| 词条 | Muthana State Establishment |
| 释义 |
|marksize=6|mark=Red_pog.svg |lat_dir=N |lat_deg=33|lat_min=51|lat_sec=27 |lon_dir=E|lon_deg=43|lon_min=49|lon_sec=47 |position=right|width=230|float=right |caption=Location of Muthana state establishment}}{{Weapons of mass destruction}} Muthana State Establishment or Muthanna ({{lang-ar| منشأة المثنى العامة}}) (also known for its code-name Project 922) was Iraq's main chemical weapons research, development, and production facility. It is located in Saladin Governorate 40 km south west of Samarra, 140 km north west of Baghdad. This mega facility covering an area 100 km², contained three main production areas. The site operated continuously from 1983 to 1991, produced thousands of tons of precursors Chemical agents included mustard gas, sarin, tabun, and VX. The site was heavily bombed during the Gulf War. From 1992 to 1994 the UNSCOM Chemical Destruction Group operated at this site to eliminate remaining precursor materials, destroy production plants and equipment, and hydrolyse or burn remaining chemical warfare agents also Muthana was Initial location for Iraq's biological weapons program (1985-1987).[1] FoundationIraqi chemical weapon program assisted by a wide variety of companies and governments .[2][3][4][5][6] Muthana state establishment built early 1980s under the cover of Pesticide Production plant dubbed "The State Establishment for Pesticide Production"" SEPP", (its name changed later to be Muthanna State Establishment). German companies helped Iraq to build Muthana facilities such as laboratories, an administrative building, bunkers early 1980s. Other German companies provided Iraq with 1,027 tons of precursors of mustard gas, sarin, tabun, and tear gasses in all. This work allowed Iraq to produce 150 tons of mustard agent and 60 tons of Tabun in 1983 and 1984 respectively, continuing throughout the decade. ProductionBetween 1981 and 1991, Muthana establishment produced over 3,857 tons of chemical weapons agents part of them has been used against Iranian forces and civilian Kurdish.[7] MustardProduction of mustard started at 10 tons of agent production in 1981 and increased around 80-100 tons per year until 1985 when the facility produced 350 tons. In 1987 Iraq produced almost 900 tons of mustard agents and 500 tons in 1988. TabunMuthana facility produced between 60-80 tons of tabun annually between 1984 and 1986. SarinIn 1984 Muthana produced 5 tons of sarin. Production of sarin constantly increased. In 1987 and 1988 Muthana facility produced 209 and 394 tons of sarin, respectively. VXMuthana produced 2.5 tons of VX in 1988 before ending production due to the end of the Iran-Iraq War.[8] Gulf WarAl Muthanna essentially ceased production in December 1990 and refocused resources on dispersing Chemical Weapons stockpiles and equipment for protection against the anticipated bombing campaigns, which started in January 1991. During the Gulf War, production laboratories and facilities were destroyed. In addition one storage bunker was destroyed because of secondary explosion, and two others bunkers were severely damaged. Between 1991-2003Between 1992 and 1994 the Muthana site was the main collection and destruction site for Chemical Weapons agents, precursor chemicals, and chemical production equipment. Between 1992 and 1994, the UNSCOM destroyed 30,000 pieces of ordnance, 480,000 liters of chemical agents, and more than 2 million liters of chemical precursors. Eventually, most of the facilities at the complex the Iraqi’s destroyed and sold for scrap.[9] Munitions have been considered unstable and too dangerous for destruction, therefore filled in barrels and buried in Two sealed Cruciform bunkers. While the bunkers damaged by coalition airstrikes, collapsed, concealing unaccounted Chemical Weapons equipment and munitions in the debris. UNSCOM decided to excavate several destroyed buildings at Muthanna. Since their ruin due to airstrikes in February 1991, access to the buildings had been considered impossible due to safety considerations. Nevertheless, UNSCOM decided that it should make a major effort to excavate the site. From 24 February to 10 March 1996, UNSCOM 129B, an international team of 26 inspectors, excavated six sections of buildings at Muthanna and searched a number of other areas and buildings. During this mission, the team discovered and retrieved documents and computer discs. In addition, the team removed some 80 munitions and components, including 122 millimetre artillery chemical warheads and 155 millimetre "binary" artillery shells.[10]References1. ^{{Cite web|title = Muthanna / Samarra - Iraq Special Weapons Facilities|url = http://fas.org/nuke/guide/iraq/facility/muthanna.htm|website = fas.org|accessdate = 2015-06-03}} {{portal bar|Iraq| Military history}}2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iraqwatch.org/suppliers/nyt-041303.gif|title=What Iraq Admitted About its Chemical Weapons Program|format=GIF|accessdate=2006-04-28|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504214128/http://www.iraqwatch.org/suppliers/nyt-041303.gif|archivedate=2006-05-04|df=}} 3. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.iraqwatch.org/suppliers/whoarmediraq.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030403112702/http://www.iraqwatch.org/suppliers/whoarmediraq.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=April 3, 2003|title=Iraq's Purchases in the A-Bomb Supermarket|date=July 18, 1993|pages=E5|journal=The New York Times|format=PDF|accessdate=2006-04-28}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/iraq_wmd_2004/chap4.html|title=Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq's WMD, Chapter 4 - Nuclear|date=September 30, 2004|accessdate=2007-09-13}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/iraq_wmd_2004/chap5.html|title=Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq's WMD, Chapter 5 - Iraq's Chemical Warfare Program|date=September 30, 2004|accessdate=2007-09-13}} 6. ^{{cite journal |url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/1218-06.htm |title=Leaked Report Says German and US Firms Supplied Arms to Saddam |author=Tony Paterson |journal=The Independent (UK) |date=December 18, 2002 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527104506/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/1218-06.htm |archivedate=May 27, 2013 |df= }} 7. ^{{Cite web|title = Iraq’s Chemical Warfare Program — Central Intelligence Agency|url = https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/iraq_wmd_2004/chap5.html|website = www.cia.gov|accessdate = 2015-06-03}} 8. ^{{Cite web|title = Al Muthanna Chemical Weapons Complex — Central Intelligence Agency|url = https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/iraq_wmd_2004/chap5_annxB.html|website = www.cia.gov|accessdate = 2015-06-03}} 9. ^{{Cite web|title = Al Muthanna Chemical Weapons Complex — Central Intelligence Agency|url = https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/iraq_wmd_2004/chap5_annxB.html|website = www.cia.gov|accessdate = 2015-06-03}} 10. ^{{Cite web|title = Muthanna / Samarra - Iraq Special Weapons Facilities|url = http://fas.org/nuke/guide/iraq/facility/muthanna.htm|website = fas.org|accessdate = 2015-06-03}} 3 : Iraq and weapons of mass destruction|Iraqi chemical weapons program|Chemical warfare facilities |
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