| 词条 | Sousse | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|official_name =Sousse |other_name = |native_name = سوسة |nickname = "The pearl of the Sahel" |settlement_type = City |motto = |image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Sousse Ribat Aussicht.JPG | photo2a = Grande_Mosquée_sousah.jpg | photo2b = Mosquée_Bou_Ftetah.jpg | photo3a = La_Kasba.JPG | photo3b = Medina_of_Sousse-130323.jpg | size = 275 | spacing = 2 | color = transparent | border = 0 }} |imagesize = |image_caption = Clockwise from top: Skyline of Sousse, Bou Ftetah Mosque, Ribat of Sousse, Kasba, Great Mosque of Sousse |image_flag = Flag commune Sousse.svg |flag_size = |image_seal = Logo commune Sousse.svg |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Tunisia |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Tunisia |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = Tunisia |subdivision_type1 = Governorate |subdivision_name1 = Sousse Governorate |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = |population_as_of =2013 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total =271.428 |population_density_km2 =246/km² |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro =674.971 |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |timezone = CET |utc_offset = +1 |timezone_DST = CET |utc_offset_DST = +1 |coordinates = {{coord|35|50|N|10|38|E|region:TN|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = {{url|www.commune-sousse.gov.tn/fr}} |footnotes = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | child = yes | official_name = Medina of Sousse | criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(iii)(iv)(v)}}(iii)(iv)(v) | ID = 498bis | year = 1988 | extension = 2010 | area = {{convert|31.68|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}} | buffer_zone = {{convert|60.99|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}} }} }} Sousse or Soussa ({{lang-ar|سوسة}}, {{audio|help=no|Soussa.wav|Sūsa}}; Berber:{{nbsp}}Susa) is a city in Tunisia, capital of the Sousse Governorate. Located {{convert|140|km|0|abbr=on|sp=us}} south of the capital Tunis, the city has 271,428 inhabitants (2014). Sousse is in the central-east of the country, on the Gulf of Hammamet, which is a part of the Mediterranean Sea. Its economy is based on transport equipment, processed food, olive oil, textiles, and tourism. It is home to the Université de Sousse. {{anchor|Etymology|Toponymy|Names}}NameSousse and Soussa are both French spellings of the Arabic name Sūsa, which may derive from Berber (cf., e.g., Morocco's Sous River and Region). The present city has also grown to include the ruins of Hadrumetum, which had many names in several languages during antiquity.[2][3][4]HistoryHadrumetum{{main|Hadrumetum}}In the 11th century{{nbsp}}{{sc|bc}},{{fact|date=December 2018}}{{dubious|reason=Hadrumetum gives the (also unsourced) date 9th century BC|date=December 2018}} Tyrians established Hadrumetum{{sfnp|Enc. Brit.|1911|p=802}} as a trading post and waypoint along their trade routes to Italy and the Strait of Gibraltar. Its establishment (at a river mouth about {{convert|6|mi|order=flip|disp=or|abbr=on|sp=us}} north of old Sousse)[5][6] preceded Carthage's[7] but, like other western Phoenician colonies, it became part of the Carthaginian Empire{{sfnp|Enc. Brit.|1911|p=802}} following {{nowrap|Nebuchadnezzar II}}'s long siege of Tyre in the 580s and 570s{{nbsp}}{{sc|bc}}. The city featured in the Third Sicilian War, the Second and Third Punic Wars (in the latter of which it secured additional territory and special privileges by aiding Rome against what was left of the Carthaginians), and Caesar's Civil War, when it was the scene of Caesar's famously deft recovery: upon tripping while coming ashore, he dealt with the poor omen this threatened to become by grabbing handfuls of dirt and proclaiming "I have you now, Africa!" ({{lang-la|Teneo te Africa!}})[8] The second city in Roman Africa after Carthage, it became the capital of the province of Byzacena during the Diocletianic Reforms. Its native sons included the jurist Salvius Julianus, the emperor Clodius Albinus, and numerous Christian saints. The Roman and Byzantine catacombs beneath the city are extensive. The Vandals sacked Hadrumetum in 434 but it remained a place of importance within their kingdom; a bishop and proconsul were martyred there during the Vandals' periodic forced conversions of their subjects to Arianism. The Byzantine Empire reconquered the town in 534 during the Vandal War and engaged in a public works program that included new fortifications and churches. The town was sacked during the Umayyad Caliphate's 7th-century conquest of North Africa. According to a 1987 ICOMOS report, Uqba ibn Nafi's siege and capture of the city resulted in its almost complete destruction, such that no monument of Hadrumetum "subsists in situ".[3] Medieval SusaMuslim Arab armies rapidly spread Arab culture across what had been a thoroughly Romanized and Christianized landscape. Under the Aghlabids, Susa was established near the ruins of Hadrumetum and served as their main port. Their 827 invasion of Sicily was mainly launched from the town's harbor. After the Byzantine city of Melite (modern Mdina on Malta) was captured by the Aghlabids in 870, marble from its churches was used to build the Ribat.[9] A soaring structure that combined the purposes of a minaret and a watch tower, it remains in outstanding condition and draws visitors from around the world. Its mosque is sometimes accounted the oldest surviving in the region and the town's main mosque, also built during the 9th century, has a similarly fortress-like appearance. Susa was briefly occupied by Norman Sicily in the 12th century; it fell to the Ottoman Empire in the 16th; and it was bombarded by a French and Venetian fleet in the 18th. Colonial SousseTunisia became a French protectorate in 1881. The French improved the town's harbor during the next two decades. Prior to the First World War, Sousse had about 25,000 inhabitants, including around 10,000 French and roughly 5,000 other Europeans, mostly Italians and Maltese. Modern SousseSousse has retained the solidly Arabian look and feel it had assumed in the centuries after its initial conquest. Today it is considered one of the best examples of seaward-facing fortifications built by the Arabs. These days, Sousse, with a population of about 200,000, retains a medieval heart of narrow, twisted streets, a kasbah and medina, its ribat fortress and long wall on the Mediterranean. Surrounding it is a modern city of long, straight roads and more widely spaced buildings. Sousse was the site of the chess interzonal in 1967, made famous when American Grandmaster Bobby Fischer withdrew from the tournament even though he was in first place at the time.[10] On 26 June 2015, a lone gunman later identified as Seifeddine Rezgui Yacoubi opened fire on tourists sunbathing on a beach near the Riu Imperial Marhaba and Soviva hotels, killing 38 and wounding 39, before being shot dead by the police. EconomySousse is the third largest city in Tunisia after Tunis and Sfax. Although Sousse is associated with olive oil manufacture and has other industries, tourism predominates today. An olive grove covering more than {{convert|2500|km2|0|abbr=on|sp=us}} constitutes one of its main riches since antiquity. The busy port near downtown adds a touch of liveliness to its activity. Sousse also had many oil wells in the area during its colonial period. TourismSousse is an important tourist resort. It has a hot semi-arid climate, with the seaside location moderating the climate, making it an all-season resort with hot, dry summers and warm, mild, wet winters. The fine sandy beaches are backed by orchards and olive groves. Only {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} from Monastir and Monastir Habib Bourguiba International Airport, hotel complexes with a capacity of 40,000 beds extend {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} from the old city (medina) north along the seafront to Port El Kantaoui. Some 1,200,000 visitors come every year to enjoy its hotels and restaurants, nightclubs, casinos, beaches, and sports facilities. Sousse is considered to be a popular tourist destination, especially due to its nightlife. Well-known nightclubs include Bora Bora, Living, Rediguana, Platinum, and The Saloon. The top producers and DJs in dance come to play at the various clubs. The season traditionally begins at the start of June and finishes on the first weekend of October with the closing parties. TransportSousse is well-connected with the main Tunisian Railways network, having non-electrified lines to Tunis (since 1899), Sfax (since 1911), and Kasserine (since 2004) with diesel multiple unit and locomotive-driven trains. The main Gare Sousse terminus is in the city center, while Gare Kalaa Seghira serves a bypass route. Since 2010 the electrified Sahel Metro line goes south to Monastir Habib Bourguiba International Airport, Monastir, and Mahdia. This line has the Sousse - Bab Jadid station as its northern terminus in Sousse's city center, and 4 additional stations in the city. Intercity buses and red-strip microbuses (so-called louages) connect Sousse with many cities in Tunisia. Urban transit in Sousse is served by routes of articulated and conventional buses, blue-strip louages, and cheap taxis. The {{track gauge|600 mm}} Sousse–Kairouan Decauville railway operated from 1882 to 1996, before it was regauged to {{track gauge|1000 mm}} gauge. Sights{{see also|Medina of Sousse, Tunisia}}A medina, surrounded by its city walls and fortifications, is of historical interest. The medina includes open and covered bazaars (souks). Buildings of historical interest include the ribat castle, the central mosque, and a historical museum in the Casbah with mosaics from the area's many Roman villas. The Carthaginian catacombs can be visited. UNESCO declared the medina of Sousse a World Heritage Site in 1988, citing among various things its preservation from modern development. Statistics
ClimateKöppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot semi-arid (BSh)[11] bordering with hot-summer Mediterranean (Csa). The highest recorded temperature was {{convert|48|C}} on August 28, 2007, while the lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|4.5|C}} on December 27, 1993.[12] {{Weather box|metric first=yes |single line=yes |location=Sousse |Jan record high C=27 |Feb record high C=30 |Mar record high C=37 |Apr record high C=36 |May record high C=43 |Jun record high C=47 |Jul record high C=47 |Aug record high C=48 |Sep record high C=42 |Oct record high C=40 |Nov record high C=31 |Dec record high C=30 |Jan high C=15.8 |Feb high C=16.3 |Mar high C=17.8 |Apr high C=20.2 |May high C=23.4 |Jun high C=27.1 |Jul high C=30.7 |Aug high C=31.5 |Sep high C=30.2 |Oct high C=25.6 |Nov high C=20.8 |Dec high C=16.7 |Jan mean C=11.4 |Feb mean C=11.7 |Mar mean C=13.3 |Apr mean C=15.6 |May mean C=18.7 |Jun mean C=22.4 |Jul mean C=25.6 |Aug mean C=26.2 |Sep mean C=25.0 |Oct mean C=20.9 |Nov mean C=16.1 |Dec mean C=12.4 |Jan low C=7.2 |Feb low C=7.4 |Mar low C=8.9 |Apr low C=11.0 |May low C=14.1 |Jun low C=17.8 |Jul low C=20.6 |Aug low C=20.9 |Sep low C=19.9 |Oct low C=16.3 |Nov low C=11.5 |Dec low C=8.1 |Jan record low C=4.8 |Feb record low C=5 |Mar record low C=5.5 |Apr record low C=5.5 |May record low C=9 |Jun record low C=13 |Jul record low C=14 |Aug record low C=20 |Sep record low C=15 |Oct record low C=7 |Nov record low C=5.5 |Dec record low C=4.5 |precipitation colour=green |Jan precipitation mm=43 |Feb precipitation mm=48 |Mar precipitation mm=35 |Apr precipitation mm=28 |May precipitation mm=15 |Jun precipitation mm=9 |Jul precipitation mm=2 |Aug precipitation mm=7 |Sep precipitation mm=35 |Oct precipitation mm=44 |Nov precipitation mm=35 |Dec precipitation mm=53 |Jan rain days=7 |Feb rain days=6 |Mar rain days=7 |Apr rain days=6 |May rain days=5 |Jun rain days=2 |Jul rain days=1 |Aug rain days=2 |Sep rain days=4 |Oct rain days=6 |Nov rain days=6 |Dec rain days=7 |Jand sun=6 |Febd sun=7 |Mard sun=7 |Aprd sun=8 |Mayd sun=10 |Jund sun=11 |Juld sun=12 |Augd sun=11 |Sepd sun=9 |Octd sun=7 |Novd sun=7 |Decd sun=6 |source 1= Climate-Data.org,[11] Weather2Travel for rainy days and sunshine[13] |source 2= Voodoo Skies for record temperatures[12] }}
Notable people
In filmsSousse's old city has aspects that made it ideal as a film location. Most famous is Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), where Sousse represents Cairo, however the styles of Sousse, white-washed houses with blue details, bear no resemblance to the actual architecture of Cairo.{{cn|date=December 2017}} International relations{{See also|List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Africa#Tunisia|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in Tunisia}}Twin towns – Sister citiesSousse is twinned with:
See also
ReferencesCitations1. ^ 2. ^Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, Gazeteer, page 511, Map 33 Theveste-Hadrumetum, Compiled by R.B. Hitchner, 1997, in file BATL033_.PDF in B_ATLAS.ZIP {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507083500/http://press.princeton.edu/B_ATLAS.ZIP |date=2013-05-07 }} from Princeton University Press | Subjects | Browse Princeton Catalog by Subject | Archaeology and Ancient History | Archaeology and Ancient History | Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. R.J.A. Talbert, ed. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326070859/http://press.princeton.edu/catalogs/subjects/arc.html |date=2012-03-26 }} | Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, Edited by Richard J. A. Talbert | Map-by-Map Directory. 3. ^1 ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites) Report - The Medina of Sousse {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713072130/http://www.commune-sousse.gov.tn/upload/patrimoine.pdf |date=2015-07-13 }} from Site Officiel de la Ville de Sousse | Découvrir Sousse {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110003434/http://www.commune-sousse.gov.tn/fr/actualite.php |date=2012-01-10 }} | Histoire et Patrimoine | Sousse Patrimoine Mondial de l'humanité {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827132309/http://www.commune-sousse.gov.tn/fr/histoirepatrimoine.php |date=2011-08-27 }}. 4. ^Sousse Archaeological Bulletin "SOCIÉTÉ ARCHÉOLOGIQUE DE SOUSSE, Assemblée générale du 29 Février 1903, Extraits des procès-verbaux des réunions." etc., from Institut National du Patrimoine Tunisie / National Heritage Institute (INP) | Digital Library | Sousse Archaeological Bulletin (near bottom of page). 5. ^{{harvp|New Class. Dict.|1860|loc=s.v. [https://archive.org/details/newclassicaldict00anthiala/page/338 "Hadrūmētum"]}}. 6. ^{{harvp|Norie|1831|p=[https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=0ipFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA348 348]}}. 7. ^Sallust, Jug., 19. 8. ^Suetonius, Div. Jul., §59. {{la icon}}{{nbsp}}& {{en icon}} 9. ^{{cite web |last1=Brincat |first1=Joseph M. |title=New Light on the Darkest Age in Malta’s History |url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/The%20Arabs%20in%20Malta/1995proc%20Malta%20870-1054%20by%20J.M.%20Brincat.pdf |website=melitensiawth.com |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Z5HkRHsR?url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/The%20Arabs%20in%20Malta/1995proc%20Malta%20870-1054%20by%20J.M.%20Brincat.pdf |archivedate=6 June 2015 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 10. ^The Further Adventures Of Terrible-tempered Bobby 11. ^1 {{Cite web |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/3548/ |title=Climate: Sousse - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table |publisher=Climate-Data.org |accessdate=30 October 2013 }} 12. ^1 {{Cite web |url=http://voodooskies.com/weather/tunisia/sousse |title=Sousse, Tuisia |publisher=Voodoo Skies |accessdate=30 October 2013 }} 13. ^1 {{Cite web |url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/tunisia/sousse.php |title=Sousse Climate and Weather Averages, Tunisia |publisher=Weather2Travel |accessdate=30 October 2013 }} 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.braunschweig.de/english/city/twincities/partner_freundschaftsstaedte_sousse.html |title=Sousse, Tunisia - The pearl of the Sahel |website=Stadt Braunschweig [City of Braunschweig] |access-date = 2013-08-07}} 15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.izmir.bel.tr/SisterCities/591/en |title=Sister Cities |website=Izmir Metropolitan Municipality |access-date=2015-06-30}} 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/si/ljubljana/pobratena-mesta-zdruzenja/ |title=Medmestno in mednarodno sodelovanje |trans-title=Intercity and International Cooperation |work=Mestna občina Ljubljana [Ljubljana City] |language=Slovenian |access-date=2013-07-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626075304/http://www.ljubljana.si/si/ljubljana/pobratena-mesta-zdruzenja/ |archivedate=2013-06-26 |df= }} 17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://serpukhov.regio.ru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002000702/http://serpukhov.regio.ru/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2017-10-02 |title=Serpukhov Region |accessdate=2009-04-15}} Bibliography
External linksOfficial:
General references and travel guides:
Photographs:
9 : Cities in Tunisia|Arabic architecture|Archaeological sites in Tunisia|Communes of Tunisia|Seaside resorts in Tunisia|Mediterranean port cities and towns in Tunisia|Ports and harbours of the Arab League|Transport in the Arab League|Sousse Governorate |
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