“Muslim League (Opposition)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Muslim League (Opposition), later renamed as the All India Muslim League, was a political party in Kerala, India.^[1]^[1] It was a splinter group of the Indian Union Muslim League.^[2] The party was founded by Ummer Bafakky Thangal.^[3] It was an ally of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and part of the Left Democratic Front.^[2]^[4]

Split in the IUML

A rift had emerged in the Muslim League in Kerala in 1976, between followers of C.H. Mohammed Koya and the faction of Ummer Bafakky Thangal. Six Members of the Legislative Assembly sided with Thangal and boycotted the Assembly. They were expelled from the party, and then the ML(O) was set up. The new party was nicknamed the 'Opposition League'.^[3] In the wake of the split leaders of ML(O) were summarily arrested and detained.^[5]

1977 election

The party contested the 1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election. ML(O) fielded 16 candidates, generally in constituencies where they faced Muslim League candidates. In total the candidates of the party got 390,139 votes (4.45% of the votes in the state). Three of its candidates were elected; P.P.V. Moosa from Edakkad, P.M. Aboobaker from Calicut-II and K.P. Raman from Kunnamangalam.^[6]

ML(O) fielded two candidates in the 1977 Indian general election, which both where defeated by IUML candidates in straight contests; B.M. Hussain in the Manjeri Lok Sabha seat (167,034 votes, 38.73%) and M. Moideen Kutty Haji (151,945 votes, 36.05%).^[7]

The party won a 1979 by-election to the Kasargode Legislative Assembly seat, with B.M.A. Rahiman as the candidate.^[8]

1980 election

The party changed its name to the 'All India Muslim League' ahead of the 1980 election.^[2] The election symbol of the party was a boat.^[9] The party fielded eleven candidates in the 1980 Legislative Assembly election, out of whom five were elected; P.P.V. Moosa, P.M. Aboobacker and K.P. Raman were re-elected whereas A.V. Abdulurahiman Haji from Meppayur and M.J. Zakaria from Mattancherry were elected as well. In total the candidates of the party got 335,223 votes (3.51% of the votes in the state).^[10] The party became a major partner in the coalition government formed after the election, with E.K. Nayanar as Chief Minister.^[11]

The party fielded K. Moideen Kutty Haji in the Manjeri Lok Sabha seat in the 1980 Indian general election. He finished in second place with 196,820 votes (45.60% of the votes in the constituency).^[12]

1982 election

The All India Muslim League fielded twelve candidates in the 1982 Legislative Assembly election, out of whom four were elected. A.V. Abdulurahiman Haji, P.M. Aboobacker and K.P. Raman were re-elected. N.A. Mammoo Haji was elected from Peringalam. All in all, the candidates of the party obtained 310,626 votes (3.25% of the votes in the state).^[13]

Merger with IUML

The alliance between CPI(M) and the All India Muslim League was broken in 1985.^[4] Differences on the issue on Muslim Personal Law prompted the break-up.^[14] The party re-united with the Indian Union Muslim League on August 3, 1985.^[15]^[16]

References

1. ^{{cite book|author=Thomas Johnson Nossiter|title=Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CSQUxVjjWQC&pg=PA236|date=1 January 1982|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04667-2|page=236}}
2. ^¹²³{{cite book|title=The Indian Political Science Review, Vol. 19|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxmDAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Department of Political Science, University of Delhi.|page=149}}
3. ^¹{{cite book|author=G. Gopa Kumar|title=Regional political parties and state politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wuuJAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|pages=58–60}}
4. ^¹{{cite book|author1=Ram Sakal Singh|author2=Champa Singh|title=Indian Communism, Its Role Towards Indian Polity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=paQkd5NOPtcC&pg=PA141|date=1 January 1991|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-294-3|page=141}}
5. ^{{cite book|author=Jyoti Basu|title=Documents of the Communist Movement in India: 1975-1977|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=653aAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=National Book Agency|isbn=978-81-7626-023-7|page=157}}
6. ^Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF KERALA
7. ^Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1977 TO THE SIXTH LOK SABHA - VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS)
8. ^Election Commission of India. Bye-election results 1952-95
9. ^{{cite book|title=The Election Archives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dB4vAAAAYAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Shiv Lal|page=66}}
10. ^Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1980 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF KERALA
11. ^{{cite book|author=S. Sharafudeen|title=Muslims of Kerala: A Modern Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1RpuAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Kerala Historical Society|page=86}}
12. ^Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1980 TO THE SEVENTH LOK SABHA - VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS)
13. ^Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1982 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF KERALA
14. ^{{cite book|title=Studies in Contemporary Islam, Vol. 1, Eds. 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1icQAQAAIAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Center for Islamic Studies|page=51}}
15. ^{{cite book|author=M. R. Biju|title=Politics of Democracy and Decentralisation in India: A Case Study of Kerala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBPhlynHQ4EC&pg=PA61|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-705-8|page=61}}
16. ^{{cite book|author=N. Jose Chander|title=Dynamics of state politics, Kerala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C3NuAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Sterling Publishers|page=204}}