“MV Tulagi”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The MV Tulagi was a merchant ship built in 1939 and operated by the Burns Philp shipping line to carry cargo between the Pacific Islands and Australian ports. With the outbreak of World War II the Tulagi formed part of the Allied merchant navy fleet supplying the war effort throughout the Pacific and Indian Ocean theatres.

Design and construction

She measured {{GRT|2281|disp=long}}, {{DWT|2,550|long|disp=long}}, {{convert|254|ft|6|in|m}} long (overall), and {{convert|44|ft|2|in|m}} abeam. Her draught was {{convert|19|ft|6|in|m}}.^[4]^[5]

She was equipped with two 6-cylinder Harland and Wolff diesel engines of the Burmeister & Wain type, built under sublicense by Hong Kong and Whampoa Dock. These two-stroke cycle single acting engines had a combined power output of {{convert|2400|bhp|abbr=on}} and drove twin screw propellers. The ship had a service speed of {{convert|12|knots|km/h}}.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Early career

In the early part of the Second World War, the Tulagi had led a charmed life, surviving an intense Japanese air attack on the 16 February Allied convoy carrying reinforcements and supplies to Kupang (escorted by the heavy cruiser {{USS|Houston|CA-30|6}}, the destroyer {{USS|Peary|DD-226|6}}), and the surprise Japanese attack on Darwin on 19 February 1942.^[2]

Sinking

The Tulagi{{'}}s luck ran out in March 1944 while undertaking a voyage from Sydney to Colombo in Ceylon, carrying 1800 tons of flour and 380 bags of mail. In command was Captain Leonard Walter "Dusty" Millar, with a crew of 15 Australian officers, 26 Indian seaman, 7 Malay and 5 Royal Australian Navy Reservist (RANR) Gunners, making a total complement of 54 personnel.

On 28 March 1944 at 00:10, the Tulagi was located in the middle of the Indian Ocean, around 300 km south east of the Chagos Islands, when she was hit by two torpedoes fired by the {{GS|U-532}}. This U-boat, under the command of Kapitän Ottoheinrich Junker, had been rendezvousing with two other submarines of the "Monsun" Submarine Group and the German supply ship Brake. The Tulagi sank in less than a minute, on her starboard side, stern first.

Fifteen men survived the sinking, eleven Australians, three Malays and one Indian. The survivors were divided between four rafts tied together by painters. On 7 April, one of the rafts was cast adrift and on 21 April, one of the three remaining rafts was broken up to make the remaining two rafts more comfortable for the 15 survivors. The survivors on the rafts were:

Raft 1

Amos Helwend (Malay Quartermaster) Note: Amos was from Barbar Island in Indonesia

Raft 2

Food rations obtained from the raft supplies for the first 27 days comprised half a biscuit and 12 milk tablets per day per man, plus two squares of chocolate for the first six days. On 24 April, food rations were reduced to a quarter of a biscuit per day per man, and two days later the last of the rations were consumed, except for a small number of malted milk tablets. On 19 May, the two rafts became separated and drifted apart.

The raft carrying Board, Smedley, Brown and the five RANR personnel was not heard of again, but in the evening of 25 May, the other raft came ashore in Bijoutier Island in the Seychelles Group, 59 days after the Tulagi was sunk.

At the beginning of the drift, the total rations consisted of 45 biscuits, two tins of chocolate and six tins of malted milk tablets per raft. Water was not a problem in the early part of the voyage due to frequent heavy rain. In May however, it became scarce and was reduced at one stage to 3 oz per man per day. Rations were supplemented by an occasional fish caught by the Malays using an improvised spear made from a pair of scissors lashed to a raft stanchion. Fishing lines in the rafts were useless as the hooks had been stolen. In all 27 fish, along with two birds and one small turtle, were captured in this manner and eaten raw. However, there were long periods with no solid food - up to 10 days at one stage and nine days on another. All three Australian survivors stated that they owed their lives to untiring perseverance and unselfishness of the Malay seamen spearing fish, catching birds and capturing every drop of rain.

The seven survivors were rescued from Bijoutier Island on 26 May 1944, by Louis Gendron, a plantation supervisor from nearby Alphonse Island.

Notes

1. ^German reports say sunk on 27 March; Allied accounts say sunk at 0010 on 28 March.
2. ^{{cite book|author=Peter Grose|title=Awkward Truth: The Bombing of Darwin, February 1942|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Cmo-vTH-vQC&pg=PA111|year=2010|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|isbn=978-1-4587-5577-3|pages=111–}}
3. ^National Archives of Australia: B6121, 155A. "Loss of the M.V. Tulagi", Department of the Navy, 1944.
4. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/show?nameid=179825&shipid=126957 |title=Single Ship Report for "1172755" |last=Haworth |first=Rodger Barrington |website=Miramar Ship Index |accessdate=18 August 2014}}
5. ^¹²{{cite news |author= |title=New Motor Ship Launched at Kowloon Docks |newspaper=Hong Kong Daily Press |location=Hong Kong |date=31 March 1939 }}
6. ^¹²{{cite book |author= |title=Lloyd's Register of Ships |url=http://www.plimsollshipdata.org/pdffile.php?name=44b1079.pdf |format=PDF |location=London |publisher=Lloyd's Register |page= |date=1944 |isbn= |accessdate=17 August 2014}}
7. ^¹²{{cite book |last=Jordan |first=Roger |title=The World's Merchant Fleets, 1939: The Particulars And Wartime Fates of 6,000 Ships |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhac0fSx-rsC&pg=PA106&lpg=PA106&dq=tulagi+mexico+1939&source=bl&ots=M15QmolUR6&sig=cSfuz-cTPdJ4iIYf8BJRGOODCLw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XNHxU_iQIc7soASwkoC4BA&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=tulagi&f=false |location=Annapolis |publisher=Naval Institute Press |page=106 |date=2006 |isbn=1-59114-959-2 |accessdate=17 August 2014}}