thomas Elyot used the word in his Boke named the Gouvernor where he said of Magnanimitie that the word, "...being yet straunge, as late borowed out of the Latyne, shall not content all men, and specially them whome nothing contenteth out of their accustomed mumpsimus".{{sfn|Marshall|2001|p=515}} Henry VIII in his speech at the State Opening of Parliament on Christmas Eve 1545 said:{{sfn|Dodd|1839|p=453}} {{quote|I see and hear daily, that you of the clergy preach one against another, teach, one contrary to another, inveigh one against another, without charity or discretion. Some be too stiff in their old mumpsimus, other be too busy and curious in their new sumpsimus. Thus, all men almost be in variety and discord, and few or none do preach, truly and sincerely, the word of God, according as they ought to do. }} Peter Heylin refers to the king's saying in his 1631 The History of St. George of Cappadocia when he talks of "...those self-conceited ones which are so stiffe—as King Harry used to say—in their new sumpsimus..."{{sfn|Hall|1873|p=137}} Hugh Latimer (1487–1555) used the term in two sermons he preached in 1552, saying: "When my neighbour is taught, and knoweth the truth, and will not believe it, but will abide in his old mumpsimus..." and again: "Some be so obstinate in their old mumpsimus, that they cannot abide the true doctrine of God."{{sfn|Foxe|1859|p=141}} In an 1883 polemic on errors in translations of the Christian Bible, John Burgon says: "If men prefer their 'mumpsimus' to our 'sumpsimus', let them by all means have it: but pray let them keep their rubbish to themselves—and at least leave our SAVIOUR's words alone."{{sfn|Burgon|1883|p=218}} Eugene T. Maleska, 1970s editor of The New York Times crossword puzzle, received "dozens of letters" after "mumpsimus" appeared as an answer; he had felt that "it was time to revive the obsolete noun".[3] A. Leslie Derbyshire applied it in a 1981 management science book to managers who know how to do a better job but choose not to.{{sfn|Derbyshire|1981|p=258}} Garner's Modern English Usage says the word could describe George W. Bush because of his persistent habit of pronouncing "nuclear" as "nucular", despite the error being widely reported.{{sfn|Garner|2009|p=3709}} Notes and referencesNotes{{notes}}1. ^{{cite book |title=The Correspondence of Erasmus: Letters 446 to 593, 1516-1517|chapter=Letter 456: to Henry Bullock|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGzfhhQ5NhYC&pg=PA46 |author1=Desiderius Erasmus|author2=Roger Aubrey|author3=Baskerville Mynors|author4=Douglas Ferguson|author5=Scott Thomson |volume=4 |page=46 |publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1974}} 2. ^{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/oed6barch#page/764/mode/1up |page=764 |volume=6: M–N |edition=1st |title=Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |date=1908 |editor-last=Bradley |editor-first=Henry |accessdate=26 February 2016}} 3. ^{{cite news |last1=Maleska |first1=Eugene T. |title=Confessions Of A Crossword Editor |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/10/28/archives/confessions-of-a-crossword-editor.html |accessdate=14 September 2018 |work=The New York Times |date=28 October 1979 |page=SM24 |language=en}} Sources{{refbegin}}
|last=Burgon|first=John William|authorlink=John Burgon|title=The Revision Revised: Three Articles Reprinted from the Quarterly Review. 1. The New Greek Text. 2. The New English Version. 3. Westcott and Hort's New Textual Theory, to which is Added a Reply to Bishop Ellicott's Pamphlet in Defence of the Revisers and Their Greek Text of the New Testament ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXkw1TAatV8C&pg=PA218|accessdate=2013-02-18|year=1883|publisher=J. Murray}}
|last=Derbyshire|first=A. Leslie |title=Mastering Management: Practical Procedures for Effective Business Control |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHRA_eR0yB4C&pg=PA258|accessdate=18 February 2013 |date=1 January 1981|publisher=Cedar Fort|isbn=978-0-88290-159-6}}
|last=Dodd|first=Charles|editor-last=Tierney|editor-first=Mark Aloysius |volume=Vol. 1|year=1839|publisher=Charles Dolman |title=Church history of England from the commencement of the sixteenth century to the revolution in 1688 |chapter=Appendix No.XLIX |url=https://archive.org/stream/doddschurchhist01dodduoft#page/453/mode/1up |accessdate=25 February 2015 }}
|last=Elster|first=Charles Harrington|title=The Big Book Of Beastly Mispronunciations: The Complete Opinionated Guide for the Careful Speaker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YtojrMr0Ft4C&pg=PA29|accessdate=18 February 2013 |date=22 February 2006|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-618-42315-6}}
|last=Elyot|first=Sir Thomas|title=The Boke Named The Gouernour|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQ4PAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA289|accessdate=2013-02-18 |year=1883|publisher=K. Paul, Trench}}
|last=Erasmus|first=Desiderius|authorlink=Desiderius Erasmus|title=The Correspondence of Erasmus Letters 446 to 593|year=1977|publisher=University of Toronto}}
|last=Foxe|first=John|title=Narratives of the Days of the Reformation, Chiefly from the Manuscripts of John Foxe the Martyrologist: With Two Contemporary Biographies of Archbishop Cranmer ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TStTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA141|accessdate=2013-02-18|year=1859|publisher=Camden Society}}
|last=Garner|first=Bryan|title=Garner's Modern American Usage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sd3byNeBdR4C&pg=PT3709|accessdate=2013-02-18 |date=2009-07-28|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-987462-0}}
|last=Hall|first=Fitzedward|title=Modern English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hToLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA137|accessdate=2013-02-18 |year=1873|publisher=Scribner, Armstrong, & Company|page=137}}
|last1=Leighton|first1=Jan|first2=Hallie |last2=Leighton|title=Rare Words and Ways to Master Their Meanings: 500 Arcane But Useful Words for Language Lovers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYsSOTGDAcYC&pg=PA39|accessdate=18 February 2013 |date=1 January 2003|publisher=Levenger Company|isbn=978-1-929154-12-8|page=39}}
|last=Marshall|first=Peter|year=2001|title=Mumpsimus and Sumpsimus: The Intellectual Origins of a Henrician Bon Mot |journal=The Journal of Ecclesiastical History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=52|issue=3|pages=512–520 |issn=0022-0469|doi=10.1017/S0022046901005978|url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/304/1/WRAP_Marshall_download.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=24 February 2016}}
|last1=Scarlett|first1=Earle Parkhill|last2=Roland|first2=Charles G.|title=In sickness and in health: reflections on the medical profession|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NsnUAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=18 February 2013|year=1972|publisher=McClelland and Stewart}}{{refend}} External links
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