| 词条 | South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
{{Infobox geopolitical organization |name = |titlestyle = background:transparent; font-size:9pt; |title = {{resize|11.5pt|South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation}} (SAARC) |{{Infobox|subbox=yes|bodystyle= font-size:9pt; | rowclass1 = mergedrow| label1 = Bengali: | data1 = {{lang|bn|দক্ষিণ এশীয় আঞ্চলিক সহযোগিতা সংস্থা}} | rowclass2 = mergedrow| label2 = Dari: | data2 = {{lang|prs|اتحادیه همکاریهای منطقهای جنوب آسی}} | rowclass3 = mergedrow| label3 = Dzongkha: | data3 = {{lang|dz| ༄ ལྷོ ཨེསིཨ་ རེ་གིཨོནལ་ ཅོཨོཔེརཏིཨོན་ ཀོ་མི་ཏི།}} | rowclass4 = mergedrow| label4 = Hindi: | data4 = {{lang|hi|दक्षिण एशियाई क्षेत्रीय सहयोग संगठन}} | rowclass5 = mergedrow| label6 = Maldivian: | data6 = {{lang|dv|ދެކުނު އޭޝިޔާގެ ސަރަޙައްދީ އެއްބާރުލުމުގެ ޖަމިއްޔާ}} | rowclass6 = mergedrow| label7 = Nepali: | data7 = {{lang|ne|दक्षिण एशियाली क्षेत्रीय सहयोग सङ्गठन}} | rowclass7 = mergedrow| label8 = Pashto: | data8 = {{lang|ps|د سویلي اسیا لپاره د سیمه ایزی همکارۍ ټولنه}} | rowclass8 = mergedrow| label9 = Sinhalese: | data9 = {{lang|si|දකුණු ආසියාතික කලාපීය සහයෝගිතා සංවිධානය}} | rowclass9 = mergedrow| label10 = Tamil: | data10 = {{lang|ta|தெற்காசிய நாடுகளின் பிராந்தியக் கூட்டமைப்பு}} | rowclass10 = mergedrow| label11 = Urdu: | data11 = {{lang|ur|{{nq|جنوبی ایشیائی علاقائی تعاون کی تنظیم}}}} }} }} |linking_name = South Asia (disambiguation) |symbol_type = Logo |image_symbol = |image_map = South Asia (excluding internal borders) (orthographic projection).svg |map_caption = |image_map2 = SAARC3.svg |map_caption2 = {{legend|#0B1473|Member states}} {{legend|#A2A9F5|Observer states}} |official_languages = English |membership_type = Member states |membership ={{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = 8 members |{{flagcountry|Afghanistan}} |{{flagcountry|Bangladesh}} |{{flagcountry|Bhutan}} |{{flagcountry|India}} |{{flagcountry|Maldives}} |{{pad|6px}}{{flagcountry|Nepal}} |{{flagcountry|Pakistan}} |{{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}} | }}{{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = 9 observers |{{flagcountry|Australia}} |{{flagcountry|China}} |{{flagcountry|European Union}} |{{flagcountry|Iran}} |{{flagcountry|Japan}} |{{flagcountry|Mauritius}} |{{flagcountry|Myanmar}} |{{flagcountry|South Korea}} |{{flagcountry|United States}} | }} |demonym = South Asian |admin_center_type = Headquarters |admin_center = Kathmandu |leader_title1 = {{nowrap|Secretary-General}} |leader_name1 = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} Amjad Hussain B. Sial[1] |established = 8 December 1985 | GDP_PPP = US$11.64 trillion[2] | GDP_PPP_rank = 3rd | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal = US$ 3.31 trillion[2] | GDP_nominal_rank = 5th | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | currency = |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = 8 currencies |{{flagicon|Afghanistan}} Afghani {{nowrap|(AFN)}} |{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} Taka (৳) {{nowrap|(BDT)}} |{{flagicon|Bhutan}} Ngultrum {{nowrap|(BTN)}} |{{flagicon|India}} Rupee (₹) {{nowrap|(INR)}} |{{flagicon|Maldives}} Rufiyaa {{nowrap|(MVR)}} |{{flagicon|Nepal}} Rupee (रु.) {{nowrap|(NPR)}} |{{flagicon|Pakistan}} Rupee {{nowrap|(PKR)}} |{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} Rupee {{nowrap|(LKR)}} | time_zone = Afghanistan Time(30), Pakistan Standard Time (PST), Maldives Time(both 00), Indian Standard Time (IST), Sri Lanka Standard Time (SLST)(both30), Nepal Standard Time (NST)(45), Bangladesh Standard Time (BST), Bhutan Time (both00) | utc_offset = +4:30 to +6 | time_zone_DST = | DST_note = | utc_offset_DST = | calling_code = |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = 8 codes | {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} +880 | {{flagicon|India}} +91 | {{flagicon|Pakistan}} +92 | {{flagicon|Afghanistan}} +93 | {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} +94 | {{flagicon|Maldives}} +960 | {{flagicon|Bhutan}} +975 | {{flagicon|Nepal}} +977 }} |official_website = {{URL|http://www.saarc-sec.org/}} |area_rank = 7th |area_km2 = 5,099,611 |area_sq_mi = {{Convert|5,099,611|km2|sqmi|disp=number}} |percent_water = 6.8 |population_estimate = 1,713,870,000[3] |population_estimate_rank = 1st |population_estimate_year = 2015 |population_density_km2 = 336.1 |population_density_sq_mi = 870.4 |population_density_rank = |cctld = .asia[4] | }} The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is the regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of nations in South Asia. Its member states include Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, the Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. SAARC comprises 3% of the world's area, 21% of the world's population and 3.8% (US$2.9 trillion)[2] of the global economy, as of 2015. SAARC was founded in Dhaka on 8 December 1985.[5] Its secretariat is based in Kathmandu, Nepal. The organization promotes development of economic and regional integration.[6] It launched the South Asian Free Trade Area in 2006.[7] SAARC maintains permanent diplomatic relations at the United Nations as an observer and has developed links with multilateral entities, including the European Union. Historical backgroundThe idea of co-operation in South Asia was discussed in at least three conferences: the Asian Relations Conference held in New Delhi on April 1947; the Baguio Conference in the Philippines on May 1950; and the Colombo Powers Conference held in Sri Lanka in April 1954.[8] {{Supranational Asian Bodies|align=left|size=310px}}In the ending years of the 1970s, the seven inner South Asian nations that included Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka agreed upon the creation of a trade bloc and to provide a platform for the people of South Asia to work together in a spirit of friendship, trust, and understanding. President Ziaur Rahman later addressed official letters to the leaders of the countries of the South Asia, presenting his vision for the future of the region and the compelling arguments for region.[9] During his visit to India in December 1977, Rahman discussed the issue of regional cooperation with the Indian Prime Minister, Morarji Desai. In the inaugural speech to the Colombo Plan Consultative Committee which met in Kathmandu also in 1977, King Birendra of Nepal gave a call for close regional cooperation among South Asian countries in sharing river waters.[10] After the USSR's intervention in Afghanistan, the efforts to establish the union was accelerated in 1979 and the resulting rapid deterioration of South Asian security situation.[10] Responding to Rahman and Birendra's convention, the officials of the foreign ministries of the seven countries met for the first time in Colombo in April 1981.[10] The Bangladeshi proposal was promptly endorsed by Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, and the Maldives but India and Pakistan were sceptical initially.[10] The Indian concern was the proposal's reference to the security matters in South Asia and feared that Rahman's proposal for a regional organisation might provide an opportunity for new smaller neighbours to re-internationalise all bilateral issues and to join with each other to form an opposition against India. Pakistan assumed that it might be an Indian strategy to organise the other South Asian countries against Pakistan and ensure a regional market for Indian products, thereby consolidating and further strengthening India's economic dominance in the region.[10] However, after a series of diplomatic consultations headed by Bangladesh between South Asian U.N. representatives at the UN headquarters in New York, from September 1979 to 1980, it was agreed that Bangladesh would prepare the draft of a working paper for discussion among the foreign secretaries of South Asian countries.[10] The foreign secretaries of the inner seven countries again delegated a Committee of the Whole in Colombo on September 1981, which identified five broad areas for regional cooperation. New areas of co-operation were added in the following years.[11] In 1983, the international conference held in Dhaka by its Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the foreign ministers of the inner seven countries adopted the Declaration on South Asian Association Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and formally launched the Integrated Programme of Action (IPA) initially in five agreed areas of cooperation namely, Agriculture; Rural Development; Telecommunications; Meteorology; and Health and Population Activities.[12] Officially, the union was established in Dhaka with Kathmandu being union's secretariat-general.[13] The first SAARC summit was held in Dhaka on 7–8 December 1985 and hosted by the President of Bangladesh Hussain Ershad.[14] The declaration signed by King of Bhutan Jigme Singye Wangchuk, President of Pakistan Zia-ul-Haq, Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi, King of Nepal Birendra Shah, President of Sri Lanka JR Jayewardene, and President of Maldives Maumoon Gayoom.[14] Members and observersEconomic data is sourced from the International Monetary Fund, current as of April 2015, and is given in US dollars.[15] Members
The member states are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.[20] SAARC was founded by seven states in 1985. In 2005, Afghanistan began negotiating their accession to SAARC and formally applied for membership on the same year.[21][22] The issue of Afghanistan joining SAARC generated a great deal of debate in each member state, including concerns about the definition of South Asian identity because Afghanistan is a Central Asian country.[23] The SAARC member states imposed a stipulation for Afghanistan to hold a general election; the non-partisan elections were held in late 2005.[23] Despite initial reluctance and internal debates, Afghanistan joined SAARC as its eighth member state in April 2007.[23][24] ObserversStates with observer status include[25] Australia,[26] China, the European Union,[27] Iran, Japan,[27] Mauritius,[28] Myanmar, South Korea and the United States.[29] On 2 August 2006, the foreign ministers of the SAARC countries agreed in principle to grant observer status to three applicants;[30] the US and South Korea (both made requests in April 2006),[30] as well as the European Union (requested in July 2006).[31] On 4 March 2007, Iran requested observer status,[32] followed shortly by Mauritius. Potential future membersMyanmar has expressed interest in upgrading its status from an observer to a full member of SAARC.[33] Russia has applied for observer status membership of SAARC.[34][35][36] Turkey applied for observer status membership of SAARC in 2012.[34][35][36] South Africa has participated in meetings.[37]SecretariatThe SAARC Secretariat was established in Kathmandu on 16 January 1987 and was inaugurated by Late King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah of Nepal.[38] Regional CentresThe SAARC Secretariat is supported by following Regional Centres established in the Member States to promote regional co-operation. These Centres are managed by Governing Boards comprising representatives from all the Member States, SAARC Secretary-General and the Ministry of Foreign/External Affairs of the Host Government. The Director of the Centre acts as Member Secretary to the Governing Board which reports to the Programming Committee. After 31 December 2015, there 6 regional centers were stopped by unanimous decision. These are SMRC, SFC, SDC, SCZMC, SIC, SHRDC.[39]
Apex and Recognised BodiesSAARC has six Apex Bodies,[40] they are-
Amjad Hussain B. Sial is the current Secretary General of SAARC. SAARC also has about 17 recognised bodies.[40] SAARC Disaster Management CentreSouth Asia Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Disaster Management Centre (SDMC-IU) has been set up at Gujarat Institute of Disaster Management (GIDM) Campus, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. Eight Member States, i.e. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka are expected to be served by the SDMC (IU). The SDMC (IU) is entrusted with the responsibility to serve Member States by providing policy advice, technical support on system development, capacity building services and training for holistic management of disaster risk in the SAARC region. The centre also facilitates exchange of information and expertise for effective and efficient management of disaster risk. Political issuesLasting peace and prosperity in South Asia has been elusive because of the various ongoing conflicts in the region. Political dialogue is often conducted on the margins of SAARC meetings which have refrained from interfering in the internal matters of its member states.[42] During the 12th and 13th SAARC summits, extreme emphasis was laid upon greater cooperation between the SAARC members to fight terrorism.[43][44] The 19th SAARC summit scheduled to be held in Pakistan was called off as India, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Afghanistan decided to boycott it.[45][46] It was for the first time that four countries boycotted a SAARC summit, leading to its cancellation.[47][48] South Asian Free Trade AreaSAFTA was envisaged primarily as the first step towards the transition to a South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) leading subsequently towards a Customs Union, Common Market and the Economic Union. In 1995, Sixteenth session of the Council of Ministers (New Delhi, 18–19 December 1995) agreed on the need to strive for the realisation of SAFTA and to this end, an Inter-Governmental Expert Group (IGEG) was set up in 1996 to identify the necessary steps for progressing to a free trade area. The Tenth SAARC Summit (Colombo, 29–31 July 1998) decided to set up a Committee of Experts (COE) to draft a comprehensive treaty framework for creating a free trade area within the region, taking into consideration the asymmetries in development within the region and bearing in mind the need to fix realistic and achievable targets. The SAFTA Agreement was signed on 6 January 2004 during Twelfth SAARC Summit held in Islamabad, Pakistan. The Agreement entered into force on 1 January 2006, and the Trade Liberalisation Programme commenced from 1 July 2006. Under this agreement, SAARC members will bring their duties down to 20 percent by 2009. Following the Agreement coming into force the SAFTA Ministerial Council (SMC) has been established comprising the Commerce Ministers of the Member States.[49] In 2012 the SAARC exports increased substantially to US$354.6 billion from US$206.7 billion in 2009. Imports too increased from US$330 billion to US$602 billion over the same period. But the intra-SAARC trade amounts to just a little over 1% of SAARC's GDP. In contrast to SAARC, in ASEAN (which is actually smaller than SAARC in terms of the size of the economy) the intra-bloc trade stands at 10% of its GDP. SAFTA was envisaged to gradually move towards the South Asian Economic Union, but the current intra-regional trade and investment relation are not encouraging and it may be difficult to achieve this target. The SAARC intra-regional trade stands at just five percent on the share of intra-regional trade in overall trade in South Asia. Similarly, foreign direct investment is also dismal. The intra-regional FDI flow stands at around four percent of the total foreign investment.[50] The Asian Development Bank has estimated that inter-regional trade in SAARC region possessed the potential of shooting up agricultural exports by $14 billion per year from existing level of $8 billion to $22 billion. The study by Asian Development Bank states that against the potential average SAARC intra-regional trade of $22 billion per year, the actual trade in South Asia has been only around $8 billion. The uncaptured potential for intra-regional trade is therefore $14 billion per year, i.e. 68%.[51][52] SAARC Visa Exemption SchemeThe SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme was launched in 1992. The leaders at the Fourth Summit (Islamabad, 29–31 December 1988), realizing the importance of people-to-people contact among SAARC countries, decided that certain categories of dignitaries should be entitled to a Special Travel document. The document would exempt them from visas within the region. As directed by the Summit, the Council of Ministers regularly kept under review the list of entitled categories. Currently, the list included 24 categories of entitled persons, which include dignitaries, judges of higher courts, parliamentarians, senior officials, entrepreneurs, journalists, and athletes. The Visa Stickers are issued by the respective Member States to the entitled categories of that particular country. The validity of the Visa Sticker is generally for one year. The implementation is reviewed regularly by the Immigration Authorities of SAARC Member States.[53] AwardsSAARC AwardThe Twelfth Summit approved the SAARC Award to support individuals and organisations within the region. The main aims of the SAARC Award are:
The SAARC Award consists of a gold medal, a letter of citation, and cash prize of US$25,000 ({{INR}}15 lakhs). Since the institution of the SAARC Award in 2004, it has been awarded only once and the Award was posthumously conferred upon the late President Ziaur Rahman of Bangladesh.[54] SAARC Literary AwardThe SAARC Literary Award is an annual award conferred by the Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature (FOSWAL) since 2001[55][56] which is an apex SAARC body.[57] Shamshur Rahman, Mahasweta Devi, Jayanta Mahapatra, Abhi Subedi, Mark Tully, Sitakant Mahapatra, Uday Prakash, Suman Pokhrel and Abhay K are some of the prominent recipients of this award.[58] Nepali poet, lyricist, and translator Suman Pokhrel is the only poet/writer to get this award twice.[59] SAARC Youth AwardThe SAARC Youth Award is awarded to outstanding individuals from the SAARC region. The award is notable because of the recognition it gives to the Award winner in the SAARC region. The award is based on specific themes which apply to each year. The award recognises and promotes the commitment and talent of the youth who give back to the world at large through various initiatives such as Inventions, Protection of the Environment and Disaster relief. The recipients who receive this award are ones who have dedicated their lives to their individual causes to improve situations in their own countries as well as paving a path for the SAARC region to follow. The Committee for the SAARC Youth Award selects the best candidate based on his/her merits and their decision is final.[60] Previous Winners:
AnthemSAARC does not have an official anthem like some other regional organisations (e.g. ASEAN).[61] A poem by poet-diplomat Abhay Kumar spurred a search for a better SAARC anthem.[62] Nepal's foreign minister has expressed the need for an SAARC anthem to connect SAARC nations.[63] Nepal at the 18th summit in Kathmandu in November 2014 planned to introduce proposal for an SAARC Anthem in the agenda of summit when heads of all member states meet here.[61] Secretaries-General of SAARC
SAARC summits{{main|List of SAARC summits}}
Current leaders of SAARCCurrent leaders
See also{{Portal|SAARC|India|Nepal|Bangladesh}}
Notes1. ^{{cite web |title=Curriculum Vitae Of H. E. Mr. Amjad Hussain B. Sial Secretary General Of SAARC |url=http://saarc-sec.org/secretary_general |website=SAARC Secretariat |accessdate=12 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013065427/http://saarc-sec.org/secretary_general |archive-date=13 October 2017 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }} 2. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=88&pr.y=15&sy=2015&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512,556,513,514,558,564,524,534&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|work=imf.org}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/|title=World Urbanization Prospects — Population Division — United Nations|work=un.org|access-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218125411/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/|archive-date=18 February 2015|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 4. ^.asia is representative of all of Asia; member states also have their own TLDs. 5. ^{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1156839/rest-peace-saarc-tug-war-india-pakistan/ |title=Rest in peace SAARC: The tug of war between India and Pakistan |date=6 August 2016 |first=Naveed |last=Ahmad |publisher=The Express Tribune |website=tribune.com.pk |access-date=7 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807134934/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1156839/rest-peace-saarc-tug-war-india-pakistan/ |archive-date=7 August 2016 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.saarc-sec.org/SAARC-Charter/5/ |title=Charter of SAARC |website=SAARC Secretariat |accessdate=10 November 2013}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://aric.adb.org/fta/south-asian-free-trade-area|title=South Asian Free Trade Area Free Trade Agreement|last=Center|first=Asia Regional Integration|website=aric.adb.org|access-date=2018-03-02}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://jang.com.pk/important_events/saarc_2004/history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064044/http://jang.com.pk/important_events/saarc_2004/history.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |dead-url=yes |title=12th SAARC Summit Islamabad: History and Evolution of SAARC |df=dmy-all }} 9. ^{{cite news |date=1 August 2008 |title=History and mission of SAARC |url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2008/08/01/saarc02.asp |location=Colombo |newspaper=Daily News |accessdate=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110182400/http://archives.dailynews.lk/2008/08/01/saarc02.asp |archive-date=10 November 2013 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }} 10. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|last=Muhammad|first=Jamshed Iqbal|title=SAARC: Origin, Growth, Potential and Achievements |url=http://www.nihcr.edu.pk/Latest_English_Journal/SAARC_Jamshed_Iqbal.pdf|work=National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research in Islamabad|accessdate=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111092347/http://www.nihcr.edu.pk/Latest_English_Journal/SAARC_Jamshed_Iqbal.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2013|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}} 11. ^"A Brief on SAARC." South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202114138/http://saarc-sec.org/main.php?id=76 |date=2 December 2008 }} No date. See for a complete historical account of SAARC e.g. Michael, Arndt (2013). India's Foreign Policy and Regional Multilateralism (Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 57–112. 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://jang.com.pk/important_events/saarc_2004/history.html |title=History and Evolution of SAARC |work=Jang Media Research Unit |accessdate=11 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111092417/http://jang.com.pk/important_events/saarc_2004/history.html |archivedate=11 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mohe.gov.af/saarc.afg/about%20us.html |title=About SAARC |website=SAARC Secretariat |accessdate=11 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111090614/http://www.mohe.gov.af/saarc.afg/about%20us.html |archivedate=11 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }} 14. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.saarc-sec.org/userfiles/01-Dhaka-1stSummit1985.pdf |title=1st Summit Declaration |work=SAARC Secretariat |accessdate=10 November 2013}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=54&pr.y=16&sy=2013&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512,556,513,514,558,564,524,534&s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPGDP,PPPPC,LUR,LP,GGX&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|work=imf.org}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/rankorder/rankorderguide.html|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.PRM.NENR|title=Net enrolment rate, primary, both sexes (%) - Data|work=worldbank.org}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.SEC.ENRR/countries|title=Gross enrolment ratio, secondary, both sexes (%) - Data|work=worldbank.org}} 19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4624e.pdf |title=Regional Overview of Food Insecurity: Asia and the Pacific |date=2015 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=2 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924011158/http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4624e.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }} 20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.saarc-sec.org |title=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation |website=SAARC Secretariat |accessdate=27 June 2014}} 21. ^{{cite news |date=28 August 2005 |title=Afghanistan keen to join SAARC |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/aug/28afghan3.htm |newspaper=rediff web services |accessdate=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111112752/http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/aug/28afghan3.htm |archive-date=11 November 2013 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }} 22. ^{{cite news |date=4 April 2004 |title=Afghanistan inducted as 8th member: 14th Saarc summit begins |url=http://dawn.com/news/240651/afghanistan-inducted-as-8th-member-14th-saarc-summit-begins |newspaper=Dawn |accessdate=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111114051/http://dawn.com/news/240651/afghanistan-inducted-as-8th-member-14th-saarc-summit-begins |archive-date=11 November 2013 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }} 23. ^1 2 {{cite book |last=Sáez |first=Lawrence |date=2012 |title=The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): An emerging collaboration architecture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTzKWI42uR4C&pg=PT58 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |pages=58– |isbn=978-1-136-67108-1}} 24. ^"South Asia: Afghanistan Joins World's Largest Regional Grouping." Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 3 April 2007. 25. ^{{cite web |url=http://saarc-sec.org/Cooperation-with-Observers/13/ |title=Cooperation with Observers |website=SAARC Secretariat |accessdate=8 March 2014}} 26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.colombopage.com/archive_08/July3042729CH.html |title=Sri Lanka, 7 - 30 - 2008: Australia and Myanmar to admit as SAARC observers - Sri Lanka official |work=ColomboPage}} 27. ^1 {{Cite web |url=http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullstory.asp?filename=6a6Za3za.9amal&folder=aHaoamW&Name=Home&dtSiteDate=20060802 |title=thehimalayantimes.com |access-date=2 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209052654/http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullstory.asp?filename=6a6Za3za.9amal&folder=aHaoamW&Name=Home&dtSiteDate=20060802 |archive-date=9 February 2009 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209052654/http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullstory.asp?filename=6a6Za3za.9amal&folder=aHaoamW&Name=Home&dtSiteDate=20060802 |date=9 February 2009 }} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.island.lk/2008/07/23/news2.html|title=The Island-News|work=island.lk}} 29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.saarc-sec.org/Cooperation-with-Observers/13/ |title=Cooperation with Observers |website=SAARC Secretariat |accessdate=16 November 2012}} 30. ^1 "SAARC to grant observer status to US, S Korea, EU {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210145826/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=68654965-9d60-4718-ae85-82acf647aa45 |date=10 December 2008 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210145826/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=68654965-9d60-4718-ae85-82acf647aa45 |date=10 December 2008 }}." Hindustan Times. 2 August 2006. 31. ^Waliur Rahman. "US and S Korea to observe SAARC." BBC News {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060412181955/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4900498.stm |date=12 April 2006 }}, 11 April 2008. 32. ^{{cite news |date=4 March 2007 |title=Iran requests for observer status in SAARC |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2007-03/04/content_818998.htm |newspaper=China Daily}} 33. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.orfonline.org/cms/sites/orfonline/modules/analysis/AnalysisDetail.html?cmaid=14854&mmacmaid=14855 |title=SAARC and Myanmar: Observer Research Foundation |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212141859/http://www.orfonline.org/cms/sites/orfonline/modules/analysis/AnalysisDetail.html?cmaid=14854&mmacmaid=14855 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212141859/http://www.orfonline.org/cms/sites/orfonline/modules/analysis/AnalysisDetail.html?cmaid=14854&mmacmaid=14855 |date=12 December 2013 }} 34. ^1 {{cite news |date=16 February 2014 |title=Russia, Turkey seek observer status in SAARC |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/russia-turkey-seek-observer-status-in-saarc/articleshow/30517011.cms |work=The Economic Times |agency=IANS |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623012720/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/russia-turkey-seek-observer-status-in-saarc/articleshow/30517011.cms |archivedate=23 June 2017 |df=dmy-all }} 35. ^1 SAARC The Changing Dimensions: UNU-CRIS Working Papers United Nations University {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020123535/http://www.cris.unu.edu/fileadmin/workingpapers/W-2008-8_01.pdf |date=20 October 2013 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020123535/http://www.cris.unu.edu/fileadmin/workingpapers/W-2008-8_01.pdf |date=20 October 2013 }}, Comparative Regional Integration Studies 36. ^1 Russia keen to join SAARC as observer {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424213547/http://news.oneindia.in/2006/11/22/russia-keen-to-join-saarc-as-observer-1164200695.html |date=24 April 2013 }}, Oneindia News 37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/saarc-nations-call-for-transparency-in-social-sector_10024810.html|title=SAARC nations call for transparency in social sector|work=thaindian.com}} 38. ^{{Cite web|url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2008/07/26/fea01.asp|title=Features {{!}} Online edition of Daily News - Lakehouse Newspapers|website=archives.dailynews.lk|access-date=2017-06-05}} 39. ^{{Cite web |url=http://saarc-sec.org/saarc-regional-centres |title=Saarc Secretariat |access-date=8 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809040239/http://saarc-sec.org/saarc-regional-centres |archive-date=9 August 2017 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }} 40. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.saarc-sec.org/Apex-and-Recognised-Bodies/14/|title=South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation — Apex and Recognised Bodies|work=saarc-sec.org}} 41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.saarclaw.org/index.php|title=SAARCLAW — South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation in Law|work=saarclaw.org}} 42. ^See for this aspect Michael, Arndt (2013). Sovereignty vs. Security: SAARC and its Role in the Regional Security Architecture in South Asia. Harvard Asia Quarterly Summer 2013, Vol. VX, No.2: 37-45 43. ^{{cite book |last=Jhawar |first=Shiv |date=2004 |title=Building a Noble World |page=44 |isbn=978-0-9749197-0-6}} 44. ^{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org|title=The Nobel Peace Prize for 2012|accessdate=12 October 2012}} 45. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/116144-SAARC-conference-in-Pakistan-postponed-confirm-official-sources |title=SAARC conference in Pakistan postponed |access-date=21 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210001802/https://www.geo.tv/latest/116144-SAARC-conference-in-Pakistan-postponed-confirm-official-sources |archive-date=10 February 2017 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }} 46. ^{{Cite web| url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/dhaka-kabul-thimphu-too-blame-islamabad-saarc-summit-to-be-called-off-3054953/| title=SAARC summit to be called off as Dhaka, Kabul and Thimphu too slam Islamabad| date=2016-09-29| access-date=21 January 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226165027/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/dhaka-kabul-thimphu-too-blame-islamabad-saarc-summit-to-be-called-off-3054953/| archive-date=26 December 2016| dead-url=no| df=dmy-all}} 47. ^{{Cite web| url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/saarc-summit-collapses-after-india-and-3-other-members-pull-out/story-kIMWfSqirGLzB6MEfuS3CN.html| title=Saarc summit collapses after India and three other members pull out| date=2016-09-28| access-date=21 January 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028090857/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/saarc-summit-collapses-after-india-and-3-other-members-pull-out/story-kIMWfSqirGLzB6MEfuS3CN.html| archive-date=28 October 2016| dead-url=no| df=dmy-all}} 48. ^{{Cite web| url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1286684| title=Saarc summit in Pakistan postponed after member states pull out| date=2016-09-28| access-date=21 January 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201081742/http://www.dawn.com/news/1286684| archive-date=1 February 2017| dead-url=no| df=dmy-all}} 49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.saarc-sec.org/areaofcooperation/detail.php?activity_id=5|title=South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation — Area of Cooperation|work=saarc-sec.org}} 50. ^{{Cite web| url=http://thehimalayantimes.com/business/safta-meet-likely-next-month/| title=SAFTA meet likely next month| date=2016-03-25| access-date=22 January 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202035248/http://thehimalayantimes.com/business/safta-meet-likely-next-month/| archive-date=2 February 2017| dead-url=no| df=dmy-all}} 51. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/142861-ADB-urges-Safta-to-exploit-rich-trade-potential-of-member-countries |title=ADB urges Safta to exploit rich trade potential of member countries |access-date=22 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202004901/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/142861-ADB-urges-Safta-to-exploit-rich-trade-potential-of-member-countries |archive-date=2 February 2017 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }} 52. ^{{Cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/Coming-closer-together-for-trade/article14628676.ece| title=Coming closer together for trade| newspaper=The Hindu| date=2016-09-08| last1=Ranjan| first1=Prabhash| access-date=22 January 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203104015/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/Coming-closer-together-for-trade/article14628676.ece| archive-date=3 December 2016| dead-url=no| df=dmy-all}} 53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.saarc-sec.org/SAARC-Visa-Exemption-Scheme/100/|title=South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation — SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme|work=saarc-sec.org}} 54. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.saarc-sec.org/SAARC-Award/70/|title=South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation — SAARC Award|work=saarc-sec.org}} 55. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.foundationsaarcwriters.com/literature/saarc-literary-awards |title=SAARC Literary Awards |accessdate=2013-11-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103223413/http://www.foundationsaarcwriters.com/literature/saarc-literary-awards |archivedate=3 November 2013 |df=dmy-all |website=Foundation Of SAARC Writers And Literature}} 56. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/books/five-writers-honoured-at-saarc-literature-festival/article1-1024426.aspx |title=Hindustan Times - Archive News |accessdate=2013-11-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110215810/http://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/books/five-writers-honoured-at-saarc-literature-festival/article1-1024426.aspx |archivedate=10 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }} Five Writers honoured at SAARC Litearure Festival, Hindustan Times 11 March 2013 57. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.saarc-sec.org/Apex-and-Recognised-Bodies/14/ |title=Apex and Recognised Bodies |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530142634/http://saarc-sec.org/Apex-and-Recognised-Bodies/14/ |archive-date=30 May 2013 |website=SAARC}} 58. ^Mahasweta Devi to get SAARC Literary Award {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104051442/http://news.oneindia.in/2007/03/30/mahashweta-devi-to-get-saarc-literary-award-1175266266.html |date=4 November 2013 }} Oneindia.in 30 March 2007 59. ^Hindustan Times, New Delhi, Saturday, 14 February 2015 60. ^{{Cite web |url=http://saarc-sec.org/SAARC-Youth-Award/71/ |title=404 Error |access-date=21 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202222019/http://www.saarc-sec.org/SAARC-Youth-Award/71/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }} 61. ^1 Will SAARC have an anthem-like ASEAN? {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104203101/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/will-saarc-have-an-anthem-like-asean/article1-1281988.aspx#sthash.PjRuwc4J.dpuf#sthash.PjRuwc4J.dpuf |date=4 November 2014 }} Hindustan Times, 3 November 2014 62. ^Indian diplomat's poem spurs search for SAARC anthem {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912184930/http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-indian-diplomat-s-poem-spurs-search-for-saarc-anthem-1947907 |date=12 September 2016 }} IANS 9 January 2014 63. ^Nepal foreign minister expresses need for an anthem to connect SAARC nations {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606225832/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/nepal-foreign-minister-expresses-need-for-an-anthem-to-connect-saarc-nations-114060601100_1.html |date=6 June 2014 }} Business Standard, 6 June 2014 64. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.saarc-sec.org/press-releases/18th-SAARC-Summit-Declaration/121/|title=Press Releases, 18th SAARC Summit Declaration, 27 November 2014|newspaper= |agency=SAARC |accessdate=2 December 2015}} References{{Reflist|30em}}External links{{commons category}}
|list ={{Current SAARC Leaders|state=collapsed}}{{South-South|state=collapsed}}{{Asia topics|state=collapsed}}{{International power|state=collapsed}}{{Trade|state=collapsed}}{{Regional organisations|state=collapsed}}{{Cold War}} }}{{DEFAULTSORT:South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation}} 14 : International organizations of Asia|International economic organizations|Foreign relations of Bhutan|Foreign relations of Bangladesh|Foreign relations of Nepal|Foreign relations of Pakistan|Foreign relations of Sri Lanka|Foreign relations of the Maldives|Organizations established in 1985|South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty|Foreign relations of Afghanistan|United Nations General Assembly observers|International organisations based in Nepal |
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