“My Stealthy Freedom”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

My Stealthy Freedom is an online movement that was commenced in 2014 by Masih Alinejad,^[1] an Iranian-born journalist and activist based in the United Kingdom^[2] and the United States.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}} This movement started from a Facebook page My Stealthy Freedom where women from Iran post their photos without scarfs, and by the end of 2016 page has surpassed 1 million Facebook likes.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}} The initiative has received wide international and national coverage,^[3] and has been both praised and criticized.

Chronology of My Stealthy Freedom

The Facebook page called Stealthy Freedom was set up on 5 May 2014^[1] and it is dedicated to posting images of women with their hijab (scarf) removed.^[3] Many women have submitted their pictures without hijab, taken in various locations: parks, beaches, markets, streets, and elsewhere.^[4] Alinejad said that the campaign began rather simply:

In a few days, the page had received over 100,000 likes, in early 2015 it jumped up to 760,000 followers,^[3] and by the end of 2016 it reached over 968,000 likes.^[5]

In an interview with BBC in 2014, Alinejad insisted that women who have sent their photos are not women activists, but just ordinary women talking from their hearts. Many of the pictures were accompanied by captions, some in a poetic language, and others were mischievous or defiant. Many captions have placed the emphasis on a right to choose or freedom of choice.^[6] In January 2015, Alinejad also launched My Forbidden Song as part of My Stealthy Freedom campaign, and two months later she revived the Green movement slogan You are all media.^[7]

In May 2017, Alinejad launched the White Wednesdays campaign, encouraging women to remove their headscarves on Wednesdays or wear white shawls as a sign of protest.

Reactions

Related and rival initiatives

Following Alinejad's initiative, queers also opened a Facebook page, My Stealthy Homosexual Freedom, posting images with the inverted aesthetics of covered faces with rainbow flags or headless images.^[10] Iman Ganji, a doctoral student from Free University of Berlin, sees both pages as a result of general political transformation in mid-2010s, when a new middle-right government replaced the far-right one, and states that the struggle for the liberation of desire has long allied women's and queer movements together in Iran.^[10] In mid-2016, some Iranian men started Men in hijab campaign, expressing their thoughts as well as briefly wearing the hijab themselves. This Facebook page has received over 100,000 likes and is largest among rival initiatives, but it has been criticized by foreign commentators as a "laddish" for containing juvenile jokes, cartoons and videos.^[11] Among other smaller rivals is the Real Freedom of Iranian Women page, launched exactly a week after the My Stealthy Freedom, with a message celebrating the veil: "Beautiful Hijab, My Right, My Choice, My Life".^[11] Former page has received less than 10,000 likes and has also been criticized for insisting that Stealthy Freedom is part of a soft war against Iran, and also for trying to generate fear.^[12]

Praise

Sedigheh Karimi, researcher at the University of Melbourne, in 2014 argued that virtual environment like My Stealthy Freedom provides opportunities for independent representation and for introducing new identities.^[13] Alison N. Novak from Temple University and Emad Khazraee from the University of Pennsylvania stressed importance of breaking boundaries of the state's internet censorship efforts: The goal of My Stealthy Freedom is to mobilize public opinion regarding the issue of women's rights, hijab, and the female body.^[14] Gholam Khiabany, a senior lecturer in Media and Communications department at Goldsmiths, University of London, has praised Alinejad's campaign,^[15] as has Victoria Tahmasebi-Birgani, an assistant professor of women and gender studies at the University of Toronto.^[16]. According to Gi Yeon Koo, a cultural anthropologist from Seoul National University,This online movement finds its value in that it has become a new platform for women to raise their voices in the public sphere.^[17] As Iman Ganji,^[10] Koo also aligns the movement with social changes started since Hassan Rouhani assumed the presidency.^[18] In 2015 the Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy gave Alinejad its women's rights award for stirring the conscience of humanity to support the struggle of Iranian women for basic human rights.^[19]

Criticism

There are no official statistics to show what percentage of Iranian women are against mandatory wearing of the hijab. One western researcher says It is true that there are still many women in Iranian society who choose, of their own will, to retain the image of the hijab and wear the most conservative type of hijab. Furthermore, it cannot be said that the women participating in this stealthy movement of removing their hijab are the majority.^[20]^[12]

Misinformation

In early June 2014, Iranian state television ran a story claiming that Masih Alinejad was in a drug-induced, hallucionatory state when she removed her clothing and was raped by three men in front of her son.^[21] Alinejad said that the story is false.^[22]

Eurocentrism and orientalism

Researchers{{Who|date=January 2018}}{{Where|date=January 2018}} state that although movement focuses primarily on state gendered violence, its message has been disturbed by challenges arising from the embedded normativity of conceptualizations of gender and sexualities in relation to Middle Eastern women in general and Iranian women in particular.^[23]

Chronology of My Stealthy Freedom

Reactions

Related and rival initiatives

Praise

Criticism

Misinformation

Eurocentrism and orientalism

See also

References

Bibliography

External links