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词条 Mythology and commemorations of Benjamin Banneker
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  1. Mythology of Benjamin Banneker

     Plan of the City of Washington  Appointment to planning commission for Washington, D.C.  Boundary markers of the District of Columbia  Banneker's clock  Banneker's almanacs  Astronomical works  Seventeen-year cicada  Other legends and embellishments  Commemorative U.S. quarter dollar coin nomination  Historical markers  Historical marker in Benjamin Banneker Historical Park, Baltimore County, Maryland  Historical marker in Benjamin Banneker Park, Washington, DC  Historical marker in Newseum, Washington, DC 

  2. Commemorations of Benjamin Banneker

     Benjamin Banneker postage stamp  Recreational and cultural facilities  Parks  Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum, Baltimore County, Maryland  Gallery of Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum  Benjamin Banneker Park and Memorial, Washington, D.C.  Benjamin Banneker Park, Arlington County, Virginia  Playground  Banneker Playground, Brooklyn, New York  Community Centers  Banneker Community Center, Catonsville, Maryland  Banneker Community Center, Washington, D.C.  Benjamin Banneker Community Center, Bloomington, Indiana  Museum  Banneker-Douglass Museum, Annapolis, Maryland  Planetarium  Banneker Planetarium, Catonsville, Maryland  Educational institutions  University buildings, rooms and memorials  High schools and high school rooms  Middle schools  Elementary Schools  Other  Professorships and scholarships  Awards  Streets  Real estate  Businesses  Advocacy groups  Other 

  3. List and map of coordinates

  4. Notes

  5. References

  6. External links

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According to accounts that began to appear during the 1960s or earlier, a substantial mythology has exaggerated the accomplishments of Benjamin Banneker (1731–1806), who was a free African American almanac author, surveyor, naturalist, and farmer. A large number of such questionable reports have developed during the two centuries that have elapsed since he lived.[1][2][3]

Several such urban legends describe Banneker's alleged activities in the Washington, D.C. area around the time that he assisted Andrew Ellicott in the federal district boundary survey.[2][3][4][5][6][7] Others involve his clock, his almanacs and his journals.[2] Although parts of African-American culture, all lack support by historical evidence. Some are contradicted by such evidence.

A United States postage stamp and the names of a number of recreational and cultural facilities, schools, streets and other facilities and institutions throughout the United States have commemorated Banneker's documented and mythical accomplishments throughout the years since he lived.

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Mythology of Benjamin Banneker

Plan of the City of Washington

While Andrew Ellicott and his team were conducting a survey of the boundaries of the future federal district during 1791-1792 (see Boundary Markers of the Original District of Columbia), Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant was preparing a plan for the federal capital city (the City of Washington) (see L'Enfant Plan). The capital city was to occupy a relatively small area bounded by the Potomac River, the Anacostia River (known at the time as the "Eastern Branch"), the base of the escarpment of the Atlantic Seaboard Fall Line, and Rock Creek at the center of the much larger {{convert|100|sqmi|km2|adj=on}} federal district (known at the time as the "Territory of Columbia") (see Founding of Washington, D.C.).[9][10][11][12] In late February 1792, President George Washington dismissed L'Enfant, who had failed to have his plan published and who was experiencing frequent conflicts with the three Commissioners that Washington had appointed to supervise the planning and survey of the federal district and city.[11][13][14]

A number of undocumented stories connecting Benjamin Banneker with the planning and survey of the federal capital city have appeared over the years. During late 1900s and early 2000s, historian Silvio Bedini wrote and performed research about Banneker that refuted some of these tales while working in Washington, D.C. for over 40 years at the Smithsonian Institution's Museum of History and Technology/National Museum of American History).[3][15]

In a 1969 publication, Bedini reported that a story connecting Banneker with the survey and planning of the federal city had appeared within a work that a member of the Ellicott family had edited and that the Friends' (Quakers') Book Association had published in Philadelphia during 1884. The story stated:

Major Ellicott selected Benjamin Banneker as his assistant upon this occasion, and it was with his aid that the lines of the Federal Territory, as the District of Columbia was then called, were run.
It was the work, also of Major Elllicott, under the orders of General Washington, then President of the United States, to locate the sites of the Capitol, President's House, Treasury and other public buildings. In this, also, Banneker was his assistant.[16]

Bedini noted that writers had repeated and embellished the story, sometimes in conflicting ways.[17] One version of the tale claims that Banneker "made astronomical calculations and implementations" that established points of significance within the city, including those of the White House, the Capitol, the Treasury Building and the "16th Street Meridian" (see White House meridian). Other versions state that Banneker assisted Andrew Ellicott in locating the sites of some or all of those features or "laid out Washington".[18]

In 1921, Daniel A. P. Murray, an African American serving as an assistant librarian of the Library of Congress, read a paper before the Banneker Association of Washington that connected Banneker with L'Enfant's plan for the capital city. The paper stated:

... L'Enfant made a demand that could not be accorded and ... in a fit of high dudgeon gathered all his plans and papers and unceremoniously left. ... Washington was in despair, since it involved a defeat of all of his cherished plans in regard to the "Federal City." This perturbation on his part was quickly ended, however, when it transpired that Banneker had daily for the purposes of calculation and practice, transcribed nearly all L'Enfant's field notes and through the assistance they afforded Mr. Andrew Ellicott, L'Enfant's assistant, Washington City was laid down very nearly on the original lines. ... By this act the brain of the Afro-American is indissolubly linked with the Capital and nation.[19]

In 1976 (more than 50 years later), Jerome Klinkowitz stated within a book that described the works of Banneker and other early black American writers that Murray's report had initiated a myth about Banneker's career. Klinkowitz noted that Murray had not provided any support for his claim that Banneker had recalled L'Enfant's plan for Washington, D.C. Klinkowitz also described a number of other Banneker myths and subsequent works that had refuted them.[20]

By 1929, variations of the myth had become widespread. When describing the ceremonial presentation to Howard University in Washington, D.C., of a sundial memorializing Banneker, the Chicago Defender newspaper reported in that year that a speaker had stated that:

.... he (Banneker) was appointed by President George Washington to aid Major L'Enfant, famed French architect, to plan the layout of the District of Columbia. L'Enfant died before the work was completed, which required Banneker to carry on in his stead.[21]

However, as a book that won the 1917 Pulitzer Prize for History had earlier reported, L'Enfant lived long after he developed his plan for the federal capital city. He died near the City of Washington in 1825.[22]

In other versions of the legend, Banneker spent two days reconstructing the bulk of the city's plan from his presumably photographic memory after L'Enfant died or departed. In these versions, the plans that Banneker purportedly drew from memory provided the basis for the later construction of the federal capital city.[23] Titles of works relating these versions of the fable have touted Banneker as "The Man Who Designed Washington", "The Man Who Saved Washington", "An Early American Hero", "Benjamin Banneker, Genius", and as one of the "100 Greatest African Americans".[24]

The oil portrait was the winner of a juried competition that the Section held on behalf of Doctor William J. Thompkins, an African American political figure who was at the time serving as the Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia. The competition announcement stated that seven mural subjects had been “carefully worked out by the Recorder...following intensive research” to "reflect a phase of the contribution of the Negro to the American nation.” A mural on the subject of “Benjamin Banneker Surveys the District of Columbia” was to “show the presentation by Banneker and Mayor Ellicott, of the plans of the District of Columbia to the President, [and] Mr. Thomas Jefferson” in the presence of Benjamin Franklin and Alexander Hamilton.[26]

In 1976, an Afro-American Bicentennial Corporation historian told the following tale within a National Register of Historic Places nomination form for the "Benjamin Banneker: SW-9 Intermediate Boundary Stone (milestone) of the District of Columbia":

.... Major L'Enfant resigned his position before the planned design was completed. It was only through the efforts of Major Andrew Ellicott and Benjamin Banneker that the Federal City was completed.[27]

Citing a 1963 article in the Washington Star newspaper,[28] a 1990 documentation form related the following version of the story when supporting a listing in the National Register of Historic Places for twelve historic marker stones from the federal district boundary survey:

.... Fearing profiteering land speculators, L'Enfant would not allow anyone to see the plan. Ordered by the commissioners to reveal the plan, he instead left the United States, taking all copies of his plan for the District of Columbia with him. Banneker reproduced it from memory in minute detail, thereby allowing the work to continue.[29]

During a commemoration of Black History Month in February 1990, Congressman Roy Dyson of Maryland told the United States House of Representatives that Banneker had "helped to draw the plans for the District of Columbia".[30] Congressman Benjamin Gilman of New York stated during the same commemoration that Banneker had assisted in the layout of "our beautiful Capitol City".[31]

Documents published in 2003 and 2005 supporting the establishment of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, D.C. (including a report that a presidential commission planning the museum sent to the President and the Congress), later also connected Banneker with L'Enfant's plan of the city of Washington.[32][33] When the museum opened on the National Mall in September 2016, an exhibit entitled "The Founding of America" further perpetuated the legend when displaying a statue of Banneker holding a small telescope while standing in front of a plan of that city.[34] A National Park Service web page subsequently stated in 2017 that Banneker had "surveyed the city of Washington with Major Pierre Charles L'Enfant".[35]

However, historical research has shown that none of these legends can be correct.[3][4][36] As Bedini reported in 1969, Ellicott's 1791 assignment was to produce a survey of a square, the length of whose sides would each be {{convert|10|mi|km|1}} (a "ten mile square").[9] L'Enfant was to survey, design and lay out the national capital city within this square.[9][37] Ellicott and L'Enfant each worked independently under the supervision of the three Commissioners that President Washington had earlier appointed.[9] Ellicott employed Banneker directly.[9] Bedini could not find any evidence that showed that Banneker had ever worked with or for L'Enfant.[9]

Banneker left the federal capital area and returned to his home near Ellicott's Mills in April 1791.[4][7][38] At that time, L'Enfant was still developing his plan for the federal city and had not yet been dismissed from his job.[4] L'Enfant presented his plans to President Washington in June and August 1791, two and four months after Banneker had left.[4][7][39][40][41][42]

Further, there never was any need to reconstruct L'Enfant's plan. After completing the initial phases of the district boundary survey, Andrew Ellicott began to survey the federal city to help L'Enfant develop the city's plan.[43] During a contentious period in February 1792, Ellicott informed the Commissioners that L'Enfant had refused to give him an original plan that L'Enfant possessed at the time.[44][45]

Ellicott stated in his letters that, although he was refused the original plan, he was familiar with L'Enfant's system and had many notes of the surveys that he had made himself.[46] Additionally, L' Enfant had earlier given to Washington at least two versions of his plan, one of which Washington had sent to Congress in December 1791.[39][40][47]

Andrew Ellicott, with the aid of his brother, Benjamin Ellicott, then revised L'Enfant's plan, despite L'Enfant's protests.[6][44][49] Shortly thereafter, Washington dismissed L'Enfant.[6][44][49]

After L'Enfant departed, the Commissioners assigned Ellicott the dual responsibility for continuing L'Enfant's work on the design of the city and the layout of public buildings, streets and property lots, in addition to completing the boundary survey.[9] Andrew Ellicott therefore continued the city survey in accordance with the revised plan that he and his brother had prepared.[13][39][44][49][50][51]

There is no historical evidence that shows that Banneker was involved in any of this.[3][6] Six months before Ellicott revised L'Enfant's plan, Banneker sent a letter to Thomas Jefferson from "Maryland, Baltimore County, near Ellicotts Lower Mills" that he dated as "Augt. 19th: 1791", in which he described the time that he had earlier spent "at the Federal Territory by the request of Mr. Andrew Ellicott".[52] As a researcher has reported, the letter that Ellicott addressed to the Commissioners in February 1792 describing his revision of L'Enfant's plan did not mention Banneker's name.[53] Jefferson did not describe any connection between Banneker and the plan for the federal city when relating his knowledge of Banneker's works in a letter that he sent to Joel Barlow in 1809, three years after Banneker's death.[54]

L'Enfant did not leave the United States after ending his work on the federal capital city's plan. Soon afterwards, he began to plan the city of Paterson, New Jersey.[55] The United States Congress acknowledged the work that he had performed when preparing his plan for the city of Washington by voting to pay him for his efforts.[56]

In 1887, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey created and distributed a facsimile of a manuscript plan for the future City of Washington. The plan contains in the last line of an oval in its upper left hand corner the words "By Peter Charles L'Enfant" (L'Enfant's adopted name).[8]

A 1914 book describing the history of the City of Washington reported that L'Enfant's plan contained a title legend that identified L'Enfant as the plan's author.[57]

A 1902 report of a committee of the United States Senate (the McMillan Plan), an inlay of a city plan in a Washington, D.C., plaza constructed in 1980 (Freedom Plaza), and at least one book relating the history of the District of Columbia contain copies of the portion of a plan for the federal capital city that contains the oval that bears L'Enfant's name.[10][58][59] The U.S. Library of Congress now holds in its collections a manuscript of a plan for the federal city that contains that oval.[60] As an original version of L'Enfant's plan still exists, President Washington and Ellicott clearly had at least one such version available for their use when L'Enfant departed.

In November 1971, the National Park Service held a public ceremony to dedicate and name Benjamin Banneker Park on L'Enfant Promenade in Washington, D.C.[61][62] The U.S. Department of Interior authorized the naming as an official commemorative designation celebrating Banneker's role in the survey and design of the nation’s capital.[61] Speakers at the event hailed Banneker for his contributions to the plan of the capital city after L'Enfant's dismissal, claiming that Banneker had saved the plan by reconstructing it from memory.[63] Bedini later pointed out in a 1999 biography of Banneker that these statements were erroneous.[63]

During a 1997 ceremony that again commemorated Banneker while rededicating the park, speakers stated that Banneker had surveyed the original City of Washington.[64] However, research reported more than two decades earlier had found that such statements lacked supporting evidence and appeared to be incorrect.[3]

In May 2000, Austin H. Kiplinger and Walter E. Washington, the co-chairmen of the Leadership Committee for the planned City Museum of Washington, D.C., wrote in The Washington Post that the museum would remind visitors that Banneker had helped complete L'Enfant's project to map the city.[65] A letter to the editor of the Post entitled "District History Lesson" then responded to this statement by noting that Andrew Ellicott was the person who revised L'Enfant's plan and who completed the capital city's mapping, and that Banneker had played no part in this.[66]

Appointment to planning commission for Washington, D.C.

In 1918, Henry E. Baker, an African American serving as an assistant examiner in the United States Patent Office, wrote a biography of Banneker in The Journal of Negro History (now titled The Journal of African American History), which Carter Woodson edited. Baker's biography stated: "It is on record that it was on the suggestion of his friend, Major Andrew Ellicott, ..., that Thomas Jefferson nominated Banneker and Washington appointed him a member of the commission..." whose duties were to "define the boundary line and lay out the streets of the Federal Territory, later called the District of Columbia".[67] However, Baker did not identify the record on which he based this statement. Baker additionally stated that Andrew Ellicott and L'Enfant were also members of this commission.

In 2000, historians John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss, Jr., wrote in the eighth edition of the book, From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans, whose first edition had been published in 1947, that the "most distinguished honor that Banneker received was his appointment to serve with the commission to define the boundary lines and lay out the streets of the District of Columbia." The writers, who referenced Baker's 1918 biography, also stated that Banneker's friend, George Ellicott (Andrew Ellicott's cousin), was a member of the commission and that Thomas Jefferson had submitted Banneker's name to President Washington.[68]

In 2005, actor James Avery narrated a DVD entitled A History of Black Achievement in America. A quiz based on a section of the DVD entitled "Emergence of the Black Hero" asked:

Benjamin Banneker was a member of the planning commission for ____________ .
a. New York City
b. Philadelphia
c. Washington, D.C.
d. Atlanta[69]

However, historical evidence contradicts the statements that Baker, Franklin and Moss made and suggests that the question in the quiz has no correct answer. In 1791, President Washington appointed Thomas Johnson, Daniel Carroll and David Stuart to be the three commissioners who, in accordance with the authority that the federal Residence Act of 1790 had granted to the President, would oversee the survey of the federal district, and "according to such Plans, as the President shall approve", provide public buildings to accommodate the federal government in 1800.[70][71][72]

The Residence Act did not authorize the President to appoint any more than three commissioners that could serve at the same time.[73] As Banneker, Andrew Ellicott, and L'Enfant performed their tasks during the time that Johnson, Carroll and Stuart were serving as commissioners, President Washington could not have legally appointed either Banneker, Ellicott or L'Enfant to serve as members of the "commission" that Baker, Franklin and Moss described.

Further, Franklin and Moss did not cite any documentation to support their contention that George Ellicott participated in the planning and design of the nation's capital. Andrew (not George) Ellicott led the survey that defined the District's boundary lines and, with L'Enfant, laid out the capital city's streets. Additionally, there is no historical evidence that shows that President Washington participated in the process that resulted in Banneker's appointment as an assistant to Andrew Ellicott on the District boundary survey team.[74]

In 1999, Silvio Bedini reported that an exhaustive survey of U.S. government repositories, including the Public Buildings and Grounds files in the National Archives and collections in the Library of Congress, had failed to identify Banneker's name on any contemporary documents or records relating to the selection, planning and survey of the City of Washington. Bedini also noted that none of L'Enfant's survey papers that he had found had contained Banneker's name.[75] Another researcher has been unable to find any documentation that shows that Washington and Banneker ever met.[76]

Boundary markers of the District of Columbia

During 1791 and 1792, a survey team that Andrew Ellicott led placed forty mile marker stones along the {{convert|10|mi|km|1}}-long sides of a square that would form the boundaries of the future District of Columbia. Ellicott's survey began at the square's south corner at Jones Point in Alexandria, Virginia (see Boundary Markers of the Original District of Columbia).[11][77] Several accounts of the marker stones incorrectly attribute their placement to Banneker.

In 1994, historians preparing a National Register of Historic Places registration form for the L'Enfant plan of the City of Washington wrote that forty boundary stones laid at one-mile intervals had established the District's boundaries based on Banneker's celestial calculations.[78] In 2005, a data gathering report for the planned Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC) in Washington, D.C., stated that Banneker had assisted Andrew Ellicott in laying out the forty boundary marker stones.[79] Both the 2005 data gathering report and a 2007 historic preservation report for the NMAAHC repeated the statement that the boundary stones' locations had been based on Banneker's "celestial calculations".[80]

In 2012, Penny Carr, a regent of the Falls Church, Virginia, chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) wrote in an online community newspaper that Andrew Ellicott and Banneker had in 1791 put in place the westernmost boundary marker stone of the original D.C. boundary. Carr stated that the marker now sits on the boundary line of Falls Church City, Fairfax County, and Arlington County.[81] Carr did not provide the source of this information.

A book published in May 2014 entitled "A History Lover's Guide to Washington" stated that both Ellicott and Banneker had "carefully placed the forty original boundary stones along the Washington, D.C. borders with Virginia and Maryland in 1791-1792".[82] Similarly, on May 8, 2015, a Washington Post article describing a rededication ceremony for one of the marker stones reported that Sharon K. Thorne-Sulima, a regent of a chapter of the District of Columbia DAR, had said:

These stones are our nation’s oldest national landmarks that were placed by Andrew Ellicott and Benjamin Banneker. They officially laid the seat of government of our new nation.[83]

On May 30, 2015, a web version of a follow-up article in the Post carried the headline "Stones laid by Benjamin Banneker in the 1790s are still standing".[84] Disputing the headline's information, a June 1, 2015, comment following the article stated while citing an extensively referenced source[85] that Banneker had, "according to legend", made the astronomical observations and calculations needed to establish the location of the south corner of the District's square, but had not participated in any later parts of the square's survey.[86] (Silvio Bedini reported in 1969 that Banneker apparently left the federal capital area and returned to his home at Ellicott's Mills in late April 1791, shortly after the south cornerstone was set in place during an April 15, 1791, ceremony.[87] Citing a book that Bedini had authored, historian Julian P. Boyd pointed out in a 1974 publication that there was no evidence that Banneker had anything to do with the survey of the Federal City or with the final establishment of the boundaries of the Federal District.[3]) Nevertheless, in 2016, Charlie Clark, a columnist writing in a Falls Church newspaper, stated that Banneker had placed a District boundary stone in Clark's Arlington County, Virginia, neighborhood.[88]

A 2016 booklet that the government of Arlington County, Virginia, published to promote the County's African American history stated, "On April 15, 1791, officials dedicated the first boundary stone based on Banneker's calculations."[89] However, it was actually a March 30, 1791, presidential proclamation by George Washington that established "Jones's point, the upper cape of Hunting Creek in Virginia" as the starting point for the federal district's boundary survey.[90]

Washington did not need any calculations to determine the location of Jones Point. Further, according to an April 21, 1791, news report of the dedication ceremony for the first boundary stone (the south cornerstone), it was Andrew Ellicott who ″ascertained the precise point from which the first line of the district was to proceed". The news report did not mention Banneker's name.[91]

A National Park Service web page entitled Benjamin Banneker and the Boundary Stones of the District of Columbia stated in 2018:

Along with a team, Banneker identified the boundaries of the capitol city. They installed intermittent stone markers along the perimeter of the District.[35]
The Park Service did not provide a source for this statement.

Banneker's clock

In 1845, John Hazelhurst Boneval Latrobe, an American lawyer, inventor and future president of the American Colonization Society,[92] read a Memoir of Benjamin Banneker at a meeting of the Maryland Historical Society.[93] Latrobe's memoir, presented 39 years after Banneker's death, contains the first known account of Banneker's clock. The memoir stated:

It was at this time, when he (Banneker) was about thirty years of age, that he contrived and made a clock, which proved an excellent time–piece. He had seen a watch, but not a clock, such an article having not yet having found its way into the quiet and secluded valley in which he lived. The watch was therefore his model.[94]

In 1863, the Atlantic Monthly magazine published during the American Civil War a brief biography of Banneker that an American abolitionist minister, Moncure D. Conway, had written.[95] Embellishing Latrobe's account of Banneker's clock, Conway described the timepiece as follows:

Perhaps the first wonder amongst his comparatively illiterate neighbors was excited, when about the thirtieth year of his age, Benjamin made a clock. It is probable that this was the first clock of which every portion was made in America; it is certain that it was as purely as his own invention as if none had ever been made before. He had seen a watch, but never a clock, such an article not being within fifty miles of him. The watch was his model.[96]

Conway's biography concluded by stating "... history must record that the most original scientific intellect which the South has yet produced was that of the pure African, Benjamin Banneker."[97]

In 1865, an American abolitionist, Lydia Maria Child, authored a book intended to be used to teach recently freed African Americans to read and to provide them with inspiration.[98] Child's book stated that Banneker had constructed "the first clock ever made in this country".[99]

In 1902, an African American professor of mathematics at Howard University, Kelly Miller, made a similar statement in a United States Bureau of Education publication, claiming that Banneker had in 1770 "constructed a clock to strike the hours, the first to be made in America".[101] In contrast, Philip Lee Phillips, a Library of Congress librarian,[102] more cautiously stated in a 1916 paper read before the Columbia Historical Society in Washington, D.C. that Banneker "is said to have made, entirely with his own hand, a clock of which it is said every portion was made in America."[103]

In 1929, the Chicago Defender newspaper reported that a speaker at a ceremony dedicating a sundial commemorating Banneker at Howard University in Washington, D.C., had stated that "Banneker made the first clock used in America which was constructed of all American materials".[104] In 1968, a writer for the magazine Negro Digest stated that, at the age of 21, Banneker "perfected the first clock in Maryland, possibly in America".[105]

In 1970, Louis Haber stated in a book entitled Black Pioneers of Science and Invention that Banneker had by 1753 completed "the first clock ever built in the United States" and that "People came from all over the country to see his clock."[106] The book's preface reported that the work had resulted in part from a United States Office of Education grant to "gather resource materials that could then be incorporated into science curricula at elementary and secondary schools as well as at the college level".[107]

A book authored by Otto Lindenmeyer and entitled Black History: Lost, Stolen, or Strayed that was also published in 1970 stated that Banneker had constructed his clock's frame and movements "entirely of wood, the first such instrument made in America".[108] In 1978, the Baltimore Afro-American reported that Banneker was the "inventor of the first clock".[109]

In 1980, the United States Postal Service (USPS) issued a postage stamp that commemorated Banneker. The USPS' description of Banneker stated: "... In 1753, he built the first watch made in America."[110]

A 2004 USPS pamphlet illustrating the stamp stated that Banneker "constructed the first wooden striking clock made in America",[111] a statement which also appeared on a web page of the Smithsonian Institution's National Postal Museum entitled "Early Pioneers".[153]

The website of the Banneker-Douglass Museum, the State of Maryland's official museum of African American heritage, similarly claimed in 2015 that Banneker crafted "the first wooden striking clock in America".[112]

In 1987, Oregon's Portland Public Schools District published a series of educational materials entitled African-American Baseline Essays. The Essays were to be "used by teachers and other District staff as a reference and resource just as adopted textbooks and other resources are used" as part of "a huge multicultural curriculum-development effort."[113] An Essay entitled African-American Contributions to Science and Technology stated that Banneker had "made America's first clock".[114]

Noting in 1994 that the Essays "are the most widespread Afrocentric teaching material", a critic writing for the Washington Post cited the Essays' "crippling flaws". The specified flaws included several Banneker stories that Silvio Bedini had refuted more than a decade before the Essays appeared.[115] Nevertheless, Benjamin Banneker: Invented America's First Clock became the title of a 2008 web page.[116] A 2014 revised edition of a 1994 book entitled African-American Firsts repeated a claim published elswhere in 1994 that Banneker had "designed and built the first clock in the colonies".[117]

When supporting the establishment of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African American History and Culture, a 2004 report to the President of the United States and the United States Congress stated that Banneker was an African American inventor.[32] In 2015, columnists Al Kamen and Colby Itkowitz repeated that statement in a Washington Post article.[118] A National Park Service web page, which also claimed that Banneker was an inventor, stated in 2018 that he had "constructed one of the first entirely wooden clocks in America."[35]

However, while several 19th, 20th and 21st century biographers have written that Banneker constructed a clock, none cited documents that showed that Banneker had not seen or read about clocks before he constructed his own. None showed that Banneker's clock had any characteristics that earlier American clocks had lacked.[119]

In 1971, Silvio Bedini reported that a number of watch and clockmakers were already established in Maryland before Banneker completed his clock in 1753. Prior to 1750, at least four such craftsmen were working in Annapolis, {{convert|25|mi|km|0}} from Banneker's home.[120] The only accounts of Banneker's clock by people who had observed it reported only that it was made of wood, that it was suspended in a corner of his log cabin, that it had struck the hour and that Banneker had said that its only model was a borrowed watch.[121]

Bedini stated that "Banneker's clock continued to operate until his death".[122] However, a later author more cautiously wrote that the clock "was apparently used" until a fire destroyed Banneker's home during his funeral.[123] The first known report of the fire, published in 1854 from notes taken in 1836, stated that flames had consumed the clock, but provided no supporting documentation or any information as to whether the clock was still operational at the time.[124]

Documents describing the history of clockmaking in America show that Banneker's clock was not the first of its kind made in America (see: History of timekeeping devices). Clockmakers came to the American colonies from England and Holland during the early 1600s. Among the earliest known clockmakers in the colonies were Thomas Nash of New Haven, Connecticut (1638),[169] William Davis of Boston (1683), Edvardus Bogardus of New York City (1698) and James Baterson of Boston (1707).[125]

Connecticut clockmakers were crafting striking clocks throughout the 1600s, before Banneker was born.[126] The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City holds in its collections a tall-case striking clock that Benjamin Bagnall, Sr., constructed in Boston before 1740 (when Banneker was 9 years old) and that Elisha Williams probably acquired between 1725 and 1739 while he was rector of Yale College.[127] The Dallas Museum of Art holds in its collections a similar striking clock made entirely of American parts that Bagnall constructed in Boston between 1730 and 1745.[128]

During the 1600s, when metal was harder to come by in the colonies than wood, works for many American clocks were made of wood, including the gears, which were whittled and fashioned by hand, as were all other parts.[129] There is some evidence that wooden clocks were being made as early as 1715 near New Haven, Connecticut.[126][130] Benjamin Cheney of East Hartford, Connecticut, was producing wooden striking clocks by 1745,[126][130][131] eight years before Banneker completed his own wooden striking clock in 1753. David Rittenhouse constructed a clock with wooden gears around 1749 while living on a farm near Philadelphia at the age of 17.[132]

Banneker's almanacs

In addition to incorrectly describing Banneker's clock, Lydia Maria Child's 1865 book stated that Banneker's almanac was the first ever made in America.[133] After also incorrectly describing the clock, Kelly Miller's 1902 publication similarly stated that Banneker's 1792 almanac for Pennsylvania, Virginia and Maryland was "the first almanac constructed in America".[101]

A National Register of Historic Places nomination form for the ″Benjamin Banneker: SW-9 Intermediate Boundary Stone (milestone) of the District of Columbia" that an Afro-American Bicentennial Corporation historian prepared in 1976 states that Banneker's astronomical calculations "led to his writing one of the first series of almanacs printed in the United States."[134] A National Park Service web page repeated that statement in 2018.[35]

However, William Pierce's 1639 An Almanac Calculated for New England, which was the first in an annual series of almanacs that Stephen Daye, or Day, printed until 1649 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, preceded Banneker's birth by nearly a century.[135] Nathaniel Ames issued his popular Astronomical Diary and Almanack in Massachusetts in 1725 and annually after c.1732.[136] James Franklin published The Rhode Island Almanack by "Poor Robin" for each year from 1728 to 1735.[137] James' brother, Benjamin Franklin, published his annual Poor Richard's Almanack in Philadelphia from 1732 to 1758, more than thirty years before Banneker wrote his own first almanac in 1791.[138]

Samuel Stearns issued the North-American Almanack, published annually from 1771 to 1784, as well as the first American nautical almanac, The Navigator's Kalendar, or Nautical Almanack, for 1783.[139] A decade before printers published Banneker's first almanac, Andrew Ellicott began to author a series of almanacs, The United States Almanack, the earliest known copy of which bears the date of 1782.[140]

In 1907, the Library of Congress compiled a Preliminary Check List of American Almanacs: 1639-1800, which identified a large number of almanacs that had been printed in the thirteen colonies and the United States prior to 1792.[141] The printers had published many of these almanacs during more than one year. Eighteen had been printed in Maryland, including Ellicott's Maryland and Virginia Almanack for 1787 and 1789 and Ellicott's Maryland and Virginia almanac and ephemeris for 1791, each of which John Hayes of Baltimore had printed.[142] William Goddard of Baltimore, who later printed Banneker's 1792 almanac, had printed The Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia almanack and ephemeris for each year from 1784 to 1790, except 1786.[142]

Astronomical works

In 2019, a Harvard University website describing a program that the "Banneker Institute" conducted at the school each summer claimed about Banneker: "As a forefather to Black American contributions to science, his eminence has earned him the distinction of being the first professional astronomer in America."[143] The website, which noted that the program "prepares undergraduate students of color for graduate programs in astronomy by emphasizing research, building community, and encouraging debate and political action through social justice education",[144] did not cite the source of this questionable information.

Banneker prepared his first published almanac in 1791, during the same year that he participated in the federal district boundary survey.[196][145] As a 1942 journal article entitled "Early American Astronomy" has reported, American almanacs published as early as 1687 predicted eclipses and other astronomical events. In contrast to the statement in the Banneker Institute's posting, that article and others that have reported the works of 17th and 18th century American astronomers either do not mention Banneker's name or describe his works as occurring after those of other Americans.[198][146]

Colonial Americans John Winthrop (a Harvard College professor) and David Rittenhouse authored publications that described their telescopic observations of the 1761 and 1769 transits of Venus soon after those events occurred.[147][148] Other Americans, some of whom taught at Harvard, also wrote about astronomy and used telescopes when observing celestial bodies and events before 1790 (see also: Colonial American Astronomy).[147]

A book relating the history of American astronomy stated, that as a result of the American Revolution, "... what astronomical activity there was from 1776 through 1830 was sporadic and inconsequential".[149] Another such book has stated that "the dawn of American professional astronomy" began in the middle of the 19th century.[150] In 1839, the Harvard Corporation voted to appoint clockmaker William Cranch Bond, whom some consider to be the "father of American astronomy", as "Astronomical Observer to the University".[150][151]

Seventeen-year cicada

In 2004, during a year in which Brood X of the seventeen-year periodical cicada (Magicicada septendecim or seventeen-year locust) emerged from the ground in large numbers, columnist Courtland Milloy wrote in The Washington Post an article entitled "Time to Create Some Buzz for Banneker".[152] Milloy claimed that Banneker "is believed to have been the first person to document this noisy recurrence" of the insect. Milloy stated that Banneker had recorded in a journal "published around 1800" that the "locusts" had appeared in 1749, 1766 and 1783.

Milloy further noted that Banneker had predicted that the insects would return in 1800.[153] In 2014, the authors of an online publication that reproduced Banneker's handwritten journal report cited Milloy's article and contended that "Banneker was one of the first naturalists to record scientific information and observations of the seventeen-year cicada".[154]

However, earlier published accounts of the periodical cicada's life cycle describe the history of cicada sightings differently. These accounts cite descriptions of fifteen- to seventeen-year recurrences of enormous numbers of noisy emergent cicadas that people had written as early as 1733,[155][156] when Banneker was two years old.

Pehr Kalm, a Swedish naturalist visiting Pennsylvania and New Jersey in 1749 on behalf of his nation's government, observed in late May the first of the three Brood X emergences that Banneker's journal later documented.[155][157] When reporting the event in a paper that a Swedish academic journal published in 1756, Kalm wrote:
The general opinion is that these insects appear in these fantastic numbers in every seventeenth year. Meanwhile, except for an occasional one which may appear in the summer, they remain underground.
There is considerable evidence that these insects appear every seventeenth year in Pennsylvania.[157]

Kalm then described documents (including one that he had obtained from Benjamin Franklin) that had recorded in Pennsylvania the emergence from the ground of large numbers of cicadas during May 1715 and May 1732. He noted that the people who had prepared these documents had made no such reports in other years.[157] Kalm further noted that others had informed him that they had seen cicadas only occasionally before the insects appeared in large swarms during 1749.[157] He additionally stated that he had not heard any cicadas in Pennsylvania and New Jersey in 1750 in the same months and areas in which he had heard many in 1749.[157] The 1715 and 1732 reports, when coupled with his own 1749 and 1750 observations, supported the previous "general opinion" that he had cited.

Kalm summarized his findings in a paper translated into English in 1771,[158] stating:

There are a kind of Locusts which about every seventeen years come hither in incredible numbers .... In the interval between the years when they are so numerous, they are only seen or heard single in the woods.[155][159]

In 1758, Carl Linnaeus gave to the insect that Kalm had described the Latin name of Cicada septendecim (seventeen-year cicada) in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.[160] Banneker's second observation of a Brood X emergence occurred eight years later. A writer documented that emergence in a 1766 journal article entitled Observations on the cicada, or locust of America, which appears periodically once in 16 or 17 years.[161]

Other legends and embellishments

In 1930, writer Lloyd Morris claimed in an academic journal article entitled The Negro "Renaissance" that "Benjamin Banneker attracted the attention of a President.... President Thomas Jefferson sent a copy of one of Banneker's almanacs to his friend, the French philosopher Condorcet....".[162] However, Thomas Jefferson sent Banneker's almanac to the Marquis de Condorcet in 1791, a decade before he became President in 1801.[163][164]

In 1943, an African American artist, Charles Alston, who was at the time an employee of the United States Office of War Information, designed a cartoon that embellished the statements that Henry E. Baker had made in 1918.[67] Like Baker, Alston incorrectly claimed that Banneker "was placed on the commission which surveyed and laid out the city of Washington, D.C." Alston extended this claim by also stating that Banneker had been a "city planner". Alston's cartoon additionally repeated a claim that Lydia Maria Child had made in 1865[99] by stating that Banneker had "constructed the first clock made in America".[165]

In 1976, the singer-songwriter Stevie Wonder celebrated Banneker's mythical feats in his song "Black Man", from the album Songs in the Key of Life. The lyrics of the song state:

Who was the man who helped design the nation's capitol,
Made the first clock to give time in America and wrote the first almanac?
Benjamin Banneker, a black man[166]

The question's answer is incorrect. Banneker did not help design either the United States Capitol or the nation's capital city and did not write America's first almanac.[7] The first known clockmaker of record in America was Thomas Nash, an early settler of New Haven, Connecticut, in 1638.[126]

In 1998, a Catalan writer, Núria Perpinyà, created a fictional character, Aleph Banneker, in her novel Un bon error (A Good Mistake). The writer's website reported that the character, an "eminent scientist", was meant to recall Benjamin Banneker, an eighteenth-century "black astronomer and urbanist".[167] However, none of Banneker's documented activities or writings suggest that he was an "urbanist".[168]

In 1999, the National Capital Memorial Commission concluded that the relationship between Banneker and L’Enfant was such that L’Enfant Promenade was the most logical place in Washington, DC on which to construct a proposed memorial to Banneker.[169] However, Silvio Bedini was not able find any historical evidence that showed that Banneker had any relationship at all to L'Enfant or to L'Enfant's plan for the city, although he wrote that the two men had "undoubtedly" met each other after L'Enfant arrived in Georgetown in March 1791 to begin his work.[62][75][170] A 2016 National Park Service (NPS) publication later stated that the NPS had renamed an overlook at the southern end of the Promenade to commemorate Banneker even though the area had no specific connection to Banneker himself.[171]

A history painting by Peter Waddell entitled A Vision Unfolds debuted in 2005 within an exhibition on Freemasonry that the Octagon House's museum in Washington, D.C., was hosting. The oil painting was again displayed in 2007, 2009, 2010 and 2011, first in the Joslyn Art Museum in Omaha, Nebraska and later in the National Heritage Museum in Lexington, Massachusetts and in the Scottish Rite Center of the District of Columbia in Washington, D.C.[172] Waddell's painting contains elements present in Edward Savage's 1789-1796 painting The Washington Family, which portrays President George Washington and his wife Martha viewing a plan of the City of Washington.[173]

A Vision Unfolds depicts a meeting that is taking place within an elaborate surveying tent. In the imaginary scene, Banneker presents a map of the federal district (the Territory of Columbia) to President Washington and Andrew Ellicott.[172][174]

However, Andrew Ellicott completed his survey of the federal district's boundaries in 1792.[9][11] On January 1, 1793, Ellicott submitted to the three commissioners "a report of his first map of the four lines of experiment, showing a half mile on each side, including the district of territory, with a survey of the different waters within the territory".[175] The Library of Congress has attributed to 1793 the year of Ellicott's earliest map of the Territory of Columbia that the Library holds within its collections.[174] As Banneker left the federal capital area in 1791,[3][4][38] Banneker could not have had any association with the map that Waddell depicted.

Further, writers have pointed out that there is no evidence that Banneker had anything to do with the final establishment of the federal district's boundaries.[3] Additionally, a researcher has been unable to find any documentation that shows that President Washington and Banneker ever met.[76]

In 2018, an NPS web page stated that "Banneker became one of the first black civil servants of the new nation" when "he surveyed the city of Washington".[35] However, Bedini had reported more than 40 years earlier that it was Andrew Ellicott (not the federal government) who hired Banneker to participate in the survey of the federal district.[9] Ellicott paid Banneker $60 for his participation, including travel expenses.[176]

Commemorative U.S. quarter dollar coin nomination

In 2008, the District of Columbia government considered selecting an image of Banneker for the reverse side of the District of Columbia quarter in the 2009 District of Columbia and United States Territories Quarter Program.[177] The original narrative supporting this selection[178] (subsequently revised)[179] alleged that Banneker helped design the new capital city, was an inventor, was "among the first ever African-American presidential appointees" and was "a founder of Washington, D.C."

After the District chose to commemorate another person on the coin, the District's mayor, Adrian M. Fenty, sent a letter to the Director of the United States Mint, Edmund C. Moy, that claimed that Banneker "played an integral role in the physical design of the nation's capital."[180] However, there are no known documents that show that any president ever appointed Banneker to any position or that Banneker ever invented anything. Further, a writer had stated in 1974 that Banneker had played no role at all in the design, development or founding of the nation's capital beyond his brief participation in the two-year survey of the federal district's boundaries.[3]

Historical markers

Several historical markers in Maryland and Washington, D.C., contain information relating to Benjamin Banneker that is unsupported by historical evidence or is contradicted by such evidence:

Historical marker in Benjamin Banneker Historical Park, Baltimore County, Maryland

A commemorative historical marker that the Maryland Historical Society erected on the present grounds of Benjamin Banneker Historical Park in Baltimore County, Maryland, states that Banneker "published the first Maryland almanac" in 1792.[181] Bedini reported in 1999 that the marker's statement is incorrect.[182]

Bedini stated that Banneker may have modeled the format of his almanac after a series of almanacs (The United States Almanack) that Andrew Ellicott had authored from 1781 to 1785.[140][183] Ellicott had lived in Maryland during some of those years.[140] Ellicott's almanacs were published in Baltimore, Maryland.[184]

Further, Banneker did not "publish" his 1792 almanac. Although he authored this work, others printed, distributed and sold it.[185]

Historical marker in Benjamin Banneker Park, Washington, DC

A historical marker that the National Park Service erected in Benjamin Banneker Park in Washington, D.C., in 1997[267][186] states in an unreferenced paragraph:

Banneker became intrigued by a pocket watch he had seen as a young man. Using a knife he intricately carved out the wheels and gears of a wooden timepiece. The remarkable clock he constructed from memory kept time and struck the hours for the next fifty years.[187]

However, Banneker completed his clock in 1753 at the age of 21, when he was still a young man.[188] No historical evidence shows that he constructed the clock from memory.[189]

Further, it is open to question as to whether the clock was actually "remarkable". Silvio Bedini reported that at least four clockmakers were working in Annapolis, Maryland, before 1753, when Banneker completed his own clock.[120]

A photograph on the historical marker illustrates a wooden striking clock that Benjamin Cheney constructed around 1760.[187][190] The marker does not indicate that the clock is not Banneker's.[187] A fire on the day of Banneker's funeral reportedly destroyed his own clock.[123][124]

Historical marker in Newseum, Washington, DC

In 2008, when the Newseum opened to the public on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C., visitors looking over the Avenue could read a historical marker that stated:

Benjamin Banneker assisted Chief Surveyor Andrew Ellicott in laying out the Avenue based on Pierre L’Enfant’s Plan. President George Washington appointed Ellicott and Banneker to survey the boundaries of the new city.[191]

Little or none of this appears to be correct. Banneker had no documented involvement with the laying out of Pennsylvania Avenue or with L’Enfant’s Plan.[3][4][7] Andrew Ellicott surveyed the boundaries of the federal district (not the “boundaries of the new city”) at the suggestion of Thomas Jefferson.[71] Ellicott (not Washington) appointed Banneker to assist in the boundary survey.[9][74]

Commemorations of Benjamin Banneker

A United States postage stamp and the names of a number of recreational and cultural facilities, educational institutions, streets and other facilities and institutions throughout the United States have commemorated Banneker's documented and mythical accomplishments throughout the years since he lived.

Benjamin Banneker postage stamp

On February 15, 1980, during Black History Month, the United States Postal Service issued in Annapolis, Maryland, a 15 cent commemorative postage stamp that featured a portrait of Banneker.[110][111][192][193][194] An image of Banneker standing behind a short telescope mounted on a tripod was superimposed upon the portrait.[195] The device shown in the stamp resembles Andrew Ellicott's transit and equal altitude instrument (see Theodolite), which is presently in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C.[196]

The stamp was the third in the Postal Service's Black Heritage stamp series.[192][197] The featured portrait was one that Jerry Pinkney of Croton-on-Hudson, New York, who designed the first nine stamps in the series, had earlier placed on another approved version of the stamp.[198] A Banneker biographer subsequently noted that, because no known portrait of Banneker exists, the stamp artist had based the portrait on "imagined features".[199]

Recreational and cultural facilities

The names of a number of recreational and cultural facilities commemorate Banneker. These facilities include parks, playgrounds, community centers, museums and a planetarium.

Parks

Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum, Baltimore County, Maryland

A park commemorating Benjamin Banneker is located in a stream valley woodland at the former site of Banneker's farm and residence in Oella, Maryland, between Ellicott City and the City of Baltimore.[200][201] The Baltimore County Department of Recreation and Parks manages the $2.5 million facility, which was dedicated on June 9, 1998.[202] The park, which encompasses {{convert|138|acre|ha}} and contains archaeological sites and extensive nature trails, is the largest original African American historical site in the United States.[203] The primary focus of the park is a museum highlighting Banneker's contributions.[204] The museum contains a visitors center that features a collection of Banneker's works and artifacts, a community gallery, a gift shop and a patio garden.[203][205]

The park contains an 1850s stone farmhouse, now named the "Molly Banneky House". The three-story house was restored as an office complex in 2004.[206][207]

On November 12, 2009, officials opened a {{convert|224|ft2|m2}} replica of Banneker's log cabin on the park grounds, reportedly two days before the 278th anniversary of Banneker's birth.[208][209][210] Baltimore County's delegation to the Maryland General Assembly secured a $400,000 state bond for the design and construction of the cabin.[208][211] The original estimated cost to construct the cabin in accordance with its drawings and specifications was $240,700.[212]

A historical marker that the Maryland Historical Society erected to commemorate Banneker stands on the grounds of the park.[181] The marker replaced the last of three earlier markers that vandals had previously destroyed.[213]

Gallery of Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum
Benjamin Banneker Park and Memorial, Washington, D.C.

A {{convert|4.7|acre|ha}} urban park memorializing Benjamin Banneker is located in southwest Washington, D.C., one half mile (800 m) south of the Smithsonian Institution's "Castle" on the National Mall. The park features a prominent overlook at the south end of L'Enfant Promenade and Tenth Street SW. A traffic circle, named Banneker Circle SW, surrounds the overlook. A grassy slope descends steeply from the traffic circle to the Southwest Freeway (Interstate 395), Ninth Street SW and Maine Avenue SW.[61][214][215][216]

The National Park Service (NPS) operates the park as part of its National Mall and Memorial Parks administrative unit.[217] The NPS erected a historical marker near the park's entrance in 1997.[267][187][214][215][218][219] The park is now at stop number 8 on Washington's Southwest Heritage Trail.[220]

In 1967, landscape architect Daniel Urban Kiley completed the design of the "Tenth Street Overlook".[221] After the District of Columbia Redevelopment Land Agency completed construction of the Overlook in 1969, the Agency transferred the Overlook to the NPS in 1970.[221]

The elliptical {{convert|200|ft|m|0}} wide overlook provides elevated views of the nearby Southwest Waterfront, Washington Channel, East Potomac Park, Potomac River and more distant areas. The centerpiece of the overlook's modernist plaza is a large conical fountain that projects water more than 30 feet in the air and catches it in a circular basin made from honed green granite. The rings of the fountain and basin in the center of the site are reiterated in the benches, double rows of London plane trees, and low concrete walls that establish the plaza’s edge. The ground plane is paved with granite squares, a continuation of L'Enfant Promenade's materials. The ground plane is concave, and with the trees and fountain helps define the spatial volume of the plaza.[215][222]

In 1970, the District of Columbia City Council passed a resolution that petitioned the NPS to rename the Overlook as Banneker Park, arguing that the Council had already renamed the adjacent highway circle as Banneker Circle, S.W.[221] The NPS thereupon hosted a dedication ceremony in 1971 that renamed the Overlook as "Benjamin Banneker Park".[63][221] Following completion of a restoration project, the park was ceremoniously rededicated in 1997 to again commemorate Banneker.[221][223] However, a 2016 NPS publication later noted that the NPS had renamed the Overlook to commemorate Banneker even though the area had no specific connection to Banneker himself.[171]

In 1998, the 105th United States Congress enacted legislation that authorized the Washington Interdependence Council of the District of Columbia to establish at the Council's expense a memorial on federal land in the District that would commemorate Banneker's accomplishments.[169][224] The Council plans to erect this memorial in or near the park.[169][225] In 2006, the Council held a charrette to select the artist that would design the memorial.[226]

Construction of the memorial was expected to begin after the United States Commission of Fine Arts and the National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC) approved the memorial's design and location in accordance with the legislation that authorized the establishment of the memorial and with the United States Code (40 U.S.C. § 8905).[225][227] However, the proposed memorial had by 1999 become a $17 million project that would contain a visitors' center near the "Castle" at the north end of the Promenade, a clock atop a tall pedestal at the midpoint of the Promenade, a statue of Banneker in the park's circle at the south end of the Promenade and a skyway over Interstate 395 that would connect the park to the waterfront.[221][228][229] After considering the proposal, the National Capital Memorial Commission rejected the placement of the statue in the park and decided to consult with the District of Columbia government about placing a Banneker memorial at the midpoint of the Promenade.[169][221][229][230]

The legislative authority relative to locating the Memorial on federal land lapsed in 2005.[221][230] This did not preclude the location of the memorial on lands such as the road right-of-way in the Promenade that are under the jurisdiction of the District of Columbia's government.[118][169][219][230]

During the 2000s, various organizations proposed to develop at the site of Benjamin Banneker Park a number of large facilities including a baseball stadium (later constructed elsewhere in D.C. as Nationals Park), the National Museum of African American History and Culture, a National Children's Museum and a National Museum of the American Latino.[230] In 2004, the D.C. Preservation League listed the Park as one of the most endangered places in the District because of such proposals to redevelop the park's area.[231] The League stated that the park, "Designed by renowned landscape architect Daniel Urban Kiley ... is culturally significant as the first public space in Washington named for an African American and is usually included in Black History tours".[231]

In 2006, the District government and the Federal Highway Administration issued an environmental assessment for "improvements" to the promenade and park that described a number of projects that could redevelop the area containing the park.[232] In 2011, a proposal surfaced that would erect a structure housing a "National Museum of the American People" at or near the site of the park.[233]

In 2012, the United States Army Corps of Engineers determined that Benjamin Banneker Park was not eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places.[234] However, the District of Columbia State Historic Preservation Office (DC SHPO) did not concur with this determination.[234] The DC SHPO stated that additional research and coordination with the NPS would be needed before it could make a final determination of eligibility.[234] In 2014, the DC SHPO concurred with the superintendent of the National Mall and Memorial Parks that the park was eligible for inclusion in the National Register as an integral component of the 10th Street Promenade/Banneker Overlook composition, but not as an independent entity.[234]

In January 2013, the National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC) accepted "The SW Ecodistrict Plan" (see: Southwest Ecodistrict).[235] The Plan recommended the redesign of Benjamin Banneker Park and adjacent areas to accommodate one or more new memorials, museums and/or landscaping.[236]

in 2013, the NPS issued a "Cultural Landscapes Inventory" report for the park. The report described the features, significance and history of the park and its surrounding area, as well the planning processes that had influenced the park's construction and development.[237]

In September 2014, the NCPC accepted an addendum to the SW Ecodistrict Plan.[238] The addendum stated: "A modern, terraced landscape at Banneker Park is envisioned to enhance the park and to provide a gateway to the National Mall."[239]

In April 2017, the NCPC approved plans for a staircase and ramp that would connect the park with Washington's Southwest Waterfront and that would add lighting and trees to the area. The NCPC and the NPS intended the project to be an interim improvement that could be in place for ten years while the area awaits redevelopment.[217][240] Construction began on the project in September 2017 and was completed during the spring of 2018.[241]

Benjamin Banneker Park, Arlington County, Virginia

An {{convert|11|acre|ha}} park in Arlington County, Virginia, memorializes Banneker and the survey of the boundaries of the District of Columbia, in which he participated.[242] The park features access to paved trails, picnic tables with charcoal grills, a playground, a playing field, a stream and a dog park.[242] The SW-9 Intermediate Boundary Stone, one of the forty boundary markers of the original District of Columbia, is within the park.[242][243]

Playground

Banneker Playground, Brooklyn, New York

The Banneker Playground in Brooklyn, New York, was originally built by the federal Works Progress Administration in 1937. In 1985, the New York City parks department renamed the {{convert|1.67|acre|ha}} playground to commemorate Benjamin Banneker. The playground contains handball and basketball courts, trees and a sculpture of a sitting camel. The Benjamin Banneker Elementary School (P.S. 256), built in 1956, is near the playground.[244]

Community Centers

Banneker Community Center, Catonsville, Maryland

The Banneker Community Center (Banneker Recreation Center) in Catonsville, Maryland, is located near the intersection of the Baltimore National Pike (U.S. Route 40) and the Baltimore Beltway (Interstate 695), about {{convert|2|mi|km|0}} northeast of the former site of Banneker's home and farm. A unit of the Baltimore County Department of Recreation and Parks, the facility contains ballfields, multipurpose courts and a playground.[245][246]

Banneker Community Center, Washington, D.C.

The Banneker Community Center in northwest Washington, D.C. is located near Howard University in the city's Columbia Heights neighborhood. The center, which is a unit of the District of Columbia Department of Parks and Recreation, contains playing fields, basketball and tennis courts, a swimming pool (Banneker pool), a computer lab and other indoor and outdoor facilities.[247] Constructed in 1934 and named for Benjamin Banneker, the center's building (formerly named the Banneker Recreation Center) was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 because of its role as a focal point in the development of the black community in Washington, D.C.[248]

Benjamin Banneker Community Center, Bloomington, Indiana

The Benjamin Banneker Community Center in Bloomington, Indiana, contains a gymnasium, restrooms, a kitchen, a library and a family resource center.[249] Benjamin Banneker School was a segregated school for Bloomington's African American residents from 1915 to 1951. When the school desegregated, its name was changed to Fairview Annex. In 1955, the school's building became the Westside Community Center. In 1994, the Bloomington City Council changed the community center's name to commemorate the building's history as a segregated school and to re-commemorate Benjamin Banneker.[250][251] The City of Bloomington's Parks and Recreation Department operates the center.[252]

Museum

Banneker-Douglass Museum, Annapolis, Maryland

The Banneker-Douglass Museum in Annapolis, Maryland, memorializes Benjamin Banneker and Frederick Douglass.[112] The museum, which was dedicated on February 24, 1984, is the State of Maryland's official museum of African American heritage.[112][253] It is housed within and adjacent to the former Mount Moriah African Methodist Episcopal Church, which the National Park Service placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.[112][254]

Planetarium

Banneker Planetarium, Catonsville, Maryland

The Banneker Planetarium in Catonsville, Maryland, is located about {{convert|2|mi|km|0}} southeast of the former site of Benjamin Banneker's home and farm. The planetarium is a component of the Community College of Baltimore County's Catonsville Campus. Operated by the College's School of Mathematics and Science, the planetarium offers shows and programs to the public.[255][256]

Educational institutions

The names of a number of university buildings, high schools, middle schools, elementary schools, professorships and scholarships throughout the United States have commemorated Benjamin Banneker. These include:

University buildings, rooms and memorials

  • Banneker Hall, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland[257]
  • Benjamin Banneker Hall, Bowie State University, Bowie, Maryland (building destroyed)[258]
  • Benjamin Banneker Hall, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama[259]
  • Benjamin Banneker Hall, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland[260]
  • Benjamin Banneker Memorial Sundial, Howard University, Washington, D.C.[21][261]
  • Benjamin Banneker Room, Adele H. Stamp Student Union, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland[262]
  • Benjamin Banneker Science Hall, Central State University, Wilberforce, Ohio[263]
  • Benjamin Banneker Technology Complex, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, Florida[264]

High schools and high school rooms

  • Benjamin Banneker Academic High School, Washington, D.C.[265]
  • Benjamin Banneker Academy for Community Development, Brooklyn, New York[266]
  • Benjamin Banneker High School, Fulton County, Georgia[267]
  • Benjamin Banneker Lecture Hall, Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, Baltimore, Maryland[268]

Middle schools

  • Benjamin Banneker Charter Public School, Cambridge, Massachusetts[269]
  • Benjamin Banneker Middle School, Burtonsville, Maryland[270]
  • The Benjamin Banneker Preparatory Charter School, Willingboro, New Jersey[271]

Elementary Schools

  • Banneker Group (23 elementary schools), St. Louis, Missouri[272]
  • Banneker-Doyle Career and Transition Center, Los Angeles, California[273]
  • Banneker Elementary School, St. Louis, Loudoun County, Virginia[274]
  • Banneker Elementary Science & Technology Magnet School, Kansas City, Kansas[275]
  • Benjamin Banneker Academy, East Orange, New Jersey[276]
  • Benjamin Banneker Achievement Center, Gary, Indiana[277]
  • Benjamin Banneker Charter Academy of Technology, Kansas City, Missouri[278]
  • Benjamin Banneker Elementary School, Chicago, Illinois[279]
  • Benjamin Banneker Elementary School, Kansas City, Missouri[280]
  • Benjamin Banneker Elementary School, Loveville, Maryland[281]
  • Benjamin Banneker Elementary School, Milford, Delaware[282]
  • Benjamin Banneker Elementary School, New Orleans, Louisiana[283]
  • Benjamin Banneker School (now Benjamin Banneker Community Center), Bloomington, Indiana[250]
  • Benjamin Banneker Elementary School (P.S. 256), Brooklyn, New York[284]
  • Benjamin Banneker School, Parkville, Missouri (historical)[285]

Other

  • Benjamin Banneker Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (historical)[286]

Professorships and scholarships

The names of several university professorships and scholarships commemorate Banneker. These include:

  • Benjamin Banneker Professorship of American Studies and History, Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C.[287]
  • Benjamin Banneker Scholarship Program, Central State University, Wilberforce, Ohio[288]
  • Banneker/Key Scholarship, University of Maryland Honors College, College Park, Maryland[289]

Awards

The names of several awards commemorate Banneker. These include:

  • Benjamin Banneker Award, Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University, Huntsville, Alabama[290]
  • Benjamin Banneker Award, Temple University College of Education, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania[291]
  • Benjamin Banneker Award for Excellence in Math and Science, Metropolitan Buffalo Alliance of Black School Educators, Buffalo, New York[292]
  • Benjamin Banneker Award for Outstanding Social Commitment and Community Initiatives, American Planning Association, National Capital Area Chapter, Washington, D.C.[293]
  • Benjamin Banneker Legacy Award, The Benjamin Banneker Institute for Science and Technology, Washington, D.C.[294]

Streets

The names of a number of streets throughout the United States commemorate Banneker. These include:

  • Banneker Avenue, Richmond Heights, Missouri[295]
  • Banneker Avenue North, Minneapolis, Minnesota[296]
  • Banneker Court, Detroit, Michigan[297]
  • Banneker Court, Mobile, Alabama[298]
  • Banneker Court, Stone Mountain, Georgia[299]
  • Banneker Court, Wilmington, Delaware[300]
  • Banneker Cove, Memphis, Tennessee[301]
  • Banneker Drive, San Diego[302]
  • Banneker Drive, Williamsburg, Virginia[303]
  • Banneker Drive Northeast, Washington, D.C.[304]
  • Banneker Lane, Annapolis, Maryland[305]
  • Banneker Place, Dallas, Texas[306]
  • Banneker Place, Nipomo, California[307]
  • Banneker Road, Columbia, Maryland[308]
  • Banneker Street, Columbus, Ohio[309]
  • Banneker Street, DeQuincy, Louisiana[310]
  • Benjamin Banneker Boulevard, Aquasco, Maryland[311]
  • South Banneker Avenue, Fresno, California[312]
  • West Banneker Street, Hanford, California[313]

Real estate

The names of a number of buildings and apartment complexes commemorate Banneker. These include:

  • Banneker Building, Columbia, Maryland[314]
  • Banneker Gardens, Cumberland, Maryland (townhomes/apartments)[315]
  • Banneker Homes, San Francisco[316]
  • Banneker Place, Town Center, Columbia, Maryland[317]
  • Banneker Place apartments, Washington, D.C.[318]

Businesses

The names of a number of businesses commemorate Banneker. These include:

  • Banneker Energy, LLC, Duluth, Georgia and New Orleans, Louisiana (transportation fuel management)[319]
  • Banneker, Inc., Denver, Colorado (watches and clocks)[320]
  • Banneker Industries, Inc., North Smithfield, Rhode Island (supply chain management)[321]
  • Banneker Ventures, LLC, Washington, D.C. and Rockville, Maryland (design, construction and contracting management)[322]
  • The Banneker Group, LLC, Laurel, Maryland (general contracting and facility maintenance)[323]

Advocacy groups

The names and/or goals of several advocacy groups commemorate Banneker. These include:

  • The Benjamin Banneker Association, Inc. (BANNEKERMATH.org), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania[324]
  • The Benjamin Banneker Center for Economic Justice and Progress, Baltimore, Maryland[325]
  • The Benjamin Banneker Foundation, Fulton, Maryland[326]
  • The Benjamin Banneker Institute for Science & Technology, Washington, D.C.[327]
  • Washington Interdependence Council: Administrators of the Benjamin Banneker Memorial and Banneker Institute of Math & Science, Washington, D.C.[328]

Other

Other commemorations of Benjamin Banneker include:

  • "Banneker",[329] a 1983 poem by Rita Dove (1993-1995 United States Poet Laureate)[330]
  • Banneker City Little League, Washington, D.C. (youth baseball)[331]
  • Banneker Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (summer program in astronomy)[144]
  • Banneker Literary Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (historical)[332]
  • Banneker neighborhood, Town Center, Columbia, Maryland[317]
  • Benjamin Banneker Honors Math & Science Society, Washington Metropolitan Area: Washington, D.C., Virginia and Maryland[333]
  • Benjamin Banneker Mathematics Competition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania[334]
  • Benjamin Banneker obelisk, Mount Gilboa Chapel, Oella, Maryland (see: Mount Gilboa Chapel).[335][336]
  • Benjamin Banneker Science Fair, Delaware Valley: Delaware, Pennsylvania and New Jersey[337]
  • Benjamin Banneker: SW-9 Intermediate Boundary Stone (milestone) of the District of Columbia: Arlington County and City of Falls Church, Virginia.[243]
  • Benjamin Banneker: The Man Who Loved the Stars (1981 film starring Ossie Davis)[338]
  • Benjamin Banneker: The Man Who Loved the Stars (1989 television docudrama starring Ossie Davis)[339]
  • The Banneker Room, George Howard Building, Howard County Government, Ellicott City, Maryland (County Council meeting room)[340]
  • The Banneker Room, The Wayside Inn, Ellicott City, Maryland (guest room)[341]
{{Portal bar|Biography|History|African American|Maryland|Washington, D.C.}}{{Authority control}}

List and map of coordinates

{{GeoGroup}}
1. ^(1) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130322112050/http://www.boundarystones.org/articles/rchs_1969.pdf Bedini, 1969, p. 7.] "The name of Benjamin Banneker, the Afro-American self-taught mathematician and almanac-maker, occurs again and again in the several published accounts of the survey of Washington City [D.C.] begun in 1791, but with conflicting reports of the role which he played. Writers have implied a wide range of involvement, from the keeper of horses or supervisor of the woodcutters, to the full responsibility of not only the survey of the ten-mile square but the design of the city as well. None of these accounts has described the contribution which Banneker actually made."
(2) {{cite book |last=Whiteman |first=Maxwell |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112037299119;view=1up;seq=7 |title=BENJAMIN BANNEKER: Surveyor and Astronomer: 1731-1806: A biographical note |work=Banneker's Almanack and Ephemeris for the Year of Our Lord 1793; being The First After Bisixtile or Leap Year and Banneker's almanac, for the year 1795: Being the Third After Leap Year: Afro-American History Series: Rhistoric Publication No. 202 (1969 Reprint Edition) |editor=Whiteman, Maxwell |publisher= Rhistoric Publications, a division of Microsurance Inc. |lccn=72077039 |oclc= 907004619 |quote=A number of fictional accounts of Banneker are available. All of them were dependent upon the following: Proceedings of the Maryland Historical Society for 1837 and 1854 which respectively contain the accounts of Banneker by John B. H. Latrobe and Martha E. Tyson. They were subsequently reprinted as pamphlets. |via=HathiTrust |accessdate=2017-06-14}}
(3) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ei6YZDOpZ1cC&pg=PA142&f=false#v=onepage&q&f&hl=en Cerami, 2002, p. 142.] "(Banneker) has existed in dim memory mainly on mangled ideas about his work, and even utter falsehoods that are unwise attempts to glorify a man who needs no such embellishment. ...."
(4) {{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Richard |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140309161429/http://www.blackpast.org/aah/banneker-benjamin-1731-1806 |archivedate=2014-03-09 |url= http://www.blackpast.org/aah/banneker-benjamin-1731-1806 |title=Banneker, Benjamin (1731-1806) |work=Online Encyclopedia of Significant People and Places in African American History |year=2007 |publisher= BlackPast.org |accessdate=2015-05-14 |quote=(Banneker's) life and work have become enshrouded in legend and anecdote.}}
(5) {{cite web |author=Maryland Historical Society Library Department |url= http://www.mdhs.org/underbelly/2014/02/06/the-dreams-of-benjamin-banneker/ |title=The Dreams of Benjamin Banneker |work=Underbelly: African American History |publisher=Maryland Historical Society |date=2014-02-06 |accessdate= 2018-02-19 |quote=Over the 200 years since the death of Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806), his story has become a muddled combination of fact, inference, misinformation, hyperbole, and legend. Like many other figures throughout history, the small amount of surviving source material has nurtured the development of a degree of mythology surrounding his story.}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219030526/http://www.mdhs.org/underbelly/2014/02/06/the-dreams-of-benjamin-banneker/ |date= 2018-02-19}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite book |last=Shipler |first=David K. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1rLbI73FctUC&pg=PA196#v=onepage&q&f=false |title= The Myths of America |work=A Country of Strangers: Blacks and Whites in America |pages=196–197 |year=1998 |location= New York |publisher=Vintage Books |isbn=0679734546 |oclc=39849003 |via=Google Books |quote= The Banneker story, impressive as it was, got embellished in 1987, when the public school system in Portland, Oregon, published African-American Baseline Essays, a thick stack of loose-leaf background papers for teachers, commissioned to encourage black history instruction. They have been used in Detroit, Atlanta, Fort Lauderdale, Newark, and scattered schools elsewhere, although they have been attacked for gross inaccuracy in an entire literature of detailed criticism by respected historians. .... |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607151929/https://books.google.com/books?id=1rLbI73FctUC&pg=PA196 |archivedate= 2015-06-07 }}
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_5ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Locating the Federal District: Editorial Note: Footnote number 119|work=The Papers of Thomas Jefferson: 24 January–31 March 1791|volume=19|editor-first=Julian P.|editor-last=Boyd|editor-link=Julian P. Boyd|location=Princeton, New Jersey|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1974|pages=41—43|oclc=1045069058|isbn=9780691185255|lccn=50007486|accessdate=2019-03-27|via=Google Books|quote=
Recent biographical accounts of Benjamin Banneker (1731–1806), a mulatto whose father was a native African and whose grandmother was English, have done his memory a disservice by obscuring his real achievements under a cloud of extravagant claims to scientific accomplishment that have no foundation in fact. The single notable exception is Silvio A. Bedini’s The Life of Benjamin Banneker (New York, 1972), a work of painstaking research and scrupulous attention to accuracy which also benefits from the author’s discovery of important and hitherto unavailable manuscript sources. However, as Bedini points out, the story of Banneker’s involvement in the survey of the Federal District “rests on extremely meager documentation” (p. 104). This consists of a single mention by TJ, two brief statements by Banneker himself, and the newspaper allusion quoted above. In consequence, Bedini’s otherwise reliable biography accepts the version of Banneker’s role in this episode as presented in reminiscences of nineteenth-century authors. These recollections, deriving in large part from members of the Ellicott family, who were prompted by Quaker inclinations to justice and equality, have compounded the confusion. The nature of TJ’s connection with Banneker is treated in the Editorial Note to the group of documents under 30 Aug. 1791, but because of the obscured record it is necessary here to attempt a clarification of the role of this modest, self-taught tobacco farmer in the laying out of the national capital.
First of all, because of unwarranted claims to the contrary, it must be pointed out that there is no evidence whatever that Banneker had anything to do with the survey of the Federal City or indeed with the final establishment of the boundaries of the Federal District. All available testimony shows that he was present only during the few weeks early in 1791 when the rough preliminary survey of the ten mile square was made; that, after this was concluded and before the final survey was begun, he returned to his farm and his astronomical studies in April, accompanying Ellicott part way on his brief journey back to Philadelphia; and that thenceforth he had no connection with the mapping of the seat of government. ...
In any case, Banneker’s participation in the surveying of the Federal District was unquestionably brief and his role uncertain.}}
4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 [https://books.google.com/books?id=w0BZAAAAYAAJ Bedini, 1999], p. 136.
5. ^(1) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130322112050/http://www.boundarystones.org/articles/rchs_1969.pdf Bedini, 1969, p. 7.] "The name of Benjamin Banneker, the Afro-American self-taught mathematician and almanac-maker, occurs again and again in the several published accounts of the survey of Washington City begun in 1791, but with conflicting reports of the role which he played. Writers have implied a wide range of involvement, from the keeper of horses or supervisor of the woodcutters, to the full responsibility of not only the survey of the ten mile square but the design of the city as well. None of these accounts has described the contribution which Banneker actually made."
(2) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ei6YZDOpZ1cC&pg=PA142&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false Cerami, 2002, pp. 142-143].
(3) [https://web.archive.org/web/20150119230244/http://www.amazon.com/The-Life-Benjamin-Banneker-African-American/product-reviews/0938420593 Murdock]. "This very well-researched book also helps lay to rest some of the myths about what Banneker did and did not do during his most unusual lifetime; unfortunately, many websites and books continue to propagate these myths, probably because those authors do not understand what Banneker actually accomplished."
(4) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110728093658/http://www.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=567 Toscano]. "Some writers, in an effort to build up their hero, claim that Banneker was the designer of Washington. Other writers have asserted that Banneker's role in the survey is a myth without documentation. Neither group is correct. Bedini does a professional job of sorting out the truth from the falsehoods."
(5) Fasanelli, Florence D, "Benjamin Banneker's Life and Mathematics: Web of Truth? Legends as Facts; Man vs. Legend," a talk given on January 8, 2004, at the MAA/AMS meeting in Phoenix, AZ. Cited in {{cite journal |last=Mahoney |first=John F. |url= http://www.maa.org/publications/periodicals/convergence/benjamin-bannekers-inscribed-equilateral-triangle-references |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140221215034/http://www.maa.org/publications/periodicals/convergence/benjamin-bannekers-inscribed-equilateral-triangle-references |archivedate= 2014-02-21 |title=Benjamin Banneker's Inscribed Equilateral Triangle - References |journal=Loci |volume=2 |date=July 2010 |publisher=Mathematical Association of America |accessdate= 2014-02-06}}
(6) {{cite web |author=Bigbytes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100921222936/http://dcsymbols.com/ovason/banneker.htm |archivedate= 2010-09-21 |url= http://dcsymbols.com/ovason/banneker.htm |title=Benjamin Banneker Stories |publisher= dcsymbols.com |accessdate=2013-01-27}}
6. ^1 2 3 (1) {{cite web |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20031206191132/http://dcpages.ari.net/History/Planning_DC.shtml |archivedate=2003-12-06 |url= http://dcpages.ari.net/History/Planning_DC.shtml|title=L'Enfant designed more than D.C.: He designed a 200-year-old controversy |publisher= DCpages.com |first=Michael |last= Levine |work=History: Planning Our Capital City: Get to know the District of Columbia |date=2003-11-10 |accessdate=2016-12-31}}
(2) {{cite web |url= https://blogs.weta.org/boundarystones/2016/02/08/benjamin-bannekers-capital-contributions|title=Benjamin Banneker's Capital Contributions|date=2016-02-08|first=Richard|last=Brownell|work=Boundary Stones: WETA's Local History Blog|location=Arlington County, Virginia|publisher=WETA|accessdate=2018-05-28}}
7. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|last=Arnebeck|first=Bob|url=http://dcswamp.blogspot.com/2017/01/seat-of-empire.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129062551/http://dcswamp.blogspot.com/2017/01/seat-of-empire.html|archivedate=2018-01-29|title=Washington Examined: Seat of Empire: the General and the Plan 1790 to 1801|date=2017-01-02|publisher=Blogger|accessdate=2018-01-29|quote=Meanwhile Andrew Ellicott, the nation's Surveyor General, finished surveying the boundary lines of the federal district, and joined L'Enfant in laying out the city. (Ellicott showed a fine sense of the opportunity presented by the project by hiring a mathematician who was a "free Negro," to help with the survey. The Georgetown newspaper noted the significance of Benjamin Banneker's participation but, nearly sixty years old, he left the arduous project in May and returned to Baltimore to publish his almanac, and thus, contrary to legend, had nothing to do with L'Enfant's plan).
In late August L'Enfant took his completed plan to Philadelphia. The president approved but thought it premature to designate the sites of the other buildings and many monuments that L'Enfant envisioned.}}
8. ^1 {{cite web |first1=Peter Charles |last1=L'Enfant |last2=United States Coast and Geodetic Survey |url=http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3850.ct000514 |last3=United States Commissioner of Public Buildings |title=Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States: projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States, in pursuance of an act of Congress passed the sixteenth day of July, MDCCXC, "establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac": [Washington, D.C.] |location=Washington |publisher=United States Coast and Geodetic Survey |lccn=88694201 |year=1887 |accessdate=2017-03-05}} Facsimile of the 1791 L'Enfant plan in Repository of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C.
9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 [https://web.archive.org/web/20130322112050/http://www.boundarystones.org/articles/rchs_1969.pdf Bedini, 1969], p. 22-23."Considerable confusion developed among subsequent writers concerning the relative roles of Ellicott, L'Enfant and Banneker in the survey of the Federal City. Ellicott was, contrary to popular misconception, the first to receive an appointment to the project. His assignment was specifically to produce a survey of a ten-mile square within which the national capital was to be designed and laid out by L'Enfant. Ellicott and L'Enfant each worked independently under the supervision of the Commissioners appointed by Washington. After L'Enfant's subsequent dismissal, Ellicott was assigned the dual responsibility for continuing L'Enfant's work on the design of the city, and layout of public buildings, streets and property lots, in addition to completing his survey. Banneker was employed directly by Ellicott and did not at any time, as far as can be determined, work with or for L'Enfant."
10. ^1 {{cite book |first=Joseph R. |last=Passonneau |title=Washington Through Two Centuries: A History in Maps and Images |place=New York |publisher=The Monacelli Press, Inc. |year=2004 |pages=14–16, 24–27 |isbn=1-58093-091-3 |oclc=53443052}}
11. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015013259695;view=1up;seq=13 |last=National Capital Planning Commission |year=1976 |title=History |work=Boundary markers of the Nation's Capital: a proposal for their preservation & protection : a National Capital Planning Commission Bicentennial report |pages=3–9 |place=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Capital Planning Commission; For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, United States Government Printing Office |oclc=3772302 |accessdate=2016-02-22}} At HathiTrust Digital Library.
12. ^(1) {{cite web |last=Ellicott |first=Andrew |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/88694130/ |title=Territory of Columbia |work=Maps |publisher=Library of Congress |year=1793 |accessdate=2016-10-22 |quote=Notes: ... Accompanied by positive and negative photocopies of 3 letters dated 1793 relating to the map, 1 of which signed by: And'w Ellicott.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011082202/https://www.loc.gov/item/88694130/ |archivedate=2016-10-11 |df= }}
(2) L'Enfant identified himself as "Peter Charles L'Enfant" during most of his life, while residing in the United States. He wrote this name on his "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States ...." (Washington, D.C.) and on other legal documents. However, during the early 1900s, a French ambassador to the U.S., Jean Jules Jusserand, popularized the use of L'Enfant's birth name, "Pierre Charles L'Enfant". (Reference: {{cite book |last=Bowling |first=Kenneth R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PZ4AAAAMAAJ |year=2002 |title=Peter Charles L'Enfant: vision, honor, and male friendship in the early American Republic |publisher=George Washington University |location=Washington, D.C. |accessdate=2015-04-24 |via=Google Books |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701061754/http://books.google.com/books?id=1PZ4AAAAMAAJ |archivedate=2014-07-01 |df= }}) The United States Code states in {{USC|40|3309}}: "(a) In General.—The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District of Columbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant." The National Park Service identifies L'Enfant as "Major Peter Charles L'Enfant {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405134623/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/Wash/text.htm |date=2014-04-05 }}" and as "[https://web.archive.org/web/20120113011410/http://www.nps.gov/history/Nr/travel/presidents/washington_monument.html Major Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant]" on its website.
13. ^1 Bowling
14. ^(1) [https://books.google.com/books?id=5Q81AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA101#v=onepage&q&f=false Crew, pp. 101-102] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151111093014/https://books.google.com/books?pg=PA101&id=5Q81AAAAIAAJ |date=2015-11-11 }}
(2) {{cite web |url=http://home.earthlink.net/~docktor/wmslogo.htm |title=Plan of the City of Washington |publisher=Washington Map Society |date=1997-03-22 |accessdate=2012-06-29 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623142642/http://home.earthlink.net/~docktor/wmslogo.htm |archivedate=2012-06-23 |df=}}
15. ^(1) [https://archive.org/stream/bulletinunitedst2311964unit#page/n7/mode/2up Bedini, 1964.]
(2) Bedini, 1969.
(3) [https://books.google.com/books?id=PsraAAAAMAAJ Bedini, 1971.]
(4) Bedini, 1991.
(5) [https://books.google.com/books?id=w0BZAAAAYAAJ Bedini,1999.]
(6) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160310095152/http://www.amazon.com/The-Life-Benjamin-Banneker-African-American/dp/0938420593#customerReviews Murdock]
(7) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140426233224/http://www.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=567 Toscano]
(8) Bedini, 2008.
16. ^{{cite book |last=Tyson |first=Martha Ellicott |editor=Kirk, Anne Tyson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YBiPwAACAAJ |title=Banneker, the Afric-American Astronomer. From the posthumous papers of M.E. Tyson. Edited by her daughter |pages=38–39 |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |publisher=Friends' Book Association |year=1884 |lccn=04013085 |oclc=79879919 |via=Google Books |quote=Major Ellicott selected Benjamin Banneker as his assistant upon this occasion, and it was with his aid that the lines of the Federal Territory, as the District of Columbia was then called, were run.
It was the work, also of Major Elllicott, under the orders of General Washington, then President of the United States, to locate the sites of the Capitol, President's House, Treasury and other public buildings. In this, also, Banneker was his assistant. |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203192640/https://books.google.com/books?id=1YBiPwAACAAJ |archivedate=2016-02-03 |df= }} Quoted in [https://web.archive.org/web/20130322112050/http://www.boundarystones.org/articles/rchs_1969.pdf Bedini, 1969], p. 26.
17. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20130322112050/http://www.boundarystones.org/articles/rchs_1969.pdf Bedini, 1969, p. 7.] "The name of Benjamin Banneker, the Afro-American self-taught mathematician and almanac-maker, occurs again and again in the several published accounts of the survey of Washington City [D.C.] begun in 1791, but with conflicting reports of the role which he played. Writers have implied a wide range of involvement, from the keeper of horses or supervisor of the woodcutters, to the full responsibility of not only the survey of the ten-mile square but the design of the city as well. None of these accounts has described the contribution which Banneker actually made."
18. ^The following websites and publications relate parts or all of various versions of this story:
(1) {{cite book |last=Tyson |first=Martha Ellicott |editor=Kirk, Anne Tyson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YBiPwAACAAJ |title=Banneker, the Afric-American Astronomer. From the posthumous papers of M.E. Tyson. Edited by her daughter |pages=38–39 |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |publisher=Friends' Book Association |year=1884 |lccn=04013085 |oclc=79879919 |via=Google Books |quote=Major Ellicott selected Benjamin Banneker as his assistant upon this occasion, and it was with his aid that the lines of the Federal Territory, as the District of Columbia was then called, were run.
It was the work, also of Major Elllicott, under the orders of General Washington, then President of the United States, to locate the sites of the Capitol, President's House, Treasury and other public buildings. In this, also, Banneker was his assistant. |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203192640/https://books.google.com/books?id=1YBiPwAACAAJ |archivedate=2016-02-03 |df= }} Quoted in [https://web.archive.org/web/20130322112050/http://www.boundarystones.org/articles/rchs_1969.pdf Bedini, 1969], p. 26.
(2) {{cite book|last=Cromwell|first=John W.|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=loc.ark:/13960/t0pr7v773;view=1up;seq=122|title=Benjamin Banneker|work=The Negro in American History: Men and Women Eminent in the Evolution of the American of African Descent|page=90|location=Washington|publisher=The Negro Academy|year=1914|lccn=14007742|oclc=1049895792|via=HathiTrust Digital Library|accessdate=2019-03-10|quote=In keeping with the provisions of the Constitutional Convention, Maryland and Virginia had ceded to the central government certain territory, known as the Federal Territory, to be used as the Nation's Capital, but its exact bondaries had not been fixed. Mr. Andrew Ellicott was commissioned to survey the boundaries and Benjamin Banneker was invited as a man of scientific attainments and professional skill to assist in the work. He accepted the invitation and shared in the fixing of the boundaries of the District, in the selection of the site of the Capitol Building, in locating an eligible site for the Executive Mansion, the Treasury and other buildings.}}
(3) {{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425142547/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED042751.pdf|archivedate=2015-04-25|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED042751.pdf|title=Grade Four: Social Studies|work=Education for Intercultural Relations (Grades K-12)|publisher=Evansvile-Vanderburgh School Corporation|location=Evansville, Indiana|year=1967|page=26|author=Committees of the Professional Staff During the School Year 1967-1968|accessdate=2019-02-15|quote=Benjamin Banneker, laid out Washington}}
(4) {{cite web |author=Diversity Development |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019094625/http://about.usps.com/publications/pub354.pdf|archivedate=2011-10-19 |url=http://about.usps.com/publications/pub354.pdf |title=Benjamin Banneker |work=Publication 354: African Americans on Stamps: A Celebration of African-American Heritage |page=3 |publisher=United States Postal Service |year=2004 |accessdate=2015-03-14 |quote=A self-taught mathematician and astronomer, Benjamin Banneker was probably the most accomplished African American of America’s colonial period. .... In 1791 he helped design and survey the city of Washington, D.C. }}
(5) {{cite web|url=https://arago.si.edu/exhibit_461_3.html|title=Early Pioneers|work=Arago: People, Postage & The Post (Exhibits)|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Smithsonian National Postal Museum|accessdate=2018-01-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203015753/http://arago.si.edu/exhibit_461_3.html |archivedate=2016-02-03|quote=A self-taught mathematician and astronomer, Benjamin Banneker was probably the most accomplished African American of America’s colonial period. .... In 1791 he helped design and survey the city of Washington, D.C.}}
(6) {{cite web|last=Seats|first=Peggy C. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915184529/http://www.bannekermemorial.org/bbwhitepaper.pdf|archivedate=2015-09-15 |url=http://www.bannekermemorial.org/bbwhitepaper.pdf |title=Two Centuries Later: Rumors Continue to Abound Regarding Benjamin Banneker’s Contributions in the Planning of WDC |work=The Memorial: Benjamin Banneker White Paper |publisher=Washington Interdependence Council: Administrators of the Benjamin Banneker Memorial |date=2004-04-21 |accessdate=2015-09-15 |quote=In an effort to cover up the role Banneker played as one of the Founding Architects of DC, it was George Washington who insisted, however, that the L’Enfant Plan was named for L’Enfant although, in actuality, it was produced by Ellicott and Banneker. This mandate was made by Washington, in addition to authorizing the raiding of Ellicott’s office for evidence of Banneker’s journals, and astronomical charting, including his prediction of an eclipse, as they were embarrassed by L’Enfant’s inability to technically execute a plan and had to save face. .... Benjamin Banneker played a critical role in not only helping to survey the nation’s capitol, but also in helping to determine astrological influences upon the capitol by virtue of the timing of certain dominating astronomical, astrological influences and strategic metaphysical influences as implemented in concert with the stars which directly impacted the selection for the placement of key buildings and grand boulevards such as 16th St., NW.}}
(7) {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tjc8AQAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Ellicott|title=Time Almanac 2005|author=Editors of Time Magazine|work=Time Almanac with Information Please|authorlink=Time (magazine)|date=2004-12-28|page=204 |oclc=57219160 |isbn=1932273352|accessdate=2018-12-13|publisher=Time Home Entertainment, Inc.|via=Google Books|quote=The city was planned and partly laid out by Maj. Pierre Charles L’Enfant, a French engineer. That work was perfected and completed by Maj. Andrew Ellicott and Benjamin Banneker, a freeborn black man, who was an astronomer and mathematician.}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213162343/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tjc8AQAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Ellicott|date=2018-12-13}}
(8) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060506043112/http://bannekermemorial.org/history.htm|archivedate=2006-05-06|url=http://www.bannekermemorial.org/history.htm |title=His Story: A Man of Many Firsts |publisher=Washington Interdependence Council: Administrators of the Benjamin Banneker Memorial |year=2005 |accessdate=2012-06-29 |via=The JBG Companies|quote=Banneker was a member of the first presidential appointed team charged with the establishment of the nation's capitol. His astronomical calculations and implementations played a critical role is establishing points of astronomical significance in the nation's capitol, including the location of the 16th Street Meridian, Boundary Stones, White House, Capitol and Treasury Building. Banneker worked as Assistant to Major Andrew Ellicott, America's Geographer General, thereby serving as a critical member of the team of the first presidential commission. In this capacity, he provided the astronomical calculations for the project, and assisted in the reconstruction of the plans for laying out the streets of the nation's capitol. He and Major Ellicott both surveyed the area of, and configured the final layout for, the placement of major governmental buildings, boulevards and avenues as drawn for the map for the nation's capitol, producing the finished document commonly deferred to as the L'Enfant Plan.}}
(9) {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qqbdya4yMmoC&pg=PA169&lpg=PA169#v=onepage&q&f=false|first1=Dutch |last1=Sheet|first2=Chuck D|last2=Pierce|title=Brief History of Washington, D.C. |work=Releasing The Prophetic Destiny Of A Nation: Discovering How Your Future Can Be Greater Than Your Past |location=Shippensburg, Pennsylvania |publisher=Destiny Image Publishers, Inc.|year=2005|isbn=0768422841|oclc=60768598|page=169|accessdate=2018-12-14|via=Google Books |quote=The city was planned and partly laid out by [Major] Pierre Charles L’Enfant, a French engineer. That work was perfected and completed by [Major] Andrew Ellicott and Benjamin Banneker, a freeborn black man, who was an astronomer and mathematician.}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612155246/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qqbdya4yMmoC&pg=PA169&lpg=PA169#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=2017-06-12}}
19. ^{{cite book|last=Murray|first=Daniel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7bYqADpiU4C&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A Paper Read Before the Banneker of Association of Washington}} In {{cite book |title=Banneker: The Afro-American Astronomer|last=Allen|first=Will W.|year=1921|location=Washington, D.C.|oclc=10344679|lccn=21017456}} Reprinted in {{cite book |first1=Will W.|last1=Allen|first2=Daniel|last2=Murray|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7bYqADpiU4C|title=Banneker: The Afro-American Astronomer|pages=12–15|publisher=Black Classic Press |location=Baltimore, Maryland|year=2005|oclc=808618979|isbn=0933121-48-2|via=Google Books|accessdate=2017-08-16}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215012211/https://books.google.com/books?id=K7bYqADpiU4C&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=2018-12-15}}
20. ^{{cite book |last=Klinkowitz |first=Jerome |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_uuCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18#v=onepage&f=false |title=Benjamin Banneker |work=Early Writers: Jupiter Hammon, Phillis Wheatley, and Benjamin Banneker in Black American Writers: Biographical Essays |volume=1: Beginnings Through the Harlem Renaissance and Langston Hughes |editors=Inge, M. Thomas; Duke, Maurice; Bryer; Jackson R. |pages=18–22 |location=New York |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year=1978|isbn=0312082606 |lccn=77085987 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-81436-7 |oclc=4259793 |accessdate=2017-08-16 |via=Google Books}}
21. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.thepearlofomega.org/Resources/Documents/The%20Dial,%20Ch%20iDefender,%202-16-29.pdf |format=PDF |title=Howard U Gets Memorial to Benjamin Banneker |work=Chicago, Illinois: The Chicago Defender (National edition) |date=1929-02-16 |page=A1 |publisher=ProQuest Historical Newspapers |accessdate=2017-11-09 |via=The Pearl of Omega |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109123630/http://www.thepearlofomega.org/Resources/Documents/The%20Dial,%20Ch%20iDefender,%202-16-29.pdf |archivedate=2017-11-09 |df= }}
22. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=u2MUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA190#v=onepage&q&f=false Jusserand, p. 190.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610081848/https://books.google.com/books?id=u2MUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA190 |date=2016-06-10 }}
23. ^The following websites and publications relate parts or all of various versions of this myth*{{cite journal|last=Lewis|first=C. L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Benjamin Banneker: The Man Who Saved Washington, D. C.|work=Negro Digest: Negro History Issue|pages=18–20|volume=15|number=4|date=February 1966|location=Chicago, Illinois|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company, Inc.|via=Google Books|accessdate=2019-02-17}}*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b4pHvAEACAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22sites%22|title=Black Heroes in Our Nation's History: A Tribute to Those Who Helped Shape America|last=Drotning|first=Phillip T.|year=1969|page=35|location=New York|publisher=Cowles Book Company, Inc.|lccn=69017306|oclc=558488211|accessdate=2019-02-12|via=Google Books|quote=Banneker and George Ellicott, a Quaker friend, selected the sites for the Capitol, the White House, and other major government buildings. The black surveyor also helped L'Enfant lay out the ingenious arrangement of broad avenues, mall, circles, and parks that make Washington such an attractive city even today. When a dispute arose between George Washington and L'Enfant in 1792, resulting in the French architect's dismissal .... }}*{{cite book|last=Haber|first=Louis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kh6GOI_258YC&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Banjamin Banneker: 1731—1806|work=Black Pioneers of Science and Invention|edition=First Oddssey Classics (1992)|year=1970|pages=15–16|publisher=Harcourt|oclc=1024156094|isbn=9780152085667|lccn=91008923|accessdate=2019-03-15|via=Google Books|quote=
At about the time that Banneker began working on his almanac, President Washington had decided to move the capital from Philadelphia to a new location that was to be called Washington. He appointed Major Pierre Charles L'Enfant who had served in the Continental Army in the Corps of Engineers, to be in charge of building the new city. Major Andrew Ellicott, one of the Ellicott boys, was named Chief Surveyor. At Jefferson's request, Banneker was appointed as the third member of the team.
The assignment was to define the boundaries of the new city and then design and lay out its streets and major buildings. Banneker worked closely with L'Enfant and his maps. But the bureaucrats of that day did not take kindly to a foreigner being given so much power and authority and they interfered in many frustrating ways. This resulted in the highly sensitive and hot-tempered L'Enfant resigning his position and returning to France, taking all of the plans and maps with him. Everyone was dismayed and Jefferson called a meeting of the men involved. What was to be done? Start all over again after more than a year's work? Dispair and frustration showed on their faces. Suddenly Banneker asked, "Did you like the plans that were made?" All eyes turned to him. "Of course, but we don't have them." "I think I can reproduce them from memory", said Banneker. The men were astounded and somewhat skeptical. Banneker then went home, and because of his remarkable memory, was able to reproduce all the plans in two days. The work of laying out the city of Washington, with its streets and major buildings, was completed and stands today as a monument to Banneker's genius.}}*{{cite book |year=1970|first=Claude |last=Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SsTaAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=incredible+memory |title=Benjamin Banneker: The Man Who Saved Washington |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |pages=82–95 |oclc=72113 |lccn=79092101 |accessdate=2015-04-24 |quote=He probably does, Mr. Secretary. Benjamin Banneker has an incredible memory. I've known him for years and if he says that he remembers the plans, I believe he does. |via=Google Books}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312192637/https://books.google.com/books?id=SsTaAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=incredible+memory|date=2018-03-12}}*{{cite news|last=Oliver|first=Elizabeth M.|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2205&dat=19781216&id=pvkmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MwMGAAAAIBAJ&pg=1220,4936390&hl=en|title=Ossie Davis Stars as Benjamin Banneker|work=Baltimore Afro-American|date=1978-12-09|page=36|location=Baltimore, Maryland|accessdate=2019-02-15|via=Google News|quote=Before his death in 1806, Banneker had gained fame in America, France and England as a scientist, astronomer inventor of the first clock and the mathematician who laid out Washington, D.C. .... Suddenly, Major L'Enfant, chairman of the D.C. committee went back to France with the plans. But Banneker, who had an unbelievable memory reproduced the plans and the Capital was completed.}}*{{cite web |title=BENJAMIN BANNEKER (1731–1806) |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826032841/http://www.nathanielturner.com/benbanneker2.htm |archivedate=2012-08-26 |url=http://www.nathanielturner.com/benbanneker2.htm |work=Source: Empak "Black History" Publication Series (1985) |publisher="ChickenBones: A Journal for Literary & Artistic African-American Themes |date=2007-10-18 |accessdate=2012-06-29 |quote=Banneker helped in selecting the sites for the U.S. Capitol building, the U.S. Treasury building, the White House and other Federal buildings. When the chairman of the civil engineering team, Major L'Enfant, abruptly resigned and returned to France with the plans, Banneker's photographic memory enabled him to reproduce them in their entirety. Washington, D.C., with its grand avenues and buildings, was completed and stands today as a monument to Banneker's genius.}}*{{cite web|last=Miller|first=E. Lynn|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c064181081;view=1up;seq=21|title=Banneker, Benjamin|pages=13–15|work=Pioneers of American Landscape Design II: An Annotated Biography: United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Cultural Resources, Heritage Preservation Services, Historic Landscape Initiative|editor-last1=Birnbaum|editor-first1=Charles A.|editor-last2=Fix|editor-first2=Julie K.|location=Washington, D.C.|year=1995|publisher=United States Government Printing Office|isbn=0160480604|lccn=96118947|oclc=605386759|quote=Since L'Enfant kept his plans and work secret, the only people who ever saw them were Ellicott and Banneker, who were surveying the land and responsible for providing him (Thomas Jefferson) with topographic information. L'Enfant, running into difficulties with land owners, was dimissed by President George Washington and promptly left town with all of his drawings. When Jefferson summoned Ellicott and Banneker to assess the damage and to possibly start over, Banneker told Jefferson that he could redraw the plans from memory in no more than three or four days.
Although the accuracy of this account cannot be completely documented, it seems that Banneker was the only one who had the mathematical mind and the photographic memory to accomplish such a stunning feat. The plan which is known today as the Ellicott plan is most likely the work of Andrew Ellicott and Benjamin Banneker.|via=HathiTrust Digital Library|accessdate=2019-03-11}}*{{cite web |last=Brown |first=Mitchell C. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000818203634/http://www.princeton.edu:80/~mcbrown/display/banneker.html|archivedate=2000-08-18|url=http://www.princeton.edu:80/~mcbrown/display/banneker.html |title=Benjamin Banneker: Mathematician, Astronomer |work=The Faces of Science: African Americans in the Sciences |publisher=Princeton University |year=2000|accessdate=2019-01-07 |quote=Banneker and Ellicott worked closely with Pierre L'Enfant who was the architect in charge of planning Washington D.C. L'Enfant was suddenly dismissed from project, due to his temper. When he left, he took the plans with him. Banneker recreated the plans from memory, saving the U.S. government the effort and expense of having someone else design the capital.}}*{{cite web|url=https://www.bnl.gov/bera/activities/globe/banneker.htm |title=Benjamin Banneker (1731–1806) |publisher=Brookhaven Employees' Recreation Association, Brookhaven National Laboratory |location=Upton, New York |accessdate=2018-12-13 |quote=Without Benjamin Banneker, our nation's capital would not exist as we know it. After a year of work, the Frenchman hired by George Washington to design the capital, L'Enfant, stormed off the job, taking all the plans. Banneker, placed on the planning committee at Thomas Jefferson's request, saved the project by reproducing from memory, in two days, a complete layout of the streets, parks, and major buildings. Thus Washington, D.C. itself can be considered a monument to the genius of this great man.}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010914091456/http://www.bnl.gov/bera/activities/globe/banneker.htm|archivedate=2001-09-14}}*{{cite book |chapter=Benjamin Banneker |first=Molefi Kete|last=Asante|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwuGTSnc2CsC&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia |location=Amherst, New York |publisher=Prometheus Books |year=2002 |page=49|isbn=1-57392-963-8 |oclc=606853456|lccn=2002018993 |accessdate=2018-12-12 |via=Google Books|quote=... when President George Washington, in February 1791, commissioned Ellicott and the French engineer L'Enfant to help plan the construction of the nation's capital on an area of land twenty-five sq kilometer (10 sq mi) in Virginia and Maryland, Ellicott asked Banneker to assist him. Soon thereafter the Frenchman abandoned the project over a dispute with some Americans. L'Enfant refused to leave his plans with the surveying team, but because Banneker had placed close attention to the mathematical details, he was able to reproduce most of the plans and ideas from memory. For this reason, some refer to Washington, D.C., as Banneker's Town.}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213222457/https://books.google.com/books?id=HwuGTSnc2CsC&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=2018-12-13}}*{{cite web|url=http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/biographies/banneker/|work=Harcourt Multimedia Biographies |title=Benjamin Banneker: 1731-1806 |publisher=Harcourt School Publishers |accessdate=2012-07-02 |quote=Major Pierre-Charles L'Enfant was asked to design the city. After a short time, L'Enfant was fired from the job and left town with the blueprints, or plan, of the city's layout. Luckily, Banneker had seen the plans and was able to redraw the layout of Washington, D.C., in two days. For this, Banneker won the admiration of the new American government.}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021228111534/http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/biographies/banneker/ |date=2002-12-28}}*{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030529082100/http://www.successmaker.com/Subscriber/1,22/ReadingActivities/hero.html|archivedate=2003-05-29|url=http://www.successmaker.com/Subscriber/1,22/ReadingActivities/hero.html#reading |title=An Early American Hero: Benjamin Banneker |work=SuccessMaker Enterprise |publisher=Pearson Education, Inc.|accessdate=2012-05-06 |quote=In 1792, when it seemed as if work on the United States of America's new capital city was about to come to a grinding halt, Benjamin Banneker came to the rescue. The French architect who had been in charge of planning the city, Pierre L'Enfant, was fired because of his hotheaded behavior. He immediately left the country and returned to France, taking with him all the plans for the city of Washington. President George Washington and Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson were distressed. Would they have to start all over, having a year's worth of work go to waste? Perhaps not. Noted surveyor Benjamin Banneker had been working closely with L'Enfant and Chief Surveyor Andrew Ellicott. Banneker thought he might be able to redraw all the plans—from memory! Two days later he delivered the plans, and construction proceeded without significant delay. Today the city of Washington, D.C., stands as a reminder of Banneker's genius. .... Today we remember Banneker for many different reasons. His great mind saved the plans for our nation's capital.}}*{{cite web |last=Newbold |first=Ken |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423173814/http://www.jmu.edu/madison/center/main_pages/madison_archives/era/african/free/banneker/bio.htm |archivedate=2009-05-23 |url=http://www.jmu.edu/madison/center/main_pages/madison_archives/era/african/free/banneker/bio.htm |title=Benjamin Banneker: A Brief Biography |publisher=The James Madison Center, James Madison University |location=Harrisonburg, Virginia |date=2004-05-17 |accessdate=2011-12-25 |quote=In 1791, Major Andrew Ellicott asked Banneker to help him survey the "Federal Territory", which would become the nation's Capital. Working alongside, Pierre L'Enfant, Banneker became an expert on the plans for the city. L'Enfant was dismissed because of his temper and took the plans for Washington with him. Banneker recreated the plans from memory, saving the government the time and money of having to design the city. }}*{{cite web|url=http://nmaahceis.si.edu/documents/Site_Evaluation_Study__PhaseI_Data_Gathering_Report.pdf|title=Site Evaluation Study: Phase I: Data Gathering Report|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture|date=2005-09-30|page=31|quote=Benjamin Banneker, an African American, worked with Major Andrew Ellicott to play a central role in Pierre L’Enfant’s original plan of the Nation’s Capital. ... Banneker and Ellicott worked closely with Pierre L’Enfant in the planning of Washington, D.C. When L’Enfant was dismissed from the project and took his plans with him, Banneker recreated the plans from memory.|accessdate=2017-11-05|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194520/http://nmaahceis.si.edu/documents/Site_Evaluation_Study__PhaseI_Data_Gathering_Report.pdf|archivedate=2015-09-23}}*The thirteenth paragraph of {{cite web |last=Bofah |first=Kofi |url=https://login.yahoo.com/config/login?.src=ycn&.intl=us&.done=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.yahoo.com%2Fblack-history-benjamin-banneker-genius-2703097.html |title=Black History: Benjamin Banneker, Genius: The Legend of an Intellectual and Architect of Washington, D.C. |date=2009-02-20 |work=Yahoo! Voices |publisher=Yahoo! |accessdate=2012-09-10 |deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402194747/https://login.yahoo.com/config/login?.src=ycn&.intl=us&.done=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.yahoo.com%2Fblack-history-benjamin-banneker-genius-2703097.html |archivedate=2015-04-02 |df= }}*{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301084135/http://benjaminbanneker.k12.dc.us/benjamin_banneker.html |title=Who was Benjamin Banneker?|archivedate=2012-03-01|url=http://benjaminbanneker.k12.dc.us/benjamin_banneker.html |publisher=Benjamin Banneker Academic High School |location=Washington, D.C. |year=2009 |accessdate=2012-06-29 |quote=Banneker helped in selecting the sites for the U.S. Capitol building, the U.S. Treasury building, the White House and other Federal buildings. When the chairman of the civil engineering team, Major L'Enfant, abruptly resigned and returned to France with the plans, Banneker's photographic memory enabled him to reproduce them in their entirety. Washington, DC, with its grand avenues and buildings, was completed and stands today as a monument to Banneker's genius.}}*{{cite web |url=http://www.blackinventor.com/pages/benjamin-banneker.html |first=Gaius |last=Chamberlain |title=Benjamin Banneker |work="The Black Inventor Online Museum" |publisher=Adscape International, LLC |date=2012-03-11 |accessdate=2012-06-29 |quote=Major Pierre L'Enfant from France was commissioned to develop the plans for the new city and at Jefferson's request, Banneker was included as one of the men appointed to assist him. Banneker consulted frequently with L'Enfant and studied his draft and plans for the Capitol City carefully. L'Enfant was subject to great criticism and hostility because he was a foreigner and abruptly resigned from the project and moved back to France. As the remaining members of the team gathered, they began debating as to how they should start from scratch. Banneker surprised them when he asserted that he could reproduce the plans from memory and in two days did exactly as he had promised. The plans he drew were the basis for the layout of streets, buildings and monuments that exist to this day in Washington D.C. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109002649/http://blackinventor.com/benjamin-banneker/ |archivedate=2018-01-09 |df= }}*{{cite web|url=http://www.africanglobe.net/featured/benjamin-banneker-man-designed-washington-dc/ |title=Benjamin Banneker The Man Who Designed Washington DC |date=2013-12-08 |publisher=African Globe|accessdate=2018-12-13 |quote=Impressed by his abilities, Jefferson recommended Benjamin Banneker to be a part of a surveying team to lay out Washington, D.C. Appointed to the three-man team by president George Washington, Benjamin Banneker wound up saving the project when the lead architect quit in a fury – taking all the plans with him. Using his meticulous memory, Benjamin Banneker was able to recreate the plans. }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103210109/https://www.africanglobe.net/featured/benjamin-banneker-man-designed-washington-dc/|date=2018-11-03}}*{{cite web |last=Cohan-Lawson |first=Elizabeth |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103000034/http://iforcolor.org/benjamin-banneker-elizabeth-cohan-lawson/|archivedate=2014-11-03 |url=http://iforcolor.org/benjamin-banneker-abolitionist-inventor-and-intellectual-by-elizabeth-cohan-lawson/5/ |title=Benjamin Banneker—Abolitionist, Inventor, and Intellectual |work=I for Color: African American Voices in Art & History, created by Dale Ricardo Shields |date=2014-01-31 |page=5 |accessdate=2014-03-04 |quote=It appeared as though the plan would have to be scrapped, but Banneker, with his eidetic memory, spent the next two days recreating the entirety of the schematics, saving the entire project. Dubbed “The Man Who Saved Washington”, we owe the layout of our capital solely on Banneker’s memory and dedication to a project that was almost a complete failure.}}*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4pwhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA334#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Who Made the First Clock in the American Colonies and was the First African American To Publish an Almanac?|work=African American Firsts: Famous, Little-Known and Unsung Triumphs of Blacks in America|first=Joan|last=Potter|page=334|location=New York|publisher=Dafina Books, Kensington Publishing Corporation|year=2014|accessdate=2018-12-14|oclc=864822516|lccn=2013388865|isbn=9780758292421|via=Google Books|quote=In 1791, George Washington appointed a French engineer, Pierre L'Enfant, to design a plan for the nation's capital, and Banneker was chosen as one of the surveyors. But L'Enfant suddenly returned to France, taking the plans with him. Banneker, working only from memory, quickly reconstructed the entire design.}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214055002/https://books.google.com/books?id=4pwhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA334#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=2018-12-14}}*{{cite web |url=http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/article-9273098/Benjamin-Banneker|work=Student Encyclopedia |title=Benjamin Banneker |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica: Compton's by Britannica. Britannica Online for Kids |accessdate=2014-03-04 |quote=A story about Benjamin Banneker—African-American mathematician, astronomer, and inventor—suggests to what degree he had trained his memory. Appointed to the District of Columbia Commission by President George Washington in 1790, he worked with Pierre L'Enfant, Andrew Ellicott, and others to plan the new capital of Washington, D.C. After L'Enfant was dismissed from the project and took his detailed maps away with him, Banneker was able to reproduce them from memory.}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721154327/http://kids.britannica.com:80/students/article/Benjamin-Banneker/273098|date=2017-07-21}}*{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906021609/http://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/benjamin-banneker|archivedate=2015-09-06|url=https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/benjamin-banneker|title=Benjamin Banneker|work=Historical Inventors|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology: School of Engineering: Lemelson-MIT Program|accessdate=2019-01-07|quote=Banneker became one of three surveyors appointed by President George Washington. Architect Pierre L'Enfant had been assigned the job of planning the city, but he was later dismissed from the project. When he left, he took the plans with him. Banneker recreated the plans in two days, including a complete layout of the streets, parks, and major buildings. Thus, the city of Washington, D.C. itself is somewhat of a tribute to Banneker's memory.}}*{{cite web|url=https://arago.si.edu/category_2035961.html|title=1980 Black Heritage Series: Benjamin Banneker Issue|work=Arago: People, Postage & The Post (Philately)|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Smithsonian National Postal Museum|accessdate=2018-01-08|quote=As a member of the surveying team that laid out the plans for the new capitol, Washington, D.C., Banneker stepped up as chief architect when Pierre L'Enfant was fired. The first architect had taken the plans with him when he left so Banneker had to recreate the plans for the city from memory.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223141132/http://arago.si.edu/category_2035961.html|archivedate=2015-12-23}}
24. ^(1) {{cite journal|last=Lewis|first=C. L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Benjamin Banneker: The Man Who Saved Washington, D. C.|work=Negro Digest: Negro History Issue|pages=18–20|volume=15|number=4|date=February 1966|location=Chicago, Illinois|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company, Inc.|via=Google Books|accessdate=2019-02-17}}
(2) {{cite book |year=1970 |first=Claude |last=Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SsTaAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=incredible+memory |title=Benjamin Banneker: The Man Who Saved Washington |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |pages=82–95 |oclc=72113 |lccn=79092101 |accessdate=2015-04-24 |quote=He probably does, Mr. Secretary. Benjamin Banneker has an incredible memory. I've known him for years and if he says that he remembers the plans, I believe he does. |via=Google Books}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312192637/https://books.google.com/books?id=SsTaAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=incredible+memory|date=2018-03-12}}
(3) {{cite book |chapter=Benjamin Banneker |first=Molefi Kete|last=Asante|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwuGTSnc2CsC&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia |location=Amherst, New York |publisher=Prometheus Books |year=2002 |page=49|isbn=1-57392-963-8 |oclc=606853456|lccn=2002018993 |accessdate=2018-12-12 |via=Google Books|quote=... when President George Washington, in February 1791, commissioned Ellicott and the French engineer L'Enfant to help plan the construction of the nation's capital on an area of land twenty-five sq kilometer (10 sq mi) in Virginia and Maryland, Ellicott asked Banneker to assist him. Soon thereafter the Frenchman abandoned the project over a dispute with some Americans. L'Enfant refused to leave his plans with the surveying team, but because Banneker had placed close attention to the mathematical details, he was able to reproduce most of the plans and ideas from memory. For this reason, some refer to Washington, D.C., as Banneker's Town.}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213222457/https://books.google.com/books?id=HwuGTSnc2CsC&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=2018-12-13}}
(4) {{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030529082100/http://www.successmaker.com/Subscriber/1,22/ReadingActivities/hero.html|archivedate=2003-05-29|url=http://www.successmaker.com/Subscriber/1,22/ReadingActivities/hero.html#reading |title=An Early American Hero: Benjamin Banneker|work=SuccessMaker Enterprise |publisher=Pearson Education, Inc. |accessdate=2012-05-06 |quote=Noted surveyor Benjamin Banneker had been working closely with L'Enfant and Chief Surveyor Andrew Ellicott. Banneker thought he might be able to redraw all the plans—from memory! Two days later he delivered the plans, and construction proceeded without significant delay. Today the city of Washington, D.C., stands as a reminder of Banneker's genius. |deadurl=yes}}
(5) {{cite web |last=Bofah |first=Kofi |url=https://login.yahoo.com/config/login?.src=ycn&.intl=us&.done=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.yahoo.com%2Fblack-history-benjamin-banneker-genius-2703097.html|title=Black History: Benjamin Banneker, Genius: The Legend of an Intellectual and Architect of Washington, D.C. |date=2009-02-20 |work=Yahoo! Voices|publisher=Yahoo!|accessdate=2012-09-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402194747/https://login.yahoo.com/config/login?.src=ycn&.intl=us&.done=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.yahoo.com%2Fblack-history-benjamin-banneker-genius-2703097.html|archivedate=2015-04-02}}
(6) {{cite web |url=http://www.africanglobe.net/featured/benjamin-banneker-man-designed-washington-dc/ |title=Benjamin Banneker The Man Who Designed Washington DC |date=2012-12-08|publisher=African Globe|accessdate=2018-12-13|quote=Impressed by his abilities, Jefferson recommended Benjamin Banneker to be a part of a surveying team to lay out Washington, D.C. Appointed to the three-man team by president George Washington, Benjamin Banneker wound up saving the project when the lead architect quit in a fury – taking all the plans with him. Using his meticulous memory, Benjamin Banneker was able to recreate the plans.}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103210109/https://www.africanglobe.net/featured/benjamin-banneker-man-designed-washington-dc/|date=2018-11-03}}
25. ^1 (1) {{cite web |last=Highsmith|first=Carol M. (photographer)|authorlink=Carol M. Highsmith|url=http://loc.gov/pictures/resource/highsm.09905/| format=photograph|title="Benjamin Banneker: Surveyor-Inventor-Astronomer," mural by Maxime Seelbinder, at the Recorder of Deeds building, built in 1943. 515 D St., NW, Washington, D.C.|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=2017-11-05}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101123251/http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/highsm.09905/|date=2017-11-01}}
(2) {{cite web|url=https://livingnewdeal.org/projects/recorder-deeds-building-seelbinder-mural-washington-dc/ |title=Recorder of Deeds Building: Seelbinder Mural – Washington DC |publisher=The Living New Deal|accessdate=2016-10-03}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322090253/http://livingnewdeal.org/projects/recorder-deeds-building-seelbinder-mural-washington-dc/|date=2015-03-22}}
(3) {{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/09/AR2010030903458.html |title=D.C. Recorder of Deeds moving but fate of murals unclear |first=Nicole |last=Norfleet |date=2010-03-11 |work=The Breaking News Blog |publisher=The Washington Post |location=Washington, D.C. |accessdate=2016-10-03}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003210410/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/09/AR2010030903458.html|date=2016-10-03}}
(4) For source of the Plan of the City of Washington depicted in lower right corner of mural, see: {{cite web|last1=Ellicott|first1=Andrew|last2=Thackara & Vallance, Philadelphia (1792)|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/88694160/|title=Plan of the city of Washington in the territory of Columbia: ceded by the states of Virginia and Maryland to the United States of America, and by them established as the seat of their government, after the year MDCCC|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=2019-03-09}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309150208/https://www.loc.gov/item/88694160/|date=2019-03-09}}
(5) For source of the map depicted in upper right corner of mural, see: {{cite web|url= https://www.loc.gov/item/87694269/|title=View of the City of Washington in 1792|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=2019-03-09}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309141646/https://www.loc.gov/item/87694269/|date=2019-03-09}}
26. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://planning.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/op/publication/attachments/Recorder%20of%20Deeds%20Building.pdf|title=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Recorder of Deeds Building|last=Sefton|first=D.P., DC Preservation League, Washington, DC|date=2010-07-01|publisher=District of Columbia Office of Planning. Section 9, pp. 18-19|location=Washington, D.C|accessdate=2016-10-03|quote=Although the ROD Building was a municipal building, the District of Columbia's peculiar sovereignty status required that the federal government approve its construction, and the Treasury Department Section of Fine Arts play a major role in its arts program. .... The Treasury Section’s December 1, 1942 announcement of the ROD Building mural competition was a term paper-like, ten page document that required artists to submit their entries unsigned for anonymous judging.81 Mural subjects had been “carefully worked out by the Recorder...following intensive research.” Dr. Tompkins had determined that “in view of the history of the office of the Recorder of Deeds... the united theme... [will] reflect a phase of the contribution of the Negro to the American nation.” The announcement prescribed each of the seven mural’s placement, size, subject, and setting in detail, citing historical reference works for its content. For example, “Benjamin Banneker Surveys the District of Columbia” was to “show the presentation by Banneker and Mayor Ellicott, of the plans of the District of Columbia to the President, [and] Mr. Thomas Jefferson” in the presence of Benjamin Franklin and Alexander Hamilton.}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005064938/http://planning.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/op/publication/attachments/Recorder%20of%20Deeds%20Building.pdf|date=October 5, 2016}}
27. ^{{cite web |last=Graves |first=Lynne Gomez, Historical Projects Director, Afro-American Bicentennial Corporation, Washington, D.C |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001145447/http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/Arlington/000-0015_%20Banneker_SW-9_Intermediate_Boundary_Stone_1976_Final_Nomination_NHL.pdf |archivedate=2016-10-01 |url=http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/Arlington/000-0015_%20Banneker_SW-9_Intermediate_Boundary_Stone_1976_Final_Nomination_NHL.pdf |title=Benjamin Banneker: SW-9 Intermediate Boundary Stone (milestone) of the District of Columbia |work=United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service: National Register of Historic Places Inventory––Nomination Form |location=Richmond, Virginia |publisher=Virginia Department of Historic Resources |date=1976-02-03 |page=Continuation Sheet: Item No. 8, p. 2 |accessdate=2016-10-07}}
28. ^{{cite news |last=Nye |first=Edwin Darby |title=Boundary Stones |work=The Washington Star Sunday Magazine |date=1963-06-23 |page=7}}
29. ^{{cite web |last=Hynak |first=Barbara A.(Chairman, District V Boundary Markers Committee, Virginia Daughters of the American Revolution) |url=http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/Arlington/000-0022_Boundary_Marker_of_the_Original_District_of_Columbia_1991_Final_Nomination.pdf |title=Boundary Markers of the original District of Columbia |work=United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service: National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form |location=Richmond, Virginia |publisher=Virginia Department of Historic Resources |date=1990-07-09 |page=E.2 |accessdate=2011-08-15 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806071641/http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/Arlington/000-0022_Boundary_Marker_of_the_Original_District_of_Columbia_1991_Final_Nomination.pdf |archivedate=2011-08-06 |df=}}
30. ^{{cite journal|last=Dyson|first=Roy|author-link=Roy Dyson|page=2691|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/search/pagedetails.action?collectionCode=GPO&granuleId=GPO-CRECB-1990-pt2-8&packageId=GPO-CRECB-1990-pt2&fromBrowse=true|title=Black History Month|journal=Congressional Record — House: 101st Congress, 2nd Session|volume=136 (2)|publisher=United States Government Printing Office|date=1990-02-27|accessdate=2018-09-24}}
31. ^{{cite journal|last=Gilman|first=Benjamin|author-link=Benjamin Gilman|page=2676|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/search/pagedetails.action?collectionCode=GPO&granuleId=GPO-CRECB-1990-pt2-8&packageId=GPO-CRECB-1990-pt2&fromBrowse=true|title=Black History Month|journal=Congressional Record — House: 101st Congress, 2nd Session|volume=136 (2)|publisher=United States Government Printing Office|date=1990-02-27|accessdate=2018-09-24}}
32. ^1 {{cite web|first=Robert L. (Chair)|last=Wright|url=http://nmaahceis.si.edu/documents/The_Time_Has_Come.pdf|title=Introduction: The Near 100 Year Struggle to Build The Museum|work=The Time Has Come: Report to the President and to the Congress: National Museum of African American History Plan For Action Presidential Commission (Final Report)|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of African American History|page=7|date=2003-04-02|accessdate=2017-11-05|quote=Benjamin Banneker, an African American astronomer, surveyor, and inventor, worked with Andrew Ellicott to play a central role in Pierre L’Enfant’s original plan of the nation’s capital.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105174311/http://nmaahceis.si.edu/documents/The_Time_Has_Come.pdf|archivedate=2017-11-05}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://nmaahceis.si.edu/documents/Site_Evaluation_Study__PhaseI_Data_Gathering_Report.pdf|title=Site Evaluation Study: Phase I: Data Gathering Report|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture|date=2005-09-30|page=31|quote=Benjamin Banneker, an African American, worked with Major Andrew Ellicott to play a central role in Pierre L’Enfant’s original plan of the Nation’s Capital. ... Banneker and Ellicott worked closely with Pierre L’Enfant in the planning of Washington, D.C. When L’Enfant was dismissed from the project and took his plans with him, Banneker recreated the plans from memory.|accessdate=2017-11-05|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194520/http://nmaahceis.si.edu/documents/Site_Evaluation_Study__PhaseI_Data_Gathering_Report.pdf|archivedate=2015-09-23}}
34. ^(1) {{cite web|url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g28970-d10895065-r423572634-National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture-Washington_DC_District_o.html#photos;geo=28970&detail=10895065&ff=220556582&albumViewMode=hero&aggregationId=101&albumid=101&baseMediaId=220556582&thumbnailMinWidth=50&cnt=30&offset=-1&filter=7&autoplay=|title=NMAAHC statue of Benjamin Banneker, famous scientist, astronomer and author|author=Pam105|date=September 2016|format=photograph|work=|publisher=Trip Advisor|accessdate=2017-12-19}}
(2) {{cite web|first1=Charlie|last1=Wright|first2=Maya (Capital News Service)|last2=Pottiger|url=https://wtop.com/dc/2016/09/smithsonians-new-museum-captures-sweep-african-american-experience/|title=Slavery and Freedom Galleries|work=Smithsonian’s new museum captures sweep of the African-American experience|date=2016-09-23|publisher=WTOP: Washington, DC News|accessdate=2017-11-05|quote=After walking through the dark hallways, visitors enter an open room, greeted by the Declaration of Independence and statues of notable founders. One statue depicts Benjamin Banneker, an African American born in Baltimore County who was called on to help design Washington, D.C.}}
(3) {{cite web |author=Toure88 (Washington, D.C.) |url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g28970-d10895065-i233511419-National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture-Washington_DC_Di.html|title=Photo: Benjamin Banneker |format=photograph |date=2016-12-19|work="One of the Best": Review of National Museum of African American History and Culture |publisher=TripAdvisor |accessdate=2017-09-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912190818/https://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g28970-d10895065-i233511419-National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture-Washington_DC_Di.html|archivedate=2017-09-12}}
(4) Photograph of statue of Benjamin Banneker standing in front of a plan of the City of Washington in {{cite news|last=Hairston|first=Kim (Baltimore Sun)|title=Maryland's contributions to national African-American museum|quote=A sculpture of Benjamin Banneker is seen near bricks marked with the names of people Thomas Jefferson enslaved in the "Founding of America" exhibit in the National Museum of African American History and Culture.}} In Image number 2 of photo gallery in {{cite web|first=Donna M.|last=Owens|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/arts/bs-lt-smithsonian-maryland-contributions-20161228-story.html|title=Marylanders well represented in national African-American museum|work=Baltimore Sun|date=2016-12-28|accessdate=2018-06-28|quote="Banneker wrote a farming almanac and sent it to Jefferson as a gift, with a letter about the inhumanity of slavery," said curator Mary Elliott. Jefferson did reply to the inventor, mathematician, astronomer and surveyor, who is credited with helping map the layout of the nation's capital.}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312192637/http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/arts/bs-lt-smithsonian-maryland-contributions-20161228-story.html|date=2018-03-12}}
(5) {{cite web|author=Tenighir|date=February 2017|url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g28970-d10895065-r423572634-National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture-Washington_DC_District_o.html#photos;geo=28970&detail=10895065&ff=242087202&albumViewMode=hero&aggregationId=101&albumid=101&baseMediaId=242087202&thumbnailMinWidth=50&cnt=30&offset=-1&filter=7&autoplay=|title=Statue of Benjamin Banneker in National Museum of African American History and Culture, Washington, D.C.|format=photograph|publisher=TripAdvisor|accessdate=2017-12-19}}
35. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/places/sw-9-intermediate-boundary-stone-of-the-district-of-columbia.htm/index.htm|title=Benjamin Banneker and the Boundary Stones of the District of Columbia|publisher=United States Department of the Interior National Park Service|date=2017-08-11|accessdate=2018-03-21|quote=Benjamin Banneker was one of the most famous black men in colonial America. He was a farmer, a mathematician, an inventor, an astronomer, a writer, a surveyor, a scientist, and a humanitarian. When he surveyed the city of Washington with Major Pierre Charles L'Enfant, Banneker became one of the first black civil servants of the new nation. Along with a team, Banneker identified the boundaries of the capitol city. They installed intermittent stone markers along the perimeter of the District. .... In 1753, Banneker constructed one of the first entirely wooden clocks in America. .... Banneker's scientific research led him to write one of the first series of almanacs printed in the United States.}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321194817/https://www.nps.gov/places/sw-9-intermediate-boundary-stone-of-the-district-of-columbia.htm/index.htm|date=2018-03-21}}
36. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20130322112050/http://www.boundarystones.org/articles/rchs_1969.pdf Bedini, 1969], pp. 7, 29.
37. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=GgULOzNSafMC&pg=PA50#v=onepage&q=Banneker&f=false Stewart, p. 50] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426112936/https://books.google.com/books?id=GgULOzNSafMC&pg=PA50 |date=2016-04-26 }}
38. ^1 [https://web.archive.org/web/20130322112050/http://www.boundarystones.org/articles/rchs_1969.pdf Bedini, 1969, pp. 28-29.]
39. ^1 2 {{cite book |last=Kite |first=Elizabeth S. |year=1929 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVVYPwAACAAJ |title=L'Enfant and Washington 1791–1792 |location=Baltimore |publisher=The Johns Hopkins Press, reprinted by New York: Arno Press & The New York Times, 1970 |isbn=0405024606 |oclc=128234 |accessdate=2015-04-24 |via=Google Books}} quoted in {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216191348/http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/washington_dc/kite.html|archivedate=2013-12-16 |url=http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/washington_dc/kite.html |title=L'Enfant and Washington |publisher=Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons (Freemasons) |accessdate=March 25, 2013}}
40. ^1 (1) {{cite book |author=L'Enfant, P.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GgULOzNSafMC&pg=PA32#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=To The President of the United States |location=Georgetown |date=June 22, 1791 |accessdate=2013-01-31 |via=Google Books |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105114854/http://books.google.com/books?id=GgULOzNSafMC&pg=PA32 |archivedate=November 5, 2013 |df=}} in {{cite journal |year=1899 |title=L'Enfant's Reports To President Washington Bearing Dates of March 26, June 22, and August 19, 1791 |journal=Records of the Columbia Historical Society |publisher=Columbia Historical Society |location=Washington, D.C. |volume=2 |pages=32–37}}
(2) {{cite journal |last=L'Enfant |first=P.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GgULOzNSafMC&pg=PA38#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=To The President of the United States |location=Georgetown |date=August 19, 1791 |accessdate=2013-01-31 |via=Google Books |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105120442/http://books.google.com/books?id=GgULOzNSafMC&pg=PA38 |archivedate=November 5, 2013 |df=}} in {{cite journal |year=1899 |title=L'Enfant's Reports To President Washington Bearing Dates of March 26, June 22, and August 19, 1791 |journal=Records of the Columbia Historical Society |publisher=Columbia Historical Society |location=Washington, D.C. |volume=2 |pages=38–48}}
(3) [https://books.google.com/books?id=GgULOzNSafMC&pg=PA52#v=onepage&q&f=false Stewart, pp. 52-54] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426130718/https://books.google.com/books?id=GgULOzNSafMC&pg=PA52 |date=2016-04-26}}
41. ^Banneker sent his letter denouncing slavery to Thomas Jefferson during the same month (August 1791) in which L'Enfant presented his second plan for the federal city to President Washington. The heading of Banneker's letter identified Banneker's address at the time as "Baltimore County, Maryland, near Ellicotts Lower Mills". Banneker's letter noted that he had made calculations for his 1792 almanac after returning home by stating: "And altho I had almost declined to make my calculation for the ensuing year, in consequence of that time which I had allotted therefor, being taken up at the Federal Territory, by the request of Mr. Andrew Ellicott, ..., on my return to my place of residence, I industriously applied my Self thereto, which I hope I have accomplished with correctness and accuracy; ...". In: {{cite book |last=Allaben |first=Frank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vEQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q&f=falsel |title=Original Document: Banneker's Appeal to Jefferson for Emancipation |work=The National Magazine: A Journal Devoted To American History: Vol. XVII, November, 1892 — April, 1893 |pages=65–69 |location=New York |publisher=The National History Company |accessdate=2016-02-28 |via=Google Books |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130182246/https://books.google.com/books?id=2vEQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA65 |archivedate=2017-01-30}}
42. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=w0BZAAAAYAAJ Bedini, 1999], p. 163.
43. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=D_ZJBxoCYeAC&pg=PA116#v=onepage&q&f=false Tindall, pp. 116—117].
44. ^1 2 3 (1) Ellicott, Andrew (February 23, 1792). "To Thomas Johnson, Daniel Carroll and David Stuart, Esqs." In {{cite web |last=Arnebeck |first=Bob |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708074954/http://www.bobarnebeck.com/ellicott.html |archivedate=2011-07-08 |url=http://www.bobarnebeck.com/ellicott.html |title=Ellicott's letter to the commissioners on engraving the plan of the city, in which no reference is made to Banneker |work=The General and the Plan |publisher=Bob Arnebeck's Web Pages |accessdate=2012-05-06}}
(2) Letter from Andrew Ellicott to the Commissioners, February 23, 1792 in [https://books.google.com/books?id=D_ZJBxoCYeAC&pg=PA148#v=onepage&q&f=false Tindall, p. 148] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426120058/https://books.google.com/books?id=D_ZJBxoCYeAC&pg=PA148 |date=2016-04-26 }}.
45. ^(1) {{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Philip Lee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iK4-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29#v=onepage&f=false |title=The Beginnings of Washington, As Described in Books, Maps and Views |pages=29–30 |oclc=420824175 |publisher=Published for the author |location=Washington, D.C. |date=1917 |accessdate=2016-12-29 |via=Google Books |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229034809/https://books.google.com/books?id=iK4-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29 |archivedate=2016-12-29 |df=}}
(2) {{cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=Dr. G. Hunter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7S0tAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Andrew and Joseph Ellicott: The Plans of Washington City and the Village of Buffalo and Some of the Persons Concerned |page=7 |editor=Frank H. Severance |volume=26 |journal=Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society: Recalling Pioneer Days |year=1922 |location=Buffalo, New York |publisher=Buffalo Historical Society |accessdate=2016-12-29 |via=Google Books |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229031806/https://books.google.com/books?id=7S0tAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7 |archivedate=2016-12-29 |df=}}
46. ^{{cite book |last=Partridge |first=William T. |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112106620468;view=1up;seq=31;size=125 |title=L'Enfant's Methods And Features of His Plan For The Federal City |work=Reports and plans, Washington region: supplementary technical data to accompany annual report: National Capital Planning Commission |year=1930 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Government Printing Office |page=23 |oclc=15250016 |accessdate=2016-12-04 |via=HathiTrust Digital Library}}
47. ^{{cite news |title=New City of Washington |work=Gazette of the United States |location=Philadelphia |date=1792-01-04 |quote=The following description is annexed to the Plan of the City of Washington, in the District of Columbia, as sent to Congress by the President some days ago. .....}}. In upper right hand corner of: {{cite web |last=L'Enfant |first=Peter Charles |url=http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3850.ct000512 |title=Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States : projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States, in pursuance of an act of Congress passed the sixteenth day of July, MDCCXC, "establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac": (Washington, D.C.) |work=Washington: U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1887 |quote=Description: Photocopy of a facsim. of the 1791 L'Enfant plan. Original facsim. extensively annotated in ink by Lawrence Martin, chief, Division of Maps, Library of Congress. Includes text, indexed "References," and photocopied newspaper article titled "New city of Washington," from the Gazette of the United States, Philadelphia, Jan. 4, 1792. |publisher=Library of Congress |year=1791 |lccn=88694380 |accessdate=2016-01-26}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205200511/https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3850.ct000512|date=2017-02-05}}
In Repository of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C.
48. ^ {{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3850.ct004180/|title=1792 engraving of Plan of the City of Washington in the Territory of Columbia by Thackera & Vallance, Philadelphia|publisher=Library of Congress|lccn=88694160|accessdate=2019-03-24}}
49. ^1 2 {{cite book |last=Partridge |first=William T. |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112106620468;view=1up;seq=27;size=125 |title=L'Enfant's Methods And Features of His Plan For The Federal City |work=Reports and plans, Washington region: supplementary technical data to accompany annual report: National Capital Park and Planning Commission |year=1930 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Government Printing Office |pages=21–38 |oclc=15250016 |accessdate=2016-12-04 |via=HathiTrust Digital Library}}
50. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=GgULOzNSafMC&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q&f=false Stewart, pp. 55-56] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105122407/http://books.google.com/books?id=GgULOzNSafMC&pg=PA55 |date=2013-11-05 }}
51. ^(1) {{cite journal |author=Bryan, W.B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GgULOzNSafMC&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Something About L'Enfant And His Personal Affairs |journal=Records of the Columbia Historical Society |year=1899 |volume=2 |page=113 |via=Google Books |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426070313/https://books.google.com/books?id=GgULOzNSafMC&pg=PA113 |archivedate=2016-04-26 |df=}}
(2) The L'Enfant and McMillan Plans {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209165503/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/Wash/lenfant.htm |date=2010-12-09 }} in "Washington, D.C., A National Register of Historic Places Travel Inventory" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010001704/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/wash/ |date=2009-10-10 }} in official website of the U.S. National Park Service {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626215809/http://www.nps.gov/ |date=2009-06-26 }} Retrieved August 14, 2008-09-14.
52. ^(1) {{cite book |last=Allaben |first=Frank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vEQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q&f=falsel |title=Original Document: Banneker's Appeal to Jefferson for Emancipation|work=The National Magazine: A Journal Devoted To American History: Vol. XVII, November, 1892 — April, 1893 |pages=65–69 |location=New York |publisher=The National History Company |accessdate=2016-02-28 |quote=And altho I had almost declined to make my calculation for the ensuing year, in consequence of that time which I had allotted therefor, being taken up at the Federal Territory, by the request of Mr. Andrew Ellicott, ..., on my return to my place of residence, I industriously applied my Self thereto, which I hope I have accomplished with correctness and accuracy; ... |via=Google Books |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130182246/https://books.google.com/books?id=2vEQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA65|archivedate=2017-01-30}}
(2) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222154918/http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0049 |archivedate=2016-12-22 |url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-22-02-0049 |title="To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Banneker, 19 August 1791" (with editorial notes) |work=Founders Online: Thomas Jefferson |publisher=National Historical Publications & Records Commission: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, last modified 2016-12-06. (Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol 22, 6 August 1791 - 31 December 1791, ed. Charles T. Cullen. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986, pp. 49–54.) |date=1791-08-19 |accessdate=2016-12-22 }}
(3) {{cite journal|last=Banneker|first=Benjamin|date=1791-08-19|title=Copy of a letter from Benjamin Banneker, &c.|location=Baltimore County, Maryland}} In {{cite web|url=http://www.headlinesciencenow.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Letter-from-Benjamin-Banneker-to-Thomas-Jefferson-Aug-1791.pdf|title=Copy of a letter from Benjamin Banneker to the secretary of state, with his answer|publisher=Daniel Lawrence|location=No. 33. North Fourth-Street, near Race, Philadelphia|year=1792|accessdate=2017-03-12|page=3|via=Headline ScienceNow: Science News from Fisher Science Education|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129125727/http://www.headlinesciencenow.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Letter-from-Benjamin-Banneker-to-Thomas-Jefferson-Aug-1791.pdf|archivedate=2017-01-29|df=}}
53. ^{{cite web |last=Arnebeck |first=Bob |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708074954/http://www.bobarnebeck.com/ellicott.html |archivedate=2011-07-08 |url=http://www.bobarnebeck.com/ellicott.html |title=Ellicott's letter to the commissioners on engraving the plan of the city, in which no reference is made to Banneker |work=The General and the Plan |publisher=Bob Arnebeck's Web Pages |accessdate=2012-05-06}}
54. ^(1) {{cite book |last=Jefferson |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWIFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA476#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Correspondence: To Mr Barlow |date=1809-10-08 |editor=Washington, H.A. (1853) |work=The Writings of Thomas Jefferson; being his Autobiography, Correspondence, Reports, Messages, Addresses, and Other Writings, Official and Private. Published by the order of the Joint Committee of Congress on the Library, from the original manuscripts, deposited in the Department of State. |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Taylor & Maury |volume=5 |pages=475–476 |oclc=924409 |via=Google Books}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429061306/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWIFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA476 |archivedate=2016-04-29}}
(2) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222154907/http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-01-02-0461 |archivedate=2016-12-22 |url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-01-02-0461 |title="Thomas Jefferson to Joel Barlow" (with editorial notes) |date=1809-10-08 |work=Founders Online: Thomas Jefferson |publisher=National Historical Publications & Records Commission: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, last modified 2016-12-06. (Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, vol. 1, 4 March 1809 to 15 November 1809, ed. J. Jefferson Looney. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004, pp. 588–590.) |accessdate=2016-12-22}}
55. ^(1) [https://books.google.com/books?id=u2MUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA184#v=onepage&q&f=false Jusserand, p. 184: "Almost on leaving his work at Washington, he (L'Enfant) was asked to draw the plans of the first manufacturing city, devised as such, in the United States, and which today is one of the most important in existence, Paterson, N. J."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113020029/https://books.google.com/books?id=u2MUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA184 |date=2016-01-13 }}
(2) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311194613/http://patersongreatfalls.org/letters/Intro_NJ.pdf |archivedate=2015-03-11 |accessdate=2015-03-11 |url=http://patersongreatfalls.org/letters/Intro_NJ.pdf |title=Introduction: Project Copy of the Calendar of the S.U.M. Collection of Manuscripts |work=New Jersey Historical Records Survey |publisher=Paterson Friends of the Great Falls}}
56. ^(1) [https://books.google.com/books?id=u2MUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA188#v=onepage&q&f=false Jusserand, pp. 188-189]
(2) {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sk7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA609&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Claims of L'Enfant, Peter Charles: 1800-1810 |work=Digested Summary and Alphabetical List of Private Claims which Have Been Presented to the House of Representatives from the First to the Thirty-first Congress: Exhibiting the Action of Congress on Each Claim, with References to the Journals, Reports, Bills, &c., Elucidating Its Progress |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=United States House of Representatives |volume=2 |page=309 |year=1853 |accessdate=2015-01-03 |via=Google Books |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518071216/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sk7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA609&f=false |archivedate=2015-05-18 |df=}}
57. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=D_ZJBxoCYeAC&pg=PA148#v=onepage&q&f=false Tindall, p. 148] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426120058/https://books.google.com/books?id=D_ZJBxoCYeAC&pg=PA148 |date=2016-04-26 }} "Major L'Enfant's plan contained in the upper left hand corner a title legend giving his name as the author."
58. ^(1) {{cite journal |last=McMillan |first=Senator James |editor=Moore,Charles |title=The Improvement Of The Park System Of The District of Columbia: Report by the United States Congress: Senate Committee on the District of Columbia and District of Columbia Park Commission |place=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=1902 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ob7PAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false |id=Fifty-Seventh Congress, First Session, Senate Report No. 166, Figure No. 61 (following p. 12) - "L'Enfant Map of Washington (1791)" |accessdate=2011-03-21 |via=Google Books |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129190652/http://books.google.com/books?id=Ob7PAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA12 |archivedate=2014-01-29 |df=}}
(2) A copy of an oval in L'Enfant's plan that identifies the plan's author as "Peter Charles L'Enfant" is inscribed several yards west of an inlay of the plan in Freedom Plaza on Pennsylvania Avenue NW, in downtown Washington, D.C.
59. ^Coordinates of inscription of L'Enfant's name in Freedom Plaza: {{coord|38.895838|-77.031254|type:landmark|name=Inscription of name of "Peter Charles L'Enfant" in inlay of L'Enfant's plan in Freedom Plaza|format=dms}}
60. ^(1) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205200453/http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tri001.html |archivedate=2017-02-05 |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tri001.html |title=Original Plan of Washington, D.C. |work=American Treasures of the Library of Congress: Imagination: Pierre Charles L'Enfant's 1791 "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government ....": Manuscript map on paper, 1791, Geography & Map Division |publisher=Library of Congress |date=2010-07-29 |accessdate=2017-03-05 |quote=Selected by Washington to prepare a ground plan for the new city, L'Enfant arrived in Georgetown on March 9, 1791, and submitted his report and plan to the president about August 26, 1791. It is believed that this plan is the one that is preserved in the Library of Congress.
After showing L'Enfant's manuscript to Congress, the president retained custody of the original drawing until December 1796, when he transferred it to the City Commissioners of Washington, D.C. One hundred and twenty-two years later, on November 11, 1918, the map was presented to the Library of Congress for safekeeping.}}
Note: The plan that this web page describes identifies the plan's author as "Peter Charles L'Enfant". The web page nevertheless identifies the author as "Pierre-Charles L'Enfant."
(2) {{cite web |last1=L'Enfant |first1=Peter Charles |last2=Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/91684074/ |title=Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t[he] United States: projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States, in pursuance of an act of Congress, passed on the sixteenth day of July, MDCCXC, "establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac" |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Library of Congress |year=1991 |lccn=91684074 |accessdate=2017-03-05 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306135150/https://www.loc.gov/item/91684074/ |archivedate=2017-03-06 |df=}} Full-color facsimile of Peter Charles L'Enfant's 1791 manuscript plan for the City of Washington. In: Repository of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C.
(3) {{cite web |last1=L'Enfant |first1=Peter Charles |last2=Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/97683585/ |title=Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t[he] United States: projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States, in pursuance of an act of Congress, passed on the sixteenth day of July, MDCCXC, "establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac" |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Library of Congress |year=1991 |lccn=97683585 |accessdate=2017-03-05 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306133135/https://www.loc.gov/item/97683585/ |archivedate=2017-03-06 |df=}} Computer-assisted reproduction of Peter Charles L'Enfant's 1791 manuscript plan for the city of Washington, produced by the U.S. Geological Survey for the Library of Congress. In: Repository of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C.
61. ^1 2 {{cite book|url=https://comp.ddot.dc.gov/Documents/L%27Enfant%20Promenade%20and%20Benjamin%20Banneker%20Park%20Environmental%20Assessment.pdf|chapter=Development of L'Enfant Promenade and Benjamin Banneker Park|title=Environmental Assessment for Improvements to L'Enfant Promenade and Benjamin Banneker Park|date=March 2006|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=District Department of Transportation, Government of the District of Columbia (DC.gov) and Eastern Federal Lands Highway Division, Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation|pages=1–5, 1–6, 1–7|accessdate=2017-11-16|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116232714/https://comp.ddot.dc.gov/Documents/L%27Enfant%20Promenade%20and%20Benjamin%20Banneker%20Park%20Environmental%20Assessment.pdf|archivedate=2017-11-16|df=}}
62. ^1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=w0BZAAAAYAAJ Bedini, 1999], p. 318.
63. ^1 2 [https://books.google.com/books?id=w0BZAAAAYAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Once+again%2C+the+reasons%22 Bedini, 1999, p. 318.]
64. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1997/11/15/after-reversal-of-decline-banneker-park-rededicated/a1195f2a-2495-4ade-ae3b-80c9464fb51c/|title=After Reversal of Decline, Banneker Park Rededicated|first=Patrice|last=Gaines|work=The Washington Post|date=1997-11-15|accessdate=2017-11-12|quote=The park, originally dedicated in 1971, was named for the man described in speeches yesterday as "the first African American man of science and surveyor of the original City of Washington."|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118194142/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1997/11/15/after-reversal-of-decline-banneker-park-rededicated/a1195f2a-2495-4ade-ae3b-80c9464fb51c/|archivedate=2016-11-18|df=}}
65. ^{{cite news |last=Kiplinger |first=Austin H.; Washington, Walter E. |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/53537814.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=May+7%2C+2000&author=&desc=A+Museum+To+Call+Our+Own |title=A Museum to Call Our Own |publisher=The Washington Post|work=Close to Home|place=Washington, D.C. |date=2000-05-07 |page=B.8 |accessdate=2011-03-23}}
66. ^{{cite news |last=Berne |first=Bernard H.|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/53933685.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:FT&date=May+20%2C+2000&author=&desc=District+History+Lesson |title=District History Lesson |work=Letters to the Editor|publisher=The Washington Post|place=Washington, D.C. |date=2000-05-20 |page=A.22 |accessdate=2011-03-23|quote=Austin H. Kiplinger and Walter E. Washington write that a proposed city museum at Mount Vernon Square will remind visitors that "George Washington engaged Pierre L' Enfant to map the city and about how Benjamin Banneker [helped] complete the project" [Close to Home, May 7]. Let's hope not.
Benjamin Banneker performed astronomical observations in 1791 when assisting Maj. Andrew Ellicott in a survey of the federal District's boundaries. He departed three months after the survey began, more than a year before its completion.
Meanwhile, a "Plan for the City of Washington" was drawn by one "Peter Charles L'Enfant" (sic). When George Washington chose to dismiss L'Enfant, it was Ellicott who revised L'Enfant's plan and completed the city's mapping. Banneker played no part in this.}}
67. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Baker |first=Henry E. |date=April 1918 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7aMIZXgDMkC&pg=PA111#v=onepage&q&f=false |via=Google Books |quote=It is on record that it was at the suggestion of his friend, Major Andrew Ellicott, ..., that Thomas Jefferson nominated Banneker and Washington appointed him a member of the commission ... |title=Benjamin Banneker, the Negro Mathematician and Astronomer |journal=The Journal of Negro History |volume=III |number=2 |editor=Carter G. Woodson |publisher=The Association for the Study of Negro Life and History |location=Lancaster, PA. and Washington, D.C. |pages=111–112 |accessdate=2011-12-28 |doi=10.2307/2713484 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224202920/https://books.google.com/books?id=z7aMIZXgDMkC&pg=PA111 |archivedate=2016-12-24 |df=}}
68. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vksaAQAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=distinguished+honor |title=From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans |author1=Franklin, John Hope|author-link=John Hope Franklin |author2=Moss, Alfred A., Jr. |location=New York |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=2000 |edition=Eighth |pages=109, 110 |isbn=0-375-40671-9 |oclc=43843074 |lccn=2005299886 |accessdate=2017-09-12 |quote=The most distinguished honor that Banneker received was his appointment to serve with the commission to define the boundary lines and lay out the streets of the District of Columbia. |via=Google Books}}
69. ^Question 4 in {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217224738/http://www.ambrosevideo.com/resources/documents/297.pdf|archivedate=2013-02-17 |url=http://www.ambrosevideo.com/resources/documents/297.pdf |format=PDF |title=Black Achievement in American History: Blackline Master 2A Quiz: Program Two: Emergence of the Black Hero}} Based on {{cite web |last=Avery |first=James |date=April 2005 |url=https://dvd.ambrosevideo.com/items.cfm?id=1166|title=A History of Black Achievement in America |work=DVD No. 1, Program Two: "Emergence of the Black Hero": "1791 - The First Black Man of Science, Benjamin Banneker, Surveys Washington, D.C." |publisher=Ambrose Video Publishing, Inc. |accessdate=2018-06-09}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609050225/https://dvd.ambrosevideo.com/items.cfm?id=1166|date=2018-06-09}}
70. ^{{cite web |url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=253 |title=Text of Residence Act |work=American Memory: A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875: Statutes at Large, 1st Congress, 2nd Session, p. 130, July 16, 1790: Chapter 28: An Act for establishing the temporary and permanent seat of the Government of the United States|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=2018-06-09}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913134846/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001%2Fllsl001.db&recNum=253|date=2009-09-13}}
71. ^1 {{cite book |last=Mathews |first=Catherine Van Cortlandt |year=1908 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpMNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Andrew Ellicott: His Life and Letters |publisher=Grafton Press |location=New York |page=83 |accessdate=2015-04-24 |via=Google Books |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427063642/https://books.google.com/books?id=rpMNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA83 |archivedate=2016-04-27 |df=}}
72. ^(1) [https://books.google.com/books?id=5Q81AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA87#v=onepage&q&f=false Crew, pp. 87-88] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622171422/http://books.google.com/books?id=5Q81AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA87 |date=2013-06-22 }}
(2) {{cite book |last=Hazelton |first=George Cochrane |year=1914 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xX0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The National Capitol: its architecture, art, and history |publisher=J.F. Taylor & Company |location=New York |pages=2–3 |accessdate=2015-04-24 |via=Google Books}}
73. ^{{cite web |url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=253 |title=Text of Residence Act |work=American Memory: A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875: Statutes at Large, 1st Congress, 2nd Session, p. 130, July 16, 1790: Chapter 28: An Act for establishing the temporary and permanent seat of the Government of the United States|page=130|publisher=Library of Congress|quote=Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the President of the United States be authorized to appoint, and by supplying vacancies happening from refusals to act or any other causes, to keep in appointment as long as may be necessary, three commissioners, who, or any two of whom, shall, under the direction of the President, survey, and by proper metes and bounds define and limit a district of territory, .....|accessdate=2018-06-09}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913134846/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001%2Fllsl001.db&recNum=253|date=2009-09-13}}
74. ^1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=w0BZAAAAYAAJ Bedini, 1999], p. 113.
75. ^1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=w0BZAAAAYAAJ Bedini, 1999], p. 132.
76. ^1 Corrigan, p. 3. "Washington hired Ellicott and presumably was aware of Banneker's work, though Cerami uncovered no documentary evidence of their encounter."
77. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=D_ZJBxoCYeAC&pg=PA151#v=onepage&q&f=false Tindall, p. 151]
78. ^{{cite web|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/97000332.pdf|title=L' Enfant Plan of the City of Washington, District of Columbia|work=United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service: National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Section 8, p. 7|date=1994-07-20|first=Sara Amy|last=Leach|first2=Elizabeth, HABS/HAER, NPS|last2=Barthold|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2017-11-05|quote=Forty boundary stones, laid at one-mile intervals, established the boundaries based on celestial calculations by Banneker, a self-taught astronomer of African descent and one of few free blacks living in the vicinity. Within this 100-square-mile diamond, which would become the District of Columbia, a smaller area was laid out as the City of Washington.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105215223/https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/97000332.pdf|archivedate=2017-11-05|df=}}
79. ^{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194520/http://nmaahceis.si.edu/documents/Site_Evaluation_Study__PhaseI_Data_Gathering_Report.pdf|archivedate=2015-09-23|url=http://nmaahceis.si.edu/documents/Site_Evaluation_Study__PhaseI_Data_Gathering_Report.pdf|title= Site Evaluation Study: Phase I: Data Gathering Report|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture|date=2005-09-30|page=31|quote=He (Banneker) was a self-taught mathematician and astronomer, and one of the few free blacks living in the vicinity. Banneker assisted Major Ellicott in laying out forty boundary stones, at one-mile intervals, based on celestial calculations, to establish the boundaries of the District of Columbia.|accessdate=2017-11-05}}
80. ^{{cite web|author=Robinson and Associates, Washington, D.C.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104161652/http://nmaahceis.si.edu/documents/Final_Historic_Preservation_Report.pdf|archivedate=2015-11-04|url=http://nmaahceis.si.edu/documents/Final_Historic_Preservation_Report.pdf|title=Historic Preservation Report For the National Museum Of African American History and Culture: District of Columbia: Final Report: Prepared For: Smithsonian Institution Office of Planning and Project Management|page=11|date=July 2007|accessdate=2019-01-07|quote=Emplacements of the 40 stones were based on celestial calculations by Banneker, a self-taught astronomer and mathematician of African descent and one of few free blacks living in the vicinity.}}
81. ^{{cite web |first=Penny |last=Carr |date=2012-11-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127132931/http://www.fallschurchtimes.com/37429/dar-scouts-protect-historic-boundary-stone/ |archivedate=2012-11-27 |url=http://www.fallschurchtimes.com/37429/dar-scouts-protect-historic-boundary-stone/ |title=DAR, Scouts Protect Historic Boundary Stone |work=Falls Church Times: Falls Church City's Online Community Newspaper |quote=In its path through the Washington D.C. Metro area, the derecho dropped massive limbs, power lines and trees on houses and streets. It also dropped a massive limb on the Westernmost Boundary Marker of the original D.C. boundary – the “Ellicott Stone.” This stone was put in place by Mr. Andres Ellicott and Mr. Benjamin Banneker in 1791. Today it sits on the boundary line of Falls Church City, Fairfax County, and Arlington County.}}
82. ^{{cite book|first=Alison|last=Fortier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-w53CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT24#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Original Boundary Markers|work=A History Lover's Guide to Washington, D.C.: Designed for Democracy|page=24|location=Charleston, South Carolina|publisher=Arcadia Publishing: The History Press|date=2014-05-06|isbn=9781625850645|lccn=2014011085|oclc=879612020|accessdate=2018-01-28|via=Google Books}}
83. ^{{cite news |first=Hamil R. |last=Harris |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510022310/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2015/05/08/200-year-old-boundary-markers-in-d-c-rededicated/|archivedate=2015-05-10 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2015/05/08/200-year-old-boundary-markers-in-d-c-rededicated/ |title=200-year-old boundary markers in D.C. rededicated |work=Local |date=2015-05-08 |publisher=The Washington Post |accessdate=2016-04-01 |quote=“These stones are our nation’s oldest national landmarks that were placed by Andrew Ellicott and Benjamin Banneker,” said Sharon K. Thorne-Sulima, regent for the Martha Washington chapter of the D.C. Daughters of the American Revolution. “They officially laid the seat of government of our new nation.”}}
84. ^{{cite web |first=Hamil R. |last=Harris |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531012001/http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/stones-laid-by-benjamin-banneker-in-the-1790s-are-still-standing/2015/05/30/11c39d04-0007-11e5-833c-a2de05b6b2a4_story.html|archivedate=2015-05-31|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/stones-laid-by-benjamin-banneker-in-the-1790s-are-still-standing/2015/05/30/11c39d04-0007-11e5-833c-a2de05b6b2a4_story.html|title=Stones laid by Benjamin Banneker in the 1790s are still standing |work=Local |date=2015-05-30 |publisher=The Washington Post |accessdate=2016-04-01}}
85. ^{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630043053/http://www.boundarystones.org/|archivedate=2015-06-30|url=http://www.boundarystones.org/|title=Boundary Stones of the District of Columbia|publisher=boundarystones.org|accessdate=2016-04-03|quote=Ellicott, a prominent professional surveyor, hired Benjamin Banneker, an astronomer and mathematician from Maryland, to make the astronomical observations and calculations necessary to establish the south corner of the square at Jones Point in Alexandria. According to legend, "Banneker fixed the position of the first stone by lying on his back to find the exact starting point for the survey ... and plotting six stars as they crossed his spot at a particular time of night." On April 15, 1791, the Alexandria Masonic Lodge placed a small stone at the south corner at Jones Point in ceremonies attended by Ellicott, federal district commissioners Daniel Carroll and David Stuart, and other dignitaries. .... Ellicott's team, minus Banneker, who left after the placement of the south stone, then began the formal survey by clearing twenty feet of land on both sides of each boundary and placing other stones, made of Aquia Creek sandstone, at one-mile intervals.|deadurl=yes|df=}}
86. ^{{cite web |author=RossEmery |date=2015-06-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150802135404/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/stones-laid-by-benjamin-banneker-in-the-1790s-are-still-standing/2015/05/30/11c39d04-0007-11e5-833c-a2de05b6b2a4_story.html|archivedate=2015-08-02|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/stones-laid-by-benjamin-banneker-in-the-1790s-are-still-standing/2015/05/30/11c39d04-0007-11e5-833c-a2de05b6b2a4_story.html |title=Comment |work=Stones laid by Benjamin Banneker in the 1790s are still standing |publisher=The Washington Post |accessdate=2016-04-01 |quote="Stones laid by Benjamin Banneker in the 1790s are still standing" Actually: Ellicott, a prominent professional surveyor, hired Benjamin Banneker, an astronomer and mathematician from Maryland, to make the astronomical observations and calculations necessary to establish the south corner of the square at Jones Point in Alexandria. According to legend, "Banneker fixed the position of the first stone by lying on his back to find the exact starting point for the survey ... and plotting six stars as they crossed his spot at a particular time of night." From there, Ellicott's team (minus Banneker, who worked only on the south corner) embarked on a forty mile journey, surveying ten-mile lines first to the northwest, then the northeast, next southeast, and finally southwest back toward the starting point, clearing twenty feet of land on each side of the boundary. http://www.boundarystones.org}}
87. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20130322112050/http://www.boundarystones.org/articles/rchs_1969.pdf Bedini 1969, pp. 25–29.]
88. ^{{cite news |first=Charlie |last=Clark |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219093704/https://fcnp.com/2016/02/17/our-man-in-arlington-166/ |archivedate=2016-02-19 |url=https://fcnp.com/2016/02/17/our-man-in-arlington-166/ |title=Our Man in Arlington |date=2016-02-17 |publisher=Falls Church News-Press |accessdate=2016-04-01 |quote=Our enclave’s earliest landmark is the District of Columbia boundary stone placed in 1791 by Benjamin Banneker.}}
89. ^{{cite book |last=Liebertz |first=John |url=https://arlingtonva.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2016/09/A-Guide-to-the-African-American-Heritage-of-Arlington-County-Virginia.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007171712/https://arlingtonva.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2016/09/A-Guide-to-the-African-American-Heritage-of-Arlington-County-Virginia.pdf |archivedate=2016-10-07 |accessdate=2016-10-07 |title=Boundary Markers of the District of Columbia: Benjamin Banneker |work=A Guide to the African American Heritage of Arlington County |edition=2nd |publisher=Historic Preservation Program: Department of Community Planning, Housing and Development, Government of Arlington County, Virginia |year=2016 |page=1 |quote=A free, self-taught African American astronomer and mathematician, Benjamin Banneker assisted Andrew Ellicott on the original survey of the District of Columbia from February to April 1791. Ellicott retained Banneker to make astronomical observations and calculations to establish the location of the south cornerstone of the 10-mile square. On April 15, 1791, officials dedicated the first boundary stone based on Banneker’s calculations.}}
90. ^{{cite book |last=Washington |first=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhk_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA254&lpg=PA254&onepage&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Proclamation: Georgetown, March 30, 1791 |work=The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources: 1745-1799 |editor=John C. Fitzpatrick |volume=31: January 22, 1790—March 9, 1792 |location=Washington |publisher=United States Government Printing Office (August, 1939) |accessdate=2016-10-07 |via=Google Books |quote=Now therefore for the purposes of amending and completing the location of the whole of the said territory of the ten miles square in conformity with the said amendatory act of Congress, I do hereby declare and make known that the whole of said territory shall be located and included within the four lines following, that is to say: Beginning at Jones's point, the upper cape of Hunting Creek in Virginia, and at an angle in the outset of 45 degrees west of the north: ...}}.
91. ^(1) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130322112050/http://www.boundarystones.org/articles/rchs_1969.pdf Bedini 1969, pp. 25–29.]
(2) {{cite news |location=Boston, Massachusetts |publisher=Benjamin Russell |url=http://www.boundarystones.org/articles/columbian_centinel_1791.pdf |title=New Federal City |work=Columbian Centennial |number=744 |date=1791-05-07 |accessdate=2016-10-09 |quote=When Mr. Ellicott had ascertained the precise point from which the line of the district was to proceed, the Master of the Lodge and Dr. Stewart, assisted by others of their brethren placed the stone; ... |via=boundarystones.org |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630220952/http://www.boundarystones.org/articles/columbian_centinel_1791.pdf |archivedate=2016-06-30 |df= }}
92. ^{{cite book|last=Semmes|first=John E.|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015070464642;view=1up;seq=195|title=Chapter 6: African Colonization|work=John H. B. Latrobe and His Times|pages=139–171|location=Baltimore, Maryland|publisher=The Norman, Remington Company|date=October 1917|oclc=262462816|lccn=18002814|accessdate=2019-03-22|via=HathiTrust Digital Library}}
93. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=75sUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false Latrobe]
94. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=75sUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false Latrobe, p. 7.]
95. ^[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103018420;view=1up;seq=89 Conway, pp. 79—84.]
96. ^[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103018420;view=1up;seq=91 Conway, p. 81.]
97. ^[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103018420;view=1up;seq=94 Conway, p. 84.]
98. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.worldcat.org/wcidentities/lccn-n80001490|title=Most widely held works by Lydia Maria Child|work=Child, Lydia Maria 1802-1880|publisher=WorldCat|accessdate=2018-05-28|quote=Published in 1865 and edited by abolitionist L. Maria Child, The Freedmens Book was intended to be used to teach recently freed African Americans to read and to provide them with inspiration. Thirsting for education, Freedmen were eagerly enrolling in any schools that would accept them. Child saw a need for texts and provided one of collected stories and poems written by former slaves and noted abolitionists, herself included.}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529053847/https://www.worldcat.org/wcidentities/lccn-n80001490|date=2018-05-29}}
99. ^1 [https://archive.org/stream/freedmensbook01chil#page/n27/mode/2up Child, p. 15.] "At thirty years old, he made a clock, which proved to be an excellent time piece. .... This was the first clock ever made in this country."
100. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-perspectives-rare-books/articles-and-essays/daniel-murray-and-his-mission/kelly-miller/|title=Kelly Miller|format=photograph|work=African American Perspectives: Materials Selected from the Rare Book Collection: Articles and Essays|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=2019-01-14}}
101. ^1 {{cite book |last=Miller |first=Kelly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sLwtAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA856&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Chapter XVI. The Education of the Negro: X. Negroes who have achieved Distinction along Lines calling for Definite Intellectual Activity |work=Report of the Commissioner of Education for the Year 1900-1901 |volume=1 |year=1902 |location=Washington, D.C. |page=856 |publisher=Government Printing Office |via=Google Books |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203192639/https://books.google.com/books?id=sLwtAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA856&f=false |archivedate=2016-02-03 |df=}}
102. ^Note: Phillp Lee Phillips (1857-1924) was the first Superintendent of Maps for the Library of Congress, where he devoted over thirty years to the development of the Library’s map and atlas collection. See:
(1) {{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/phillipsbrochure.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909202635/http://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/phillipsbrochure.pdf |archivedate=2013-09-09 |title=Philip Lee Phillips Society Programs and Activities |publisher=Library of Congress Geography and Map Division |location=Washington, D.C. |accessdate=2015-04-06}}
(2) {{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/pdf/plp/brochure.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406182429/http://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/pdf/plp/brochure.pdf |dead-url=yes |archivedate=2015-04-06 |title=Philip Lee Phillips Map Society: The Friends Group of the Geography and Map Division: Library of Congress |publisher=Library of Congress Geography and Map Division |location=Washington, D.C. |accessdate=2015-04-06}}
(3) {{cite journal |last=Seavey |first=Charles A. |title=Philip Lee Phillips and the growth of the library of Congress map collection, 1897–1924 |journal=Government Publications Review |volume=20 |number=3 |pages=283–295 |year=1993 |doi=10.1016/0277-9390(93)90004-9 |issn=0277-9390 |oclc=4656134177 |publisher=Elsevier}}
103. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=LSkkCeq5R1AC&pg=PA120#v=onepage&q&f=false Phillips, p. 120]
104. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.thepearlofomega.org/Resources/Documents/The%20Dial,%20Ch%20iDefender,%202-16-29.pdf |format=PDF |title=Howard U Gets Memorial to Benjamin Banneker |work=Chicago, Illinois: The Chicago Defender (National edition) |date=1929-02-16 |page=A1 |publisher=ProQuest Historical Newspapers |accessdate=2017-11-09 |via=The Pearl of Omega |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109123630/http://www.thepearlofomega.org/Resources/Documents/The%20Dial,%20Ch%20iDefender,%202-16-29.pdf |archivedate=2017-11-09|quote=It was also noted that Banneker made the first clock used in America which was constructed of all American materials.}}
105. ^{{cite journal|last=Lewis|first=C. L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA20&lpg=PA20&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Benjamin Banneker: The Man Who Saved Washington, D. C.|work=Negro Digest: Negro History Issue|page=20|volume=15|number=4|date=February 1966|location=Chicago, Illinois|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company, Inc.|via=Google Books|accessdate=2019-02-17|quote=
At the age of 21, with knowledge gained from taking apart a watch, he (Banneker) perfected the first clock in Maryland, possibly in America.}}
106. ^{{cite book|last=Haber|first=Louis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kh6GOI_258YC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Banjamin Banneker: 1731—1806|work=Black Pioneers of Science and Invention|edition=First Oddssey Classics (1992)|year=1970|pages=5–6|publisher=Harcourt|oclc=1024156094|isbn=9780152085667|lccn=91008923|accessdate=2019-03-15|via=Google Books|quote=
For two years Banneker spent all his spare time working on the clock. He built it entirely of wood and carved each of the gears by hand. By 1753 it was completed. It was the first clock ever built in the United States. The clock kept perfect time, striking every hour four more than 40 years. People came from all over the country to see his clock. It created a sensation.}}
107. ^{{cite book|last=Haber|first=Louis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kh6GOI_258YC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Preface|work=Black Pioneers of Science and Invention|edition=First Oddssey Classics (1992)|year=1970|page=vii|publisher=Harcourt|oclc=1024156094|isbn=9780152085667|lccn=91008923|accessdate=2019-03-15|via=Google Books|quote=
The author began research into this area many years ago. His objective was to gather resource materials that could then be incorporated into science curricula at elementary and secondary schools as well as at the college level. In 1966 he was given a grant by the U.S. Office of Education to pursue this study.}}
108. ^{{cite book|first=Otto J.|last= Lindenmeyer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L7ERAQAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22mechanical+clock%22|title=Black History: Lost, Stolen or Strayed|work="Of Black America" series|page=43|location=New York|publisher=Avon Books|year=1970|oclc=755240778|accessdate=2019-03-14|via=Google Books|quote=
At an early age, for example, he (Banneker) used a small watch as a model for his own mechanical clock and constructed its frame and its movements entirely of wood, the first such instrument made in America.}}
109. ^{{cite news|last=Oliver|first=Elizabeth M.|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2205&dat=19781216&id=pvkmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MwMGAAAAIBAJ&pg=1220,4936390&hl=en|title=Ossie Davis Stars as Benjamin Banneker|work=Baltimore Afro-American|date=1978-12-09|page=36|location=Baltimore, Maryland|accessdate=2019-02-15|via=Google News|quote=Before his death in 1806, Banneker had gained fame in America, France and England as a scientist, astronomer inventor of the first clock ..... .}}
110. ^1 {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818215049/http://www.xyht.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Banneker2.jpg |archivedate=2015-08-18 |url=http://www.xyht.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Banneker2.jpg |title=Image and United States Postal Service description of Benjamin Banneker postage stamp|quote=The U.S. Postal Service issued a stamp in 1980 with this description: "Benjamin Banneker first achieved national recognition for his scientific work in the 1791 survey of the Federal Territory ... In 1773, he built the first watch made in America ..."}} In {{cite journal|last=Glawe|first=Eddie|url=http://www.xyht.com/professional-surveyor-archives/feature-benjamin-banneker/|title=Feature: Benjamin Banneker|work=Professional Surveyor Magazine|date=2014-02-13|volume=39|issue=6|publisher=Flatdog Media, Inc.|accessdate=2018-02-18|via=xyHt}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130044246/http://www.xyht.com/professional-surveyor-archives/feature-benjamin-banneker/|date=2017-01-30}}
111. ^1 {{cite web |author=Diversity Development |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824090919/http://about.usps.com/publications/pub354.pdf|archivedate=2014-08-24|url=http://about.usps.com/publications/pub354.pdf |title=Benjamin Banneker |work=Publication 354: African Americans on Stamps: A Celebration of African-American Heritage |page=3 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=United States Postal Service |date=January 2004 |accessdate=2015-03-14 |quote=A self-taught mathematician and astronomer, Benjamin Banneker was probably the most accomplished African American of America’s colonial period. In 1753, he constructed the first wooden striking clock made in America. His studies and calculations in astronomy allowed him to successfully predict a solar eclipse in 1789 and to publish farmer’s almanacs in the 1790s. In 1791 he helped design and survey the city of Washington, D.C. This stamp was issued February 15, 1980.}}
112. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314193326/http://bdmuseum.maryland.gov/history/ |archivedate=2015-03-14 |url=http://bdmuseum.maryland.gov/ |title=History |work=Banneker-Douglass Museum |publisher=Government of Maryland |accessdate=2015-03-14}}
113. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.pps.net/cms/lib/OR01913224/Centricity/Domain/179/pdfs/prefc-af.pdf |title=Preface to the African/African-American Baseline Essays |last=Prophet |first=Matthew W. |date=Spring 1987 |publisher=Portland Public Schools |accessdate=2018-09-17}}
114. ^{{cite web|last=Adams|first=Hunter Havelin, III|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623175045/https://www.pps.net/cms/lib/OR01913224/Centricity/Domain/179/pdfs/be-af-sc.pdf|archivedate=2017-06-23|url=https://www.pps.net/cms/lib/OR01913224/Centricity/Domain/179/pdfs/be-af-sc.pdf|page=S-74|title=Geocultural Baseline Essay Series: African and African-American Contributions to Science and Technology|work=Patents, Inventions, and Contributions: Benjamin Banneker|publisher=Portland Public Schools|year=1986|accessdate=2018-09-17}}
115. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1994/02/20/the-egyptian-illusion/ee123656-ca7f-4ef7-8f28-99d7edd166ba/|title=The Egyptian Illusion|last=Martel|first=Erich|work=Opinions|publisher=The Washington Post|date=1994-02-20|accessdate=2018-09-17|quote="Thomas Jefferson appointed Benjamin Banneker to survey the site for the capital, Washington, D.C." and Banneker "wrote a proposal for the establishment of a United States Department of Peace," according to the essay on African American scientists.
Had the author consulted "The Life of Benjamin Banneker" by Silvio Bedini, considered the definitive biography, he would have discovered no evidence or these claims. Jefferson appointed Andrew Ellicott to conduct the survey; Ellicott made Banneker his assistant for three months in 1791. Benjamin Rush authored the Department of Peace proposal; the confusion arose among earlier biographers because the proposal appeared in Banneker's 1793 almanac}}
116. ^{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205154950/http://www.black-inventor.com/Benjamin-Banneker.asp|archivedate=2009-02-05|url=http://www.black-inventor.com/Benjamin-Banneker.asp|title=Benjamin Banneker: Invented America's First Clock|publisher=Famous Black Inventors|year=2008|accessdate=2019-03-29}}
117. ^(1) {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/africanamericanf00pott/page/232|title=Who Made the First Clock in the American Colonies and was the First African-American To Publish an Almanac?|work=African-American Firsts: Famous, Little-Known and Unsung Triumphs of Blacks in America|first1=Joan|last1=Potter|first2=Constance|last2=Claytor|location=Elizabethtown, New York|publisher=Pinto Press|year=1994|page=232|oclc=654686287|lccn=93084716|isbn=0963247611|via=Internet Archive|quote=At the age of twenty-three, assisted only by a picture of a clock, an English journal, and a geometry book, he (Banneker) designed and built the first clock in the colonies.}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214061436/https://archive.org/details/africanamericanf00pott/page/232|date=2018-12-14}}
(2) {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4pwhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA334#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Who Made the First Clock in the American Colonies and was the First African American To Publish an Almanac?|work=African American Firsts: Famous, Little-Known and Unsung Triumphs of Blacks in America|first=Joan|last=Potter|page=334|location=New York|publisher=Dafina Books, Kensington Publishing Corporation|year=2014|accessdate=2018-12-14|oclc=864822516|lccn=2013388865|isbn=9780758292421|via=Google Books|quote=At the age of twenty-two, using a pocket watch as a guide, he (Banneker) designed and built the first clock in the colonies.}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214055002/https://books.google.com/books?id=4pwhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA334#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=2018-12-14}}
118. ^1 {{cite news |last=Kamen |first=Al |last2=Itkowitz |first2=Colby |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/john-kerry-gets-dissed-on-scholars-list/2015/02/05/d38f8f00-ad7e-11e4-ad71-7b9eba0f87d6_story.html |title=No sights to see |work=John Kerry gets dissed on scholars’ list |publisher=The Washington Post |date=2015-02-05 |accessdate=2017-11-05 |quote=A memorial for Banneker, an African American inventor, was approved in 1998, and a location was chosen at the L’Enfant Promenade in Southwest Washington, but its authorization expired in 2005. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105233635/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/john-kerry-gets-dissed-on-scholars-list/2015/02/05/d38f8f00-ad7e-11e4-ad71-7b9eba0f87d6_story.html |archivedate=2017-11-05 |df= }}
119. ^(1) [https://books.google.com/books/reader?id=75sUAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&pg=GBS.PA7 Latrobe, p. 7.]
(2) [https://archive.org/stream/sketchoflifeofbe00tyso#page/5/mode/1up Tyson, p. 5.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326083350/https://archive.org/stream/sketchoflifeofbe00tyso |date=2016-03-26 }}
(3) [https://books.google.com/books?id=LSkkCeq5R1AC&pg=PA120#v=onepage&q&f=false Phillips, p. 120]
(4) [https://books.google.com/books?id=w0BZAAAAYAAJ Bedini, 1999], pp. 42-44.
(5) {{cite book |last=Hurry |first=Robert J. |editor=Hockey, Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-BF1CHkc50C&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false |work=Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers |title=Banneker, Benjamin |year=2007 |pages=91–92 |location=New York |publisher=Springer|isbn=9780387310220 |oclc=65764986 |accessdate=2015-01-24 |via=Google Books |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607141631/https://books.google.com/books?id=t-BF1CHkc50C&pg=PA91 |archivedate=2015-06-07}}
(5) Bedini, 2008. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203192640/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Benjamin_Banneker.aspx |date=2016-02-03}}
120. ^1 (1) [https://books.google.com/books?id=PsraAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Completed+in+1753%22 Bedini, 1971, p. 45(a).] "Completed in 1753, Bannekers' clock continued to operate until his death, more than 50 years later."
(2) Bedini, 1971, p. 45 [https://books.google.com/books?id=PsraAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22clockmakers+were%22 (b)] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=PsraAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22mentioned+John%22 (c)]: "A number of watch- and clockmakers were already established in Maryland prior to the time that Banneker made his clock. In Annapolis alone there were at least four such craftsmen prior to 1750."
121. ^Tyson, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/sketchoflifeofbe00tyso#page/5/mode/1up 5], [https://archive.org/stream/sketchoflifeofbe00tyso#page/9/mode/1up 9]—[https://archive.org/stream/sketchoflifeofbe00tyso#page/10/mode/1up 10], [https://archive.org/stream/sketchoflifeofbe00tyso#page/14/mode/1up 18].
122. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=PsraAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Completed+in+1753%22 Bedini, 1971, p. 45.] "Completed in 1753, Bannekers' clock continued to operate until his death, more than 50 years later."
123. ^1 {{cite book|last=Bailey|first=Chris H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6kRAQAAMAAJ&dq=banneker+clock+death&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22it+was+destroyed%22|title=Two Hundred Years of American Clocks & Watches|page=73|location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey|publisher=Prentice-Hall, Inc.|year=1975|oclc=756413530|isbn=0139351302|lccn=75013714|accessdate=2019-03-29|quote=Of his own design, the clock employed wooden gears and was apparently used until it was destroyed by the fire that consumed Banneker's home while his funeral was in progress in October, 1806|via=Google Books}}
124. ^1 [https://archive.org/stream/sketchoflifeofbe00tyso#page/18/mode/1up Tyson, p. 18.]
125. ^{{cite book|last=Moore|first=N. Hudson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKMaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=American Clocks and Clockmakers|work=The Old Clock Book|year=1911|location=New York|publisher=Frederick A. Stokes Company|pages=91–92|oclc=680744401|lccn=11029009|accessdate=2019-02-23|via=Google Books}}
126. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |last=Uselding |first=Paul |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513081258/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/clock.aspx |archivedate=2016-05-13 |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/clock.aspx |title=Clock and Watch Industry |work=Dictionary of American History |publisher=The Gale Group Inc. |year=2003 |accessdate=2017-05-31 |quote=The first clockmaker of record in America was Thomas Nash, an early settler of New Haven in 1638. Throughout the seventeenth century, eight-day striking clocks with brass movements, similar to those made in England, were produced by craft methods in several towns and villages in Connecticut. .... By 1745 Benjamin Cheney of East Hartford was producing wooden clocks, and there is some evidence that these clocks were being made as early as 1715 near New Haven.|via=Encyclopedia.com}}
127. ^{{cite book |first=Frances Gruber |last=Safford |first2=Morrison H. |last2=Heckscher |first3=Mary-Alice |last3=Rogers |last4=Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWIh7QgkBe8C&pg=PA290#v=onepage&q&f=false |pages=290–291 |title=187. Tall Clock: Boston, 1725-1740: Movement by Benjamin Bagnall (1689-1773) |work=American furniture in the Metropolitan Museum of Art: 1, Late Colonial Period: The Queen Anne and Chippendale Styles |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Random House |year=1985 |isbn=9780300116472 |oclc=11971332 |via=Google Books |quote=The movement is an eight-day rack and snail striking clock with anchor-recoil escapement. |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203192640/https://books.google.com/books?id=kWIh7QgkBe8C&pg=PA290 |archivedate=2016-02-03 |df=}}
128. ^(1) {{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/dallasmuseumofart/docs/dallasmuseumofart_guidetothecollection/166|title= Benjamin Bagnall, Sr., Boston, Massachusetts, 1730-1745: Tall case clock|work=Guide To The Collection|date=2012-02-08|location=Dallas, Texas|publisher=Dallas Museum of Art|accessdate=2019-01-02|via=issuu|quote=This eight-day striking clock closely follows English design ...}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102191652/https://issuu.com/dallasmuseumofart/docs/dallasmuseumofart_guidetothecollection/166|date=2019-01-02}}
(2) {{citeweb|url=https://collections.dma.org/artwork/4084483|title=Tall Case Clock||work=Collections|location=Dallas, Texas|publisher=Dallas Museum of Art|accessdate=2019-01-02|quote=MAKER: Benjamin Bagnall Sr. (British, active in Boston, Massachusetts, America, 1689 - 1773): DATE: 1730–1745: MATERIAL AND TECHNIQUE: Walnut, maple, beech, cedar, brass, glass, and paint .... This tall case clock is among the very first of its type made entirely in America and one of only four existing examples by clockmaker Benjamin Bagnall. Rather than fit British works into a colonial cabinet, which was typical considering the cost and complexity of the mechanical components, Bagnall created the works himself with parts acquired from fellow Bostonians. He then installed them in an elegant walnut cabinet created by a local cabinetmaker.}} Note: Slideshow contains enlargeable high-resolution images of the clock's parts, gears and striking mechanism.
129. ^{{cite book|first=Franklin H.|last=Gottshall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XVnCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA101&lpg=PA101&#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Making Antique Furniture Reproductions: Instructions and Measured Drawings for 40 Classic Projects|year=1971|location=New York|publisher=Dover Publications|page=101|isbn=9780486161648|oclc=829166996|lccn=93048643|accessdate=2019-02-23|quote=Before the eighteenth century, when metal was harder to come by in the colonies than wood, which was in plentiful supply, works for many of these clocks were made of wood, including the gears, which were whittled and fashioned by hand, as indeed were all other parts.|via=Google Books}}
130. ^1 [https://archive.org/stream/bulletinunitedst2311964unit#page/66/mode/2up Bedini, 1964: Instruments of Wood: The Use of Wood, pp. 66-69.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408055636/https://archive.org/details/bulletinunitedst2311964unit|date=2015-04-08 }} "Wooden clocks were made as early as the 17th century in Germany and Holland, and they were known in England in the early 18th century. In the Colonies the wooden clock was first produced in Connecticut, and the earliest type was associated with Hartford County. ...."
131. ^(1) {{cite book |author=Federal Writers Project of the Works Progress Administration for the State of Connecticut |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxRPBjvrUcC&pg=PA59&lpg=PA59&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false |page=59 |title=Industry and Commerce |work=Connecticut: A Guide to Its Roads, Lore and People |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |location=Boston |year=1938 |oclc=905140234 |via=Google Books |quote=Benjamin Cheney produced wooden clocks about 1745, in a small back-yard shop at East Hartford. |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203192640/https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxRPBjvrUcC&pg=PA59&lpg=PA59&f=false |archivedate=2016-02-03 |df= }}
(2) {{cite web |last=Zea |first=Phillip M. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409193734/http://resources.osv.org/explore_learn/document_viewer.php?Action=View&DocID=882 |archivedate=2015-04-09 |url=http://resources.osv.org/explore_learn/document_viewer.php?Action=View&DocID=882 |title=Timekeeping: The Lifestyle of Accuracy--An Interpretive Essay for the J. Cheney Wells Collection of New England Clocks at Old Sturbridge Village |year=1986 |publisher=Old Sturbridge Village |location=Sturbridge, Massachusetts |accessdate=2015-04-09 |quote=In inland New England, the demand to know the time also increased, and clockmakers devised ways to lower the cost of expensive-looking clocks in order to make them available to more households. Following the lead of Seth Youngs in Hartford, Benjamin Cheney, Jr. (1725-1815) and his brother, Timothy (1731-1795), of East Hartford began offering their customers options in timekeeping. About 1750, they started making clocks, with striking trains, that were largely constructed of oak, cherry, and maple and ran for thirty hours.}}
(3) Images and description of face and wooden movement of striking clock constructed by Benjamin Cheney around 1760 on exhibit in 2015 in Clock Gallery of Old Sturbridge Village:
(a) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323045341/http://media.osv.org/FullSize.php?ID=17690|archivedate=2019-03-23|url=http://media.osv.org/FullSize.php?ID=17690|title=Image of face of clock|accessdate=2019-03-23}}
(b) {{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214130419/http://media.osv.org/FullSize.php?ID=17680|archivedate=2016-02-14|url=http://media.osv.org/FullSize.php?ID=17680|title=Image of gears and striking mechanism of clock|accessdate=2019-03-23}}
In {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402065843/http://resources.osv.org/explore_learn/collection_viewer.php?N=57.1.117 |archivedate=2016-04-02|url=http://resources.osv.org/explore_learn/collection_viewer.php?N=57.1.117# |title=Collection No.57.1.117: Tall Case Clock by Benjamin Cheney, Hartford, Connecticut, c. 1760 |publisher=Old Sturbridge Village |location=Sturbridge, Massachusetts |accessdate=2015-04-10 |quote=Description: This movement for a tall case clock was made by Benjamin Cheney in Hartford, Connecticut. The wooden, weight-powered, thirty-hour movement with count wheel strike has a recoil escapement. The dial plate is a thin brass sheet with cast brass spandrels, silvered brass chapter ring, second's bit, calendar ring and name boss all attached to a pine board. "Benjamin Cheney" is engraved on the name boss. ... Materials: Works: chestnut plates, cherry wheels; maple arbors and pinions; brass. Case: Primary wood is walnut; secondary wood: white pine. |deadurl=yes |df= }}
(4) {{cite web |last=Zea |first=Philip |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409190558/http://www.chipstone.org/article.php/86/American-Furniture-1995/Diversity-and-Regionalism-in-Rural-New-England |archivedate=2015-04-09 |url=http://www.chipstone.org/article.php/86/American-Furniture-1995/Diversity-and-Regionalism-in-Rural-New-England |title=Diversity and Regionalism in Rural New England |publisher=Chipstone Foundation |accessdate=2015-04-09|quote=Benjamin Cheney, Jr. (1725–1815) and Timothy Cheney (1731–1795) began making clocks in East Hartford, Connecticut, about 1750. ... Perhaps because their father was a joiner, they developed the concept of offering options in clocks to expand their clientele: thirty-hour wooden movements as well as more expensive, eight-day, brass clocks. .... Two centuries later, these clocks are usually rejected by collectors on the basis of quality, although the ingenious wooden mechanism and the marketing concept behind it were among the more sophisticated ideas afoot in the marketplace of eighteenth-century New England.}}
132. ^(1) {{cite web|url=https://archives.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=824|title=Feature: Construction Details of Rittenhouse Compasses|work=Professional Surveyor Magazine|date=December 2001|first=Jeffrey D.|last=Lock|accessdate=2019-02-22|issn=0278-1425|oclc=1043615987|lccn=82643590|location=Frederick, Maryland|publisher=Professional Surveyors Publishing Company|via=Flatdog Media, Inc.|quote=David Rittenhouse was born April 8, 1732 in Roxborough Township, Philadelphia County. Around the age of 17 he constructed a clock with wooden gears. His father, recognizing his son's potential, helped David build a collection of tools necessary for clock making. After construction was completed on a small workshop at the family's Norriton farm, David began making and selling clocks.}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222155106/https://archives.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=824|date=2019-02-22}}
(2) {{cite book|last=Barton|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRw6AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA97&lpg=PA97#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Memoirs of the Life of David Rittenhouse Anterior to His Settlement in Philadelphia|work=Memoirs of the Life of David Rittenhouse, LLD. F.R.S.: Late President of the American Philosophical Society, &c. Interspersed with Various Notices of Many Distinguished Men: with an Appendix, Containing Sundry Philosophical and Other Papers, Most of which Have Not Hitherto Been Published|page=97|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Edward Parker|year=1813|oclc=166059809|lccn=15004714|accessdate=2019-02-23|quote=It was at this period, or rather at about the seventeenth year of his age, that he made a wooden clock, of very ingenious workmanship:|via=Google Books}}
(3) {{cite journal|first=Fred C.|last=Sweinhart|url=https://hsmcpa.org/images/thebulletin/1941vol3no1.pdf|title=Early Pennsylvania Clocks and Their Makers|page=43|work=The Bulletin of the Historical Society of Montgomery County|volume=3|number=1|date=October 1941|publisher=Historical Society of Montgomery County|location=Norristown, Pennsylvania|oclc=1681070|lccn=sf77000139|issn=0362-8590|accessdate=2019-02-22|quote=David Rittenhouse was born in 1732 and died in 1796. .... He is said to have made his first clock at the age of 17 (1749). This was a wooden clock and the records show that he and his brother Benjamin made brass clocks in 1760.}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222154911/https://hsmcpa.org/images/thebulletin/1941vol3no1.pdf|date=2019-02-22}}
133. ^[https://archive.org/stream/freedmensbook01chil#page/n29/mode/2up Child, p. 17.] "When he was fifty-nine years old, he made an Almanac. ... This was the first Almanac ever made in this country".
134. ^{{cite web |last=Graves |first=Lynne Gomez, Historical Projects Director, Afro-American Bicentennial Corporation, Washington, D.C |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001145447/http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/Arlington/000-0015_%20Banneker_SW-9_Intermediate_Boundary_Stone_1976_Final_Nomination_NHL.pdf |archivedate=2016-10-01 |url=http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/Arlington/000-0015_%20Banneker_SW-9_Intermediate_Boundary_Stone_1976_Final_Nomination_NHL.pdf |title=Benjamin Banneker: SW-9 Intermediate Boundary Stone (milestone) of the District of Columbia: Statement of Significance |work=United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service: National Register of Historic Places Inventory––Nomination Form |location=Richmond, Virginia |publisher=Virginia Department of Historic Resources |date=1976-02-03 |page=3 |accessdate=2016-10-07}}
135. ^(1) {{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Isiah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oH0yAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA46&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Catalog of Books printed by Daye |work=The History of Printing in America: With A Biography of Printers: In Two Volumes: With the Author's Corrections and Additions, and a Catalog of American Publications Previous to the Revolution of 1776: Originally published Albany 1874 |location=New York |publisher=Burt Franklin |edition=2nd |volume=1 |pages=46–48|via=Google Books |quote=1639. An Almanack, calculated for New England. By Mr. Pierce, Mariner}}
(2) {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QxsDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA34&ved=0CBYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The First Almanac |work=The Bookworm: An Illustrated History of Old-Time Literature |location=London |publisher=Elliot Stock, 62, Paternoster Road |year=1888 |page=34 |via=Google Books |quote=It is a fact upon which most bibliographers agree, that the first almanac printed in America came out in 1639, and was entitled "An Almanac Calculated for New England" by Mr. Pierce, Mariner. The printer was Stephen Day, or Daye, to whom belongs the title of the first printer in North America. The press was at Cambridge, Mass., and its introduction was effected mainly through Rev. Jesse Glover, a wealthy Nonconformist minister, who had only recently left England. |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403090707/https://books.google.com/books?id=QxsDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA34&ved=0CBYQ6AEwAA |archivedate=2016-04-03 |df=}}
(3) {{cite book |last=North |first=Simon Newton Dexter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA55&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false |work=History and Present Condition of the Newspaper and Periodical Press, with a Catalogue of the Publications of the Census Year|title=Almanacs and Annual Publications|location=Washington |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=1884 |page=55 |via=Google Books |quote=In 1639 appeared in Cambridge "An Almanac Calculated for New England", by Mr. William Pierce, Mariner |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413012136/https://books.google.com/books?id=HlMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA55&f=false |archivedate=2016-04-13 |df=}}
(4) [https://books.google.com/books?id=7JRJ-AXbTTMC&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32#v=onepage&q&f=false Morrison, p. 32.]
136. ^{{cite web|url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/biographies/85578603/nathaniel-ames|title=Ames, Nathaniel|date=February 2013|work=Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed.|page=1|via=EBSC Host Connection|accessdate=2018-05-28}}
137. ^(1) {{cite web|year=1727|author=Poor Robin (James Franklin)|url=https://archive.org/stream/rhodeislandalma00frangoog#page/n5/mode/2up|title=The Rhode-Island almanack. For the year, 1728. Being bissextile, or leap-year. Carefully fitted, and exact- [sic] calculated to the meridian of Newport on Rhode-Island; whose latitude north is 41 gr. 30 m. longitude from London 72 grs. But may without sensible error, serve all parts of New-England. Being the first ever published for that meridian.|oclc=70091122|accessdate=2018-05-28|via=Internet Archive}}
(2) {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fksTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA14&lpg=PA14#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Check List of Rhode Island Almanacs, 1643-1850|first=Howard M.|last=Chapin|pages=14–15|publisher=American Antiquarian Society|location=Worcester, Massachusetts|lccn=16002536|oclc=964275|via=Google Books}}
138. ^{{cite book |last=Goodrich |first=Charles A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djYEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA267&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Benjamin Franklin |work=Lives of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence |page=267 |location=New York |publisher=W. Reed & Co. |year=1829 |oclc=2343155 |accessdate=2015-04-24 |via=Google Books}}
139. ^{{cite web|url=https://nationalheritagemuseum.typepad.com/library_and_archives/jonas-h-brown/|title=New Acquisition: First Masonic Almanac Published in the United States|publisher=Scottish Rite Masonic Museum & Library|location=Lexington, Massachusetts|date=2012-07-24|accessdate=2018-12-30|quote=Samuel Stearns (1741-1809), the author whose name appears on the cover of The Free Mason's Calendar, was a physician and astronomer. In addition to the Free Mason's Calendar, he issued other almanacs, including the North-American Almanack, published annually from 1771-1784, as well as the first American nautical almanac, The Navigator's Kalendar, or Nautical Almanack, for 1783.}}
140. ^1 2 (1) {{cite web|last=Davis|first=Nancy M.|url=http://www.lewisandclarkphila.org/philadelphia/philadelphiaellicott.html|title=Andrew Ellicott: Astronomer…mathematician…surveyor|work=Philadelphia Connection|publisher=Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation: Philadelphia Chapter|date=2001-08-26|accessdate=2018-09-28|quote=After the war, he (Ellicott) returned to Fountainvale, the family home in Ellicott Upper Mills, and published a series of almanacs, ‘The United States Almanack.’ (The earliest known copy is dated 1782.)}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060109215305/http://www.lewisandclarkphila.org/philadelphia/philadelphiaellicott.html|date=2006-01-09}}
(2) [https://books.google.com/books?id=w0BZAAAAYAAJ Bedini, 1999], pp. 97, 109, 210.
141. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=7JRJ-AXbTTMC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Morrison]
142. ^1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=7JRJ-AXbTTMC&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30#v=onepage&q&f=false Morrison, pp. 30-31.]
143. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331030208/https://bannekerinstitute.fas.harvard.edu/about|archivedate=2019-03-31 |url=http://bannekerinstitute.fas.harvard.edu/about|title=Why Banneker?|work=About Banneker Banneker Institute: Banneker Institute: Harvard University|year=2019|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=The President and Fellows of Harvard College|accessdate=2019-03-31 |quote=The program and its name are a nod to Benjamin Banneker, a surveyor best known for accompanying Andrew Ellicott in his original land survey of what would become Washington, D.C. Banneker was also an accomplished astronomer, which drove the success of his series of almanacs. As a forefather to Black American contributions to science, his eminence has earned him the distinction of being the first professional astronomer in America.}}
144. ^1 {{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120062215/https://bannekerinstitute.fas.harvard.edu/|archivedate=2019-01-20|url=https://bannekerinstitute.fas.harvard.edu|title=Banneker Institute|work=Harvard University|year=2019|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=The President and Fellows of Harvard College|accessdate=2019-03-31|quote=The Banneker Institute summer program is a full-time, ten-week research and study experience. We prepare undergraduate students of color for graduate programs in astronomy by emphasizing research, building community, and encouraging debate and political action through social justice education.}}
145. ^{{cite book |last=Allaben |first=Frank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vEQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA67 |title=Original Document: Banneker's Appeal to Jefferson for Emancipation |work=The National Magazine: A Journal Devoted To American History: Vol. XVII, November, 1892 — April, 1893 |page=67 |location=New York |publisher=The National History Company |accessdate=2017-02-18 |via=Google Books |quote=...., but that having taken up my pen in order to direct to you as a present a copy of my Almanac which I have calculated for the Succeeding year, ..... and altho I had almost declined to make my calculation for the ensuing year, in consequence of that time which I had allotted therefor being taking up at the Federal Territory by the request of Mr. Andrew Ellicott, yet finding my Self underal several engagements to printers of this State to whom I have communicated my design, on my return to my place of residence, I industrially applied my Self thereto, .... |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304051032/https://books.google.com/books?id=2vEQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA67#v=onepage&q&f=falsel |archivedate=2017-03-04 |df= }}
146. ^(1) {{cite web |url=http://www.nyskies.org/articles/pazmino/18-centy.htm |title=Outline of 18th Century Astronomy |first=John |last=Pazmino |date=2008-06-15 |publisher=NYSkies Astronomy Inc. |accessdate=2017-02-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121050122/http://www.nyskies.org/articles/pazmino/18-centy.htm |archivedate=2008-11-21 |df= }}
(2) {{cite web|title=Astronomers and Stargazers: Eyeing a Heliocentric Heaven for Planets, Portents, and Horoscopes|first=Anthony F.|last=Aveni|url=https://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Winter05-06/telescopes.cfm|date=Winter 2006|work=Colonial Williamsburg Journal|location=Williamsburg, Virginia|publisher=Colonial Williamsburg Foundation|accessdate=2017-02-19|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220092843/http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Winter05-06/telescopes.cfm|archivedate=2006-02-20|df=}}
147. ^1 2 {{cite journal |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=1942PA.....50..408R&db_key=AST&page_ind=0&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_VIEW&classic=YES |last=Rumrill |first=H.B. |title=Early American Astronomy |journal=Popular Astronomy |volume=50 |pages=408–419 |date=October 1942 |accessdate=2017-02-18|via=The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory/National Aeronautics and Space Administration Astrophysics Data System hosted by the High Energy Astrophysics Division at the Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics}}
148. ^(1) {{cite web|url=http://www.apsmuseum.org/tov-event/|title=Sic Transit Glorious: A Transit of Venus Celebration: June 1 – 10, 2012|work=APS museum|year=2012|publisher=American Philosophical Society|accessdate=2017-03-02|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424165112/http://www.apsmuseum.org/tov-event/|archivedate=2012-04-24}}
(2) {{cite journal|last=Winthrop|first=John|author-link=John Winthrop (educator)|title=Observation of the Transit of Venus, June 6, 1761, at St John's, Newfound-Land|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society|year=1764|volume=54|pages=279–283|doi=10.1098/rstl.1764.0048}}
149. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CWy0pUAquCEC&pg=PA56#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Astronomy and Astrophysics |work=The History of Science in the United States: An Encyclopedia |editor=Rothenberg, Marc (Smithsonian Institution) |publisher=Garland Publishing, Inc.|location=New York|year=2001|pages=56–57|isbn=9780203902806|oclc=682090024|lccn=2003040978|accessdate=2017-02-19|via=Google Books|quote=This level of (astronomical) activity could not be sustained after the Revolutionary War. A people engaged in war and nation-building were unable to provide its astronomical community with sufficient community resources to be competitive with Europe. .... Individuals interested in astronomy could earn a living as surveyors, through the publications of almanacs or teaching, but not through research. As a result, what astronomical activity there was during the years of 1776 through 1830 was sporadic and inconsequential.}}
150. ^1 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4zjv84hHNPcC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false |last=Sherrod |first=P. Clay |last2=Koed |first2=Thomas L. |title=A Complete Manual of Amateur Astronomy: Tools and Techniques for Astronomical Observations|page=2|isbn=9780486152165 |oclc=904451880|lccn=81002441|publisher=Prentice-Hall|location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey |year=1981|accessdate=2017-02-20|via=Google Books|quote=The dawn of American professional astronomy began midway in the nineteenth century, when the Naval Observatory at Washington, D.C., was established in 1844. In 1847 the giant refractor of Harvard College was put to use by the father of American astronomy, William Cranch Bond, a clockmaker from Boston. Interestingly, Bond was self-trained in his knowledge of astronomy and was an amateur in the strictest sense until taking the Harvard appointment.}}
151. ^{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806024644/https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/hco/grref.html|archivedate=2018-08-06|url=https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/hco/grref.html|title=HCO: The Great Refractor|work=Harvard College Observatory|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics|accessdate=2019-03-30}}
152. ^{{cite web |last=Milloy |first=Courtland |url=http://www.bannekermemorial.org/news/buzzforbanneker.htm |title=Time to Create Some Buzz for Banneker |work=The Washington Post |date=2004-04-21 |page=B01 |location=Washington, D.C.}} Republished by Washington Interdependence Council: Administrators of the Benjamin Banneker Memorial and Banneker Institute of Math & Science {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224034923/http://www.bannekermemorial.org/index.html |date=2013-02-24 }}. Retrieved 2012-10-02.
153. ^Note: Milloy gave Bedini, 1999, as his source of information. [https://books.google.com/books?id=w0BZAAAAYAAJ Bedini, 1999], p. 264, quotes the following sentence in a journal that Banneker wrote around 1795 describing the cicadas' periodic appearances: "So that if I may venture, So as to express it, their periodic return is Seventeen years." Banneker therefore believed that he was the first to report this periodicity. Bedini did not express any such belief. Further, Bedini, 1999, does not state that Banneker's handwritten report was printed or published before Banneker died in 1806.
154. ^{{cite journal |last=Barber |first=Janet E. |last2=Nkwanta |first2=Asamoah |url=http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1070&context=jhm |title=Benjamin Banneker's Original Handwritten Document: Observations and Study of the Cicada |journal=Journal of Humanistic Mathematics |volume=4 |number=1 |page=119 |year=2014 |doi=10.5642/jhummath.201401.07 |accessdate=2015-01-19 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827123841/http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1070&context=jhm |archivedate=2014-08-27 |df=}}
155. ^1 2 {{cite book |last=Marlatt |first=C.L |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hc8aAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113&lpg=PA113&f=false |work=The Periodical Cicada: An Account of Cicada Septendecim, Its Natural Enemies and the Means of Preventing its Injury, Together With A Summary of the Distribution of the Different Broods (Bulletin No. 14 - New Series, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology) |title=The Periodical Cicada in Literature |pages=112–118 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |year=1898 |oclc=10684275 |accessdate=2016-05-21 |via=Google Books |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222053955/https://books.google.com/books?id=hc8aAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113&lpg=PA113&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false |archivedate=2016-12-22 |df= }}
156. ^{{cite book |last=Dudley |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9X4663giukC&pg=PA49&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Periodical Revolutions |year=1733 |work=Additional Manuscripts 4433, Folios 4-11, Division of Manuscripts of the British Library, London |accessdate=2017-05-21 |via=Google Books |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216212500/https://books.google.com/books?id=C9X4663giukC&pg=PA49&f=false |archivedate=2017-02-16 |df=}} Cited on page 49 of {{cite book |last=Kritsky |first=Gene |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9X4663giukC&pg=PA43&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false |work=America's Curious Botanist: A Tercentennial Reappraisal of John Bartram 1699-1777 |title=John Bartram and the Periodical Cicadas: A Case Study |editors=Hoffmann, Nancy E. and Van Horne, John C |publisher=The American Philosophical Society |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |year=2004 |pages=43–51 |accessdate=2017-05-21 |via=Google Books |quote=Moreover, the first time the Society had heard about periodical cicadas was from Paul Dudley, who sent a manuscript to the Society in 1733. .... Dudley correctly noted the seventeen-year life cycle and provided evidence. However, Collinson's paper shows that he used Bartram's claim of a fifteen-year cycle in his paper. |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216230002/https://books.google.com/books?id=C9X4663giukC&pg=PA43&f=false |archivedate=2017-02-16 |df=}}
157. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal |last=Davis |first=J.J. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103031952/https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/4028/V53N03_138.pdf;jsessionid=95D493BC5FD5B919ABC2F5CCF1154087?sequence=1%2520|archivedate=2018-11-03 |url=https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/4028/V53N03_138.pdf;jsessionid=95D493BC5FD5B919ABC2F5CCF1154087?sequence=1 |title=Pehr Kalm's Description of the Periodical Cicada, Magicicada septendecim L., from Kongl. Svenska Vetenskap Academiens Handlinger, 17:101-116, 1756, translated by Larson, Esther Louise (Mrs. K.E. Doak) |journal=The Ohio Journal of Science |volume=53 |date=May 1953 |pages=139–140 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Republished by [https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/ Knowledge Bank: The Ohio State University Libraries and Office of the Chief Information Officer] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003092134/http://kb.osu.edu/dspace/ |date=2015-10-03 }}. Retrieved 2012-10-02.
158. ^{{cite book |last=Kalm |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qG0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA212#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Travels into North America: Translated into English, By John Reinhold Foster |year=1771 |volume=2 |pages=212–213 |location=London |publisher=T. Lowndess |accessdate=2017-05-21 |via=Google Books |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111165302/https://books.google.com/books?id=qG0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA212 |archivedate=2017-01-11 |df=}}
159. ^{{cite book |last=Kalm |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qG0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Travels into North America: Translated into English, By John Reinhold Foster |year=1771 |volume=2 |pages=6–7 |location=London |publisher=T. Lowndess |accessdate=2017-05-21 |via=Google Books |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412223022/https://books.google.com/books?id=qG0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA6 |archivedate=2016-04-12 |df=}}
160. ^{{cite book |last=Linnaei |first=Caroli |authorlink=Carl Linnaeus |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10277#page/458/mode/1up |work=Systema Naturae Per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis |title=Insecta. Hemiptera. Cicada. Mannifera. septendecim. |year=1758 |edition=10 |volume=1 |pages=436–437 |location=Stockholm, Sweden |publisher=Laurentii Salvii |accessdate=2017-05-24 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325030419/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10277 |archivedate=2017-03-25 |df=}}
161. ^{{cite book |last=Bartram |first=Moses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5lGAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA2-PA103&lpg=RA2-PA103#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Observations on the cicada, or locust of America, which appears periodically once in 16 or 17 years. Communicated by the ingenious Peter Collinson, Esq. |work=The Annual Register, or a View of the History, Politicks, and Literature, for the Year 1767 |location=London |publisher=Printed for J. Dodsley (1768) |pages=103–106 |year=1766 |oclc=642534652 |accessdate=2017-05-21 |via=Google Books}}
162. ^{{cite journal |last=Morris |first=Lloyd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K6TFfEvDJREC&pg=PA238#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=February 1930 |title=The Negro 'Renaissance |journal=Southern Workman |volume=59 |pages=82–86 |publisher=Press of the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute |location=Hampton, Virginia}} Reprinted in {{cite book |first=Henry Louis |last=Gates, Jr. |first2=Gene Andrew |last2=Garrett |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K6TFfEvDJREC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The New Negro: Readings on Race, Representation, and African American Culture, 1892–1938 |location=Princeton, New Jersey |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2007 |pages=238–239 |isbn=978-0-691-12652-4 |oclc=608490813 |lccn=2006052876 |accessdate=2017-05-23 |via=Google Books |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224201512/https://books.google.com/books?id=K6TFfEvDJREC&printsec=frontcover |archivedate=2016-12-24 |df=}}
163. ^[https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/about/presidents/thomasjefferson/ Biography of Thomas Jefferson] in official website of the White House {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409073342/http://www.whitehouse.gov/ |date=2011-04-09 }}. Retrieved 2009-08-23.
164. ^{{cite web |last=Jefferson |first=Thomas |url=http://memory.loc.gov/mss/mcc/028/0001.jpg |title=Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Mr. Benjamin Banneker |date=August 30, 1791 |work=Image of letter in American Memory |publisher=Library of Congress |accessdate=2015-04-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203192640/http://memory.loc.gov/mss/mcc/028/0001.jpg |archivedate=2016-02-03 |df=}}
165. ^1943 Cartoon by Charles Alston: "BENJAMIN BANNEKER – ASTRONOMER-CITY PLANNER". Image available at the [https://www.archives.gov/research/arc/index.html Archival Research Catalog (ARC) of the National Archives and Records Administration] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801174121/http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/index.html |date=2009-08-01 }} under the ARC Identifier 535626. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
166. ^{{cite web |last=Wonder |first=Stevie |last2=Byrd |first2=Gary |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625061704/http://www.metrolyrics.com/black-man-lyrics-stevie-wonder.html |archivedate=2013-06-25 |url=http://www.metrolyrics.com/black-man-lyrics-stevie-wonder.html |title=Black Man Lyrics |publisher=MetroLyrics |accessdate=2016-03-28}}
167. ^(1) {{cite web|first=Núria|last=Perpinyà|author-link=Núria Perpinyà|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GLhjAAAACAAJ|title=Un bon error|work=Narrativa (Empúries), 77|location=Barcelona|publisher=Editorial Empúries|year=1998|language=Catalan|isbn=8475965733|lccn=98158475|oclc=807597706|accessdate=2017-11-17|via=Google Books}}
(2) {{cite web|first=Núria|last=Perpinyà|author-link=Núria Perpinyà|url=http://nuriaperpinya.com/?page_id=172&lang=en|title=A Good Mistake|publisher=Núria Perpinyà|via=Diseño web Freelance - FreelandStudio S.L.|year=2014|accessdate=2016-07-31|quote=For example, Aleph Banneker is not a poor black but an eminent scientist. .... The references to scientists and thinkers, starting with the black astronomer and urbanist from the eighteenth century, Benjamin Banneker, are real.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030061427/http://nuriaperpinya.com/work/a-good-mistake/?lang=en|archivedate=2014-10-30|df=}}
168. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20130322112050/http://www.boundarystones.org/articles/rchs_1969.pdf Bedini 1969]
169. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|url=https://comp.ddot.dc.gov/Documents/L%27Enfant%20Promenade%20and%20Benjamin%20Banneker%20Park%20Environmental%20Assessment.pdf|title=Benjamin Banneker Memorial|work=Environmental Assessment for Improvements to L'Enfant Promenade and Benjamin Banneker Park|date=March 2006|publisher=District Department of Transportation, Government of the District of Columbia (DC.gov) and Eastern Federal Lands Highway Division, Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation|pages=1–6, 1–7|accessdate=2017-11-16|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116232714/https://comp.ddot.dc.gov/Documents/L%27Enfant%20Promenade%20and%20Benjamin%20Banneker%20Park%20Environmental%20Assessment.pdf|archivedate=2017-11-16|df=}}
170. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20130322112050/http://www.boundarystones.org/articles/rchs_1969.pdf Bedini, 1969], p. 24.
171. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.ncpc.gov/files/projects/2016/7551_Environmental_Assessment_Apr2016.pdf |title=Benjamin Banneker Park |work=Environmental Assessment: Benjamin Banneker Park Connection |date=March 2016 |page=29 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Park Service: National Mall and Memorial Parks |accessdate=2017-04-28 |quote=The Tenth Street Overlook was renamed Benjamin Banneker Park in 1971 by the NPS, though the area has no specific connection to Banneker himself, ...}}
172. ^1 (1) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050731022650/http://www.peterwaddell.com/initiated.html |archivedate=2005-07-31 |url=http://peterwaddell.com/initiated.html |4= |title=A Vision Unfolds |work=Exhibitions: The Initiated Eye: Secrets, Symbols, Freemasonry and the Architecture of Washington, DC |publisher=Peter Waddell.com |accessdate=2016-10-22 |quote=A Vision Unfolds: 36" x 48", oil on canvas}}
(2) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109065208/http://www.peterwaddell.com/biography.html |archivedate=2012-01-09 |url=http://www.peterwaddell.com/biography.html |title=Biography |work=Peter Waddell |publisher=Peter Waddell.com |accessdate=2016-10-22 |quote=Exhibitions: .... 2005: The Initiated Eye: Secrets, Symbols, Freemasonry and the Architecture of Washington DC. The Octagon Museum, Washington, DC.}}
(3) {{cite web |url=http://204.3.136.66/web/journal-files/Issues/jul-aug05/cijul-aug.htm |title=Masonic Art Exhibit Opens at the Octagon |work=The Scottish Rite Journal of Freemasonry: Southern Jurisdiction, U.S.A.: Current Interest: July–August 2005 |location=Washington, D.C. |accessdate=2016-10-23 |quote=Tuesday, May 17, was the grand opening of the Octagon Museum’s phenomenal exhibit, “The Initiated Eye: Secrets, Symbols, Freemasonry, and the Architecture of Washington, D.C.” Twenty-one paintings by Peter Waddell showcased the little-recognized contribution of Freemasons to the design and architecture of our nation’s capital. |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024023746/http://204.3.136.66/web/journal-files/Issues/jul-aug05/cijul-aug.htm |archivedate=2016-10-24 |df=}}
(4) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005060728/http://www.artmagick.com/exhibitions/exhibition.aspx?id=786 |archivedate=2007-10-05 |url=http://www.artmagick.com/exhibitions/exhibition.aspx?id=786 |title=The Initiated Eye: Secrets, Symbols, Freemasonry and the Architecture of Washington, DC |publisher=ArtMagick |year=2007 |accessdate=2016-12-02 |quote=The Initiated Eye: Secrets, Symbols, Freemasonry and the Architecture of Washington, DC, with Paintings by Peter Waddell, features 21 paintings by Waddell, a contemporary history painter, illustrates the Masonic connection to the building of early-19th century Washington. Exhibition Locations and Dates: USA, Nebraska, Omaha, Joslyn Art Museum: April 28, 2007 - June 10, 2007}}
(5) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226233914/http://nationalheritagemuseum.typepad.com/library_and_archives/benjamin-banneker/ |archivedate=2010-02-26 |url=http://nationalheritagemuseum.typepad.com/library_and_archives/benjamin-banneker/ |title=Benjamin Banneker |work=The Initiated Eye: Freemasonry and the Architecture of Washington, D.C. (exhibition) |location=Lexington, Massachusetts |publisher=National Heritage Museum |date=2009-12-17 |accessdate=2016-10-22 |quote=The Initiated Eye" presents 21 oil paintings by Peter Waddell based on the architecture of Washington, D.C., and the role that our founding fathers and prominent citizens – many of whom were Freemasons – played in establishing the layout and design of the city. .... The painting shown here depicts a meeting between President George Washington (1732-1799) and surveyors Andrew Ellicott (1754-1820) and Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806). Congress designated the location of the new capital on January 24, 1791. Elliott and Banneker surveyed the ten-mile-square tract of land and produced a base map of the area. .... The Initiated Eye" opens December 19, 2009 and will be on view through January 9, 2011.}}
(6) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023133646/http://www.dcgrandlodge.org/masonic-art.html |archivedate=2016-10-23 |url=http://www.dcgrandlodge.org/masonic-art.html |title=A Vision Unfolds |work=The Initiated Eye: Panel 1 |publisher=The Grand Lodge of Free And Accepted Masons of the District of Columbia |location=Washington, D.C. |year=2013 |accessdate=2016-12-02 |quote=A Vision Unfolds - Congress designated the location of the new Capitol on January 24, 1791. It was a ten-mile square parcel of land along the Potomac and Eastern Branch Rivers. Andrew Ellicott and Benjamin Banneker surveyed the tract of land and produced the base map. Banneker, a self taught African American surveyor and astronomer, plotted the locations of the forty boundary stones one mile apart along the entire perimeter.}} Note: Panel 1 contains a high-resolution image of A Vision Unfolds.
(7) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023185503/http://www.dcgrandlodge.org/news/a-scottish-rite-salute-to-the-grand-lodge-of-dc |archivedate=2016-10-23 |url=http://www.dcgrandlodge.org/news/a-scottish-rite-salute-to-the-grand-lodge-of-dc |title=Grand Lodge History & The Initiated Eye Painting Exhibit |date=2011-10-26 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=The Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the District of Columbia |accessdate=2016-10-23 |quote=Illustrious Leonard Proden, 33˚, S.G.I.G. of the Supreme Council in D.C and Past Grand Master of Masons in D.C is pleased to announce that the Valley of Washington, Orient of the District of Columbia, will celebrate the 200th Anniversary of the founding of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the District of Columbia on Tuesday, November 15, 2011. All brethren, their family, and friends are invited to participate in this festive evening which will include: .... A special viewing of “The Initiated Eye”, the heralded collection of D.C. Masonic-themed paintings, on exhibition in Washington, D.C. again for the first time in over five years. The artist, Peter Waddell, will be on hand to present his latest addition to the collection, a celebratory painting commemorating the Bicentennial of the Grand Lodge of D.C.}}
173. ^{{cite web |last=Savage |first=Edward|author-link=Edward Savage (artist) |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914070401/http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/Collection/art-object-page.561.html |archivedate=2016-09-14 |url=http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/Collection/art-object-page.561.html |title=The Washington Family 1789-1796 |work=Collection |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Gallery of Art |accessdate=2016-10-24 |quote=Edward Savage's The Washington Family quickly became a veritable icon of our early national pride. In the winter of 1789–1790, President Washington and his wife posed for Savage in New York City, then the nation's capital. ... With a map before her, Martha Washington is "pointing with her fan to the grand avenue," now known as Pennsylvania Avenue.}}
174. ^1 {{cite web |last=Ellicott |first=Andrew |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/88694130/ |title=Territory of Columbia |work=Maps |publisher=Library of Congress |year=1793 |accessdate=2016-10-22 |quote=Notes: ... Accompanied by positive and negative photocopies of 3 letters dated 1793 relating to the map, 1 of which signed by: And'w Ellicott. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011082202/https://www.loc.gov/item/88694130/ |archivedate=2016-10-11 |df= }}
175. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=GgULOzNSafMC&pg=PA57#v=onepage&q&f=false Stewart, p. 57]
176. ^(1) [https://books.google.com/books?id=w0BZAAAAYAAJ Bedini, 1999], p. 145.
(2) Bedini, 2008. " For his participation on the survey, including travel, Banneker was paid a total of $60."
177. ^(1) {{cite web|url=http://www.coinnews.net/2008/06/04/washington-dc-quarter-designs-ready-public-asked-to-vote-for-favorite-4147/|title=Washington DC Quarter Design Images Released, Public Asked to Vote for Favorite|date=2008-06-04|accessdate=2018-01-15|publisher=CoinNews.net|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115230136/http://www.coinnews.net/2008/06/04/washington-dc-quarter-designs-ready-public-asked-to-vote-for-favorite-4147/|archivedate=2018-01-15|df=}}
(2) {{cite web|url=https://www.usmint.gov/coins/coin-medal-programs/dc-and-us-territories/district-of-columbia|title=District of Columbia Quarter|work=Coin and Medal Programs: D.C. and U.S. Territories Quarters|publisher=United States Mint|date=2016-06-01|accessdate=2018-01-15}}
178. ^{{cite news|title=Benjamin Banneker: Abolitionist, Mathematician, Scientist, Inventor|work=District of Columbia Quarter Dollar Coin Design Narratives: Office of the Secretary of the District of Columbia: Letter from Adrian M. Fenty, Mayor of the District of Columbia to Edmund C. Moy, Director, United States Mint: News Release: "DC Submits Quarter Dollar Designs to the US Mint"|publisher=Newsroom, Government of the District of Columbia|date=2008-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303002222/http://newsroom.dc.gov/show.aspx?agency%3Dos%26section%3D2%26release%3D12831%26year%3D2008%26file%3Dfile.aspx%2Frelease%2F12831%2FDC%2520Quarter%2520Submission.pdf|archivedate=2008-03-03|format=PDF|url=http://newsroom.dc.gov/show.aspx?agency%3Dos%26section%3D2%26release%3D12831%26year%3D2008%26file%3Dfile.aspx/release/12831/DC%2520Quarter%2520Submission.pdf|accessdate=2012-05-06|deadurl=yes|df=}}
179. ^{{cite web|url=http://newsroom.dc.gov:80/show.aspx?agency=os§ion=2&release=12831&year=2008&file=file.aspx%2Frelease%2F12831%2FFinal%2520Narratives%2520Only.pdf|title=Benjamin Banneker: Abolitionist, Mathematician, Astronomer|work=District of Columbia Quarter Dollar Coin Design Final Narratives|page=2|publisher=Office of the Secretary of the District of Columbia: Newsroom, Government of the District of Columbia|date=2008-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512021947/http://newsroom.dc.gov/show.aspx?agency=os§ion=2&release=12831&year=2008&file=file.aspx%2Frelease%2F12831%2FFinal%2520Narratives%2520Only.pdf|archivedate=2008-05-12|deadurl=yes|df=}}
180. ^{{cite web |last=Fenty|first=Adrian M. |date=2008-06-19 |url=https://os.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/os/publication/attachments/OS_Recommendation_Letter_to_the_%20US_Mint_June_19_2008.pdf |title=Recommendation Letter to the U.S. Mint |publisher=Office of the Secretary of the District of Columbia: Government of the District of Columbia |accessdate=2018-01-15|deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115223440/https://os.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/os/publication/attachments/OS_Recommendation_Letter_to_the_%20US_Mint_June_19_2008.pdf |archivedate=2018-01-15|df=}}
181. ^1 {{cite web |author=Maryland Historical Society |url=http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=5407 |title="Benjamin Banneker (1731–1806)" marker |publisher=hmdb.org: Historical Marker Database |accessdate=2010-09-21 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019092107/http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=5407 |archivedate=2011-10-19}}
182. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=w0BZAAAAYAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Maryland+almanac%22 Bedini, 1999, p. 317]
183. ^Bedini, 1999, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=w0BZAAAAYAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22format+of+published%22 96]—[https://books.google.com/books?id=w0BZAAAAYAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Ellicott+had+sold%22 97], [https://books.google.com/books?id=w0BZAAAAYAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22general+format%22 148]
184. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=w0BZAAAAYAAJ Bedini, 1999], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=w0BZAAAAYAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Ellicott+had+sold%22 97], 210.
185. ^1 Title page of {{cite web |last=Banneker |first=Benjamin |url=http://memory.loc.gov/rbc/rbcmisc/ody/ody0214/0214001v.jpg |title=Benjamin Banneker's Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia Almanack and Ephemeris For the YEAR of our LORD 1792 |publisher=William Goddard, James Angell, Joseph Crukshank, Daniel Humphreys, Messrs. Hanson and Bond |location=Baltimore, Philadelphia, Alexandria |accessdate=2010-08-20 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528081727/http://memory.loc.gov/rbc/rbcmisc/ody/ody0214/0214001v.jpg |archivedate=2013-05-28 |df=}} Image in {{cite web |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/index.html |title=American Memory |publisher=Library of Congress |accessdate=2015-04-24 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422002641/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/index.html |archivedate=2015-04-22 |df=}}
186. ^Coordinates of National Park Service's historical marker in Benjamin Banneker Park, Washington, D.C.: {{coord|38.8818496|-77.026037|type:landmark|name=Historical marker in Benjamin Banneker Park, Washington, D.C.|format=dms}}
187. ^1 2 3 (1) {{cite web |last=Miller|first=Richard E.|editor=Kevin W.|work=National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior |url=http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=20384|title="Benjamin Banneker Park" marker |publisher=HMdb.org: The Historical Marker Database |date=2009-06-30|accessdate=2018-07-15}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020034828/http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=20384|date=2011-10-20}}
(2) {{cite web|first=Richard E.|last=Miller|url=https://www.hmdb.org/Photos/68/Photo68879o.jpg|title="Benjamin Banneker Park" marker|format=photograph|publisher=HMdb.org: The Historical Marker Database|date=2009-06-27|accessdate=2018-07-15}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715202724/https://www.hmdb.org/Photos/68/Photo68879o.jpg|date=2018-07-15}}
188. ^(1) [https://books.google.com/books?id=PsraAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Completed+in+1753%22 Bedini, 1971, p. 45.] "Completed in 1753, Bannekers' clock continued to operate until his death, more than 50 years later."
(2) {{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3opAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA729#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Book Notice: Banneker, the Afric-American Astronomer. From the posthumous papers of M.E. Tyson. Edited by Her Daughter. Phila. 1020 Arch Street. 1884 |work=Friends Review: A Religious, Literary and Miscellaneous Journal |volume=37 |number=46 |page=729 |editor=Hartshorne, Henry |location=1316 Filbert Street, Philadelphia |publisher=Franklin E. Paige |date=1884-06-21 |via=Google Books |quote=Showing his inventive facility while quite a youth by making a good wooden clock without ever seeing a clock, being only guided by examining a borrowed watch, he (Banneker) .... |accessdate=2017-01-16 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116214505/https://books.google.com/books?id=_3opAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA729 |archivedate=2017-01-16 |df=}}
189. ^Note: In 1999, one of Banneker's biographers, who had earlier written that Banneker had constructed his clock based on drawings that he had made from a watch that he had acquired from a trader ([https://archive.org/details/bulletinunitedst2311964unit Bedini, 1964, p. 22]), wrote that Banneker had constructed his clock from memory ([https://books.google.com/books?id=w0BZAAAAYAAJ Bedini, 1999], p. 42). The biographer did not identify a source for this statement. In 2008, when again describing Banneker's clock, this biographer wrote: "It is said that it was based on his recollections of the mechanism of a pocket watch." (Bedini, 2008 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203192640/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Benjamin_Banneker.aspx |date=2016-02-03 }}).
190. ^Note: The Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History holds in its collections a striking wooden clock that Benjamin Cheney constructed in Connecticut around 1760 ([https://books.google.com/books?id=PsraAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Benjamin+Cheney%22+ Bedini, 1971, p. 102.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322011313/https://books.google.com/books?id=PsraAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Benjamin+Cheney%22+|date=2019-03-22}} and [https://books.google.com/books?id=w0BZAAAAYAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Benjamin+Cheney%22+ Bedini, 1999, p. 45.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322005227/https://books.google.com/books?id=w0BZAAAAYAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Benjamin+Cheney%22+|date=2019-03-22}}). The wooden clock shown in the Benjamin Banneker Park historical marker is identical to the one shown in the photograph in Bedini's books.
191. ^Text of historic marker entitled “1800–1860 – Benjamin Banneker” on outdoor overlook of Pennsylvania Avenue on Level 6 of Newseum, 555 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, D.C. Text of marker recorded on 2008-04-11.
192. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://stamps.org/userfiles/file/albums/BlackHeritage.pdf|title=Benjamin Banneker|work=The Black Heritage Series|pages=2–3|publisher=American Philatelic Society|year=2017|accessdate=2018-01-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108024931/https://stamps.org/userfiles/file/albums/BlackHeritage.pdf|archivedate=2018-01-08|quote=Benjamin Banneker: One of America’s most accomplished African Americans during the colonial period was Benjamin Banneker. A self-taught mathematician and astronomer, Banneker was a member of the team that surveyed and designed the layout for Washington, DC.}}
193. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://arago.si.edu/exhibit_461_3.html|title=Early Pioneers|work=Arago: People, Postage & The Post (Exhibits)|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Smithsonian National Postal Museum|accessdate=2018-01-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108022223/https://arago.si.edu/exhibit_461_3.html|archivedate=2018-01-08|quote=A self-taught mathematician and astronomer, Benjamin Banneker was probably the most accomplished African American of America’s colonial period. In 1753, he constructed the first wooden striking clock made in America. His studies and calculations in astronomy allowed him to successfully predict a solar eclipse in 1789 and to publish farmer’s almanacs in the 1790s. In 1791 he helped design and survey the city of Washington, D.C.}}
194. ^(1) [https://books.google.com/books?id=w0BZAAAAYAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Groton Bedini, 1999], p. 319.
(2) {{cite journal|url=http://www.uspostalbulletins.com/PDF/Vol100_Issue21225_19791227.pdf|title=15-Cent Benjamin Banneker Commemorative Stamp|work=Postal Bulletin|date=1983-12-22|volume=100|page=2|number=21225|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=United States Postal Service|accessdate=2018-01-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108020743/http://www.uspostalbulletins.com/PDF/Vol100_Issue21225_19791227.pdf|archivedate=2018-01-08}}
(3) {{cite web|url=https://arago.si.edu/category_2035961.html|title=1980 Black Heritage Series: Benjamin Banneker Issue|work=Arago: People, Postage & The Post (Philately)|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Smithsonian National Postal Museum|accessdate=2018-01-08|quote=As a member of the surveying team that laid out the plans for the new capitol, Washington, D.C., Banneker stepped up as chief architect when Pierre L'Enfant was fired. The first architect had taken the plans with him when he left so Banneker had to recreate the plans for the city from memory.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108015432/https://arago.si.edu/category_2035961.html|archivedate=2018-01-08}}
(4) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725001047/http://www.esperstamps.org/heritage/h3.htm |archivedate=2011-07-25 |url=http://www.esperstamps.org/heritage/h3.htm |title=Benjamin Banneker commemorative U.S. postage stamp (stamp artist: Jerry Pinkney) postmarked on February 15, 1980, in Annapolis, Maryland, on first day of issue cover by Colorano Silk Cachets with portraits of Banneker and surveying instrument |publisher=The Ebony Society of Philatelic Events and Reflections (ESPER) |accessdate=2009-03-24 }}
(5) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223172142/http://www.surveyhistory.org/images/banneker.JPG |archivedate=2012-02-23 |url=http://www.surveyhistory.org/images/banneker.JPG |title=First day of issue cover with three Benjamin Banneker commemorative U.S. postage stamps postmarked separately on February 15, 2015 in Annapolis, MD, Washington, DC, and Ellicott City, MD |work=Virtual Museum of Surveying |publisher=Ingram – Hagen & Co., PLC |accessdate=2015-05-15 }}
195. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122183236/http://www.britannica.com/bps/media-view/92286/1/0/0 |archivedate=2011-11-22 |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/92286/Benjamin-Banneker-from-a-US-commemorative-stamp-1980 |title=Benjamin Banneker, from a U.S. commemorative stamp, 1980 |work=Enlarged image of stamp in the Granger Collection, New York |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |accessdate=2012-09-28}}
196. ^(1) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111212942/http://amhistory.si.edu:80/surveying/object.cfm?recordnumber=758993|archivedate=2013-01-11 |url=http://amhistory.si.edu/surveying/object.cfm?recordnumber=758993 |title=Andrew Ellicott's Transit and Equal Altitude Instrument |work=Physical Sciences Collection: Surveying and Geodesy |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Museum of American History, Kenneth E. Behring Center |accessdate=2012-12-07 |deadurl=yes |df=}}
(2) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802161718/http://amhistory.si.edu:80/collections/surveying/index.htm |archivedate=2017-08-02|url=http://amhistory.si.edu/surveying/type.cfm?typeid=18 |title=Transit and Equal Altitude Instrument |work=Physical Sciences Collection: Surveying and Geodesy |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Museum of American History, Kenneth E. Behring Center |accessdate=2012-12-07}}
197. ^(1) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316102853/http://uspsstamps.com/stamps/series/black-heritage |archivedate=2015-03-16 |url=http://uspsstamps.com/stamps/series/black-heritage |title=Black Heritage |work=Stamp Series |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=United States Postal Service |year=2015 |accessdate=2015-05-16 }}
(2) {{cite web|author=Historian, United States Postal Service|url=https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/african-american-stamp-subjects.pdf|title=African-American Subjects on United States Postal Stamps|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=United States Postal Service|date=February 2016|accessdate=2018-01-29|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129215345/https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/african-american-stamp-subjects.pdf|archivedate=2018-01-29|df=}}
198. ^(1) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430192357/http://postalmuseum.si.edu/freedom/p15.html |archivedate=2015-04-30 |url=http://postalmuseum.si.edu/freedom/p15.html |title=15¢ Benjamin Banneker approved stamp art by Jerry Pinkney, c. 1980 |work=Exhibit: Black Heritage Stamp Series: Portraiture|publisher=Smithsonian National Postal Museum |location=Washington, D.C. |accessdate=2015-05-16 |quote=15¢ Benjamin Banneker approved stamp art by Jerry Pinkney, c. 1980: The only known image of the scientist and surveyor Benjamin Banneker is a very crude woodcut from the cover of his 1795 Almanac. Nevertheless, the illustrator delivered a sensitive and believable portrait for this stamp.}}
(2) {{cite web |first=John F. |last=Dunn |date=1987-03-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516151812/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/01/arts/stamps-new-commemorative-for-black-heritage-series.html |archivedate=2015-05-16 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/01/arts/stamps-new-commemorative-for-black-heritage-series.html |title=Stamps; New Commemorative for Black Heritage Series |work=Arts |publisher=The New York Times |accessdate=2015-05-16 |quote=The Du Sable commemorative is the first Black Heritage issue that was not designed by Jerry Pinkney of Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y. although he was art director for this issue. The series has previously honored Harriet Tubman, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Benjamin Banneker, Whitney Young, Jackie Robinson, Scott Joplin, Carter Woodson, Mary McLeod Bethune and Sojourner Truth.}}
199. ^{{cite web |last=Bedini |first=Silvio A. |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Benjamin_Banneker.aspx |title=Benjamin Banneker |work=Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography |year=2008 |accessdate=2012-05-08 |publisher=Encyclopedia.com |quote=No known portrait of Banneker exists. Lacking such, an image frequently used is a woodcut portrait bust of a young black man, imaginary and not based on life, wearing the typical Quaker garb of the period. Purported to be of Banneker, this image illustrated the cover of a 1797 edition of one of his almanacs. The most accurate representation known may be found on a modern mural painting by the late William H. Smith of the survey of the federal territory. It hangs in the Maryland House on the John F. Kennedy Highway in Aberdeen, Maryland. In 1980 the U.S. Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp honoring Banneker based on imagined features. |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203192640/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Benjamin_Banneker.aspx |archivedate=2016-02-03 |df=}}
200. ^(1) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024090721/https://friendsofbenjaminbanneker.com/ |archivedate=2016-10-24 |title=Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum |url=https://friendsofbenjaminbanneker.com/ |location=Catonsville, Maryland |publisher=Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum |accessdate=2017-02-15}}
(2) {{cite web |last=Clark |first=James W., Maryland Commission on Afro-American and Indian History and Culture, Annapolis, Maryland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818203231/http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/004000/004300/004382/pdf/msa_se5_4382.pdf |archivedate=2015-08-18 |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/004000/004300/004382/pdf/msa_se5_4382.pdf |title=Benjamin Banneker Homesite |work=Maryland State Historical Trust: Inventory Form for State Historic Sites Survey |date=1976-06-14 |publisher=Maryland State Archives |location=Annapolis, Maryland |accessdate=2015-11-15}}
(3) {{cite web|url=https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrCmmBpFu5bEjwANnUPxQt.;_ylu=X3oDMTByMjB0aG5zBGNvbG8DYmYxBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzYw--?p=Benjamin+Banneker+Historical+Park+and+Museum&fr=yhs-Lkry-SF01&hspart=Lkry&hsimp=yhs-SF01#id=223&iurl=http%3A%2F%2Fcatonsville.exploremd.us%2Foella%2Fbenjamin_banneker_historical_park%2Fgallery%2Fimages%2FIMG_5292_JPG.jpg&action=click|title=Images of Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum|via=Yahoo|accessdate=2018-11-15}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116010833/https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrCmmBpFu5bEjwANnUPxQt.;_ylu=X3oDMTByMjB0aG5zBGNvbG8DYmYxBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzYw--?p=Benjamin+Banneker+Historical+Park+and+Museum&fr=yhs-Lkry-SF01&hspart=Lkry&hsimp=yhs-SF01&guccounter=2|date=2018-11-16}}
201. ^Coordinates of Benjamin Banneker Historical Park, Baltimore County, Maryland: {{coord|39.268506|-76.776543|type:landmark|name=Benjamin Banneker Historical Park, Baltimore County, Maryland|format=dms}}
202. ^{{cite news |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1998-06-10/news/1998161096_1_benjamin-banneker-oella-museum-dedicated |title=Benjamin Banneker park and museum dedicated in Oella |work=The Baltimore Sun |date=1998-06-10 |accessdate=2010-05-13 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129040550/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1998-06-10/news/1998161096_1_benjamin-banneker-oella-museum-dedicated |archivedate=2014-11-29 |df=}}
203. ^1 (1) {{cite web|author-link=Elijah Cummings |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cocoon/legacies/MD/200003116.html |title=Benjamin Banneker Historical Park & Museum |last=Cummings |first=Elijah E., Representative (7th District) |work=Local Legacies |publisher=Library of Congress |accessdate=2008-08-28 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907105117/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cocoon/legacies/MD/200003116.html |archivedate=2008-09-07 |df=}}
(2) {{cite web |url=http://www.baltimorecountymd.gov/Agencies/recreation/programdivision/naturearea/banneker/index.html |title=Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum |work=Parks and Facilities |publisher=Government of Baltimore County, Maryland |location=Historic Courthouse, 400 Washington Avenue, Towson, MD 21204 |date=2012-09-25 |accessdate=2012-12-19 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103140625/http://www.baltimorecountymd.gov/Agencies/recreation/programdivision/naturearea/banneker/index.html |archivedate=2013-01-03 |df=}}
(3) {{cite web |url=http://www.museumsusa.org/museums/info/1167091 |title=Benjamin Banneker Historical Park & Museum, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland: location, hours, facilities information |publisher=MuseumsUSA |accessdate=2008-08-28 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820082839/http://www.museumsusa.org/museums/info/1167091 |archivedate=2008-08-20 |df=}}
(4) {{cite web |title=Banneker Historical Park & Museum |url=http://catonsville.exploremd.us/oella/benjamin_banneker_historical_park/ |work=Explore Catonsville, MD, part of the ExploreMD.us network|publisher=Ellicott City Graphic Arts Network |accessdate=2012-12-19 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114015520/http://catonsville.exploremd.us/oella/benjamin_banneker_historical_park/ |archivedate=2013-01-14 |df=}}
(5) {{cite news |last=Balakrishnan |first=Aparna |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129040552/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2004-09-26/news/0409160041_1_benjamin-banneker-museum-exhibits |archivedate=2014-11-29 |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2004-09-26/news/0409160041_1_benjamin-banneker-museum-exhibits |title=Park, museum a tribute to Benjamin Banneker |work=The Baltimore Sun |date=2004-09-26 |accessdate=2015-04-01}}
204. ^Coordinates of Benjamin Banneker Museum, Baltimore County, Maryland: {{coord|39.268927|-76.775018|type:landmark|name=Benjamin Banneker Museum, Baltimore County, Maryland|format=dms}}
205. ^(1) {{cite news |last=Levine |first=Susan |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/10920114.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS&date=Jan+4%2C+1997&author=Levine%2C+Susan&desc=A+Banneker+plan%3A++Museums+named+for+scientist+to+be+lent+artifacts |title=A Banneker plan: Museums named for scientist to be lent artifacts |work=The Washington Post |publisher=The Washington Post Company, Washington, D.C. |date=1997-01-04 |page=B.1 |accessdate=2010-05-17}}
(2) {{cite web |last=Whittle |first=Syd |url=http://www.hmdb.org/Marker.asp?Marker=5407 |title=Images of Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum, Oella, Maryland (photographed 2012-05-15) |work="Benjamin Banneker" marker |publisher=HMdb: The Historical Marker Database |accessdate=2015-09-07 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919101846/http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=5407 |archivedate=2015-09-19 |df=}}
(3) {{cite web |last=Scible |first=Kelly |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200658/http://www.carrollcountytimes.com/publications/community_times/cct-embracing-history-at-the-benjamin-banneker-historical-park-and-museum-20141118-column.html |archivedate=2015-09-23 |url=http://www.carrollcountytimes.com/publications/community_times/cct-embracing-history-at-the-benjamin-banneker-historical-park-and-museum-20141118-column.html |title=Embracing history at the Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum |publisher=Carroll County Times |location=Westminster, Maryland |date=2014-11-19 |accessdate=2015-08-18}}
(5) {{cite web |first=Dianne |last=Burch |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719160002/http://patch.com/maryland/catonsville/picture-this-vintage-poster-promotes-a-nearby-national-treasure |archivedate=2016-07-19 |url=http://patch.com/maryland/catonsville/picture-this-vintage-poster-promotes-a-nearby-national-treasure |title=Picture This: Vintage Poster Promotes a Nearby National Treasure: America’s first African-American man of science made his home in Oella |date=2012-06-05 |location=Catonsville, Maryland |publisher=Catonsville Patch |accessdate=2016-07-19 |quote=In 1998, the Benjamin Banneker Museum opened. It contains a wealth of information about the man and his accomplishments, as well as changing exhibitions. The gallery includes a copy of the deed showing that the 100-acre site was purchased with 7,000 pounds of tobacco.}}
206. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bannekerfoundation.com/single-post/2016/04/09/New-Signs-Coming-Soon |title=New Signs Coming Soon |date=2016-04-09 |location=Fulton, Maryland |publisher=Benjamin Banneker Foundation |accessdate=2017-02-17 |quote=Have you ever seen the Molly Bannaky house and wondered how old it is and who lived there? .... Constructed in the 1850s, the Bannaky house is the most prominent feature on the Park and Museum property and is symbol of the Oella’s enduring history. Beginning as just a one room house, the Bannaky house steadily grew with time as several families called it home. Upon learning about the legacy of Benjamin Banneker and his property, Baltimore County purchased the house and 42.5 acres the surrounding property to establish the Benjamin Banneker Historical Park. The house was later restored in 2004 as an office complex. It is listed on the Maryland Historical Trust Inventory of Historic Properties. |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218064904/https://www.bannekerfoundation.com/single-post/2016/04/09/New-Signs-Coming-Soon |archivedate=2017-02-18 |df=}}
207. ^Coordinates of Molly Banneky House: {{coord| 39.270297|-76.776638|type:landmark|name=Molly Banneky House in Benjamin Banneker Historical Park|format=dms}}
208. ^1 {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920183116/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2009-11-13/news/bal-md.co.banneker13nov13_1_gwen-marable-western-baltimore-county-farm-banneker-descendant |archivedate=2012-09-20 |url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-county/bal-md.co.banneker13nov13,0,1869776.story |title=Small cabin offers big insight into trailblazing Banneker: Structure is replica of original built by black scientist in Md |accessdate=2017-01-16 |author=Hare, Mary Gail |date=2009-11-13 |work=The Baltimore Sun |publisher=The Baltimore Sun |quote=Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum now boasts a replica of the one-room log cabin that the African-American scientist built and lived in on his western Baltimore County farm. Officials formally opened the 224-square-foot cabin Thursday on the park grounds in Catonsville, two days before the 278th anniversary of Banneker's birth. ... The county legislative delegation secured a $400,000 state bond for the design and construction of the cabin.}}
209. ^{{cite web |first=Syd |last=Whittle |date=2012-05-15 |title=Benjamin Banneker Cabin |format=photograph |url=http://www.hmdb.org/Photos2/203/Photo203981o.jpg |work=Benjamin Banneker (1731–1806) marker |publisher=HMdb: The Historical Marker Database |accessdate=2017-02-17 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218065622/http://www.hmdb.org/Photos2/203/Photo203981o.jpg |archivedate=2017-02-18 |df=}}
210. ^Coordinates of replica of Benjamin Banneker's log cabin: {{coord|39.268505|-76.775552|type:landmark|name=Replica of Benjamin Banneker's log cabin in Benjamin Banneker Historical Park|format=dms}}
211. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920183116/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2009-11-13/news/bal-md.co.banneker13nov13_1_gwen-marable-western-baltimore-county-farm-banneker-descendant |archivedate=2012-09-20 |url=http://www.dbm.maryland.gov/agencies/capbudget/Documents/CapitalImprovementsAuthGenAssembly/whitebook1999_2010.pdf |title=Benjamin Banneker Historic Park |page=253 |format=PDF |work=Capital Improvements Authorized by the General Assembly: 1999 through 2010 |publisher=Department of Budget and Management, State of Maryland |date=July 2010 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}
212. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203192642/http://www.cmdgroup.com/building-types/park-buildings/maryland/projects/1000935371/ |archivedate=2016-02-03 |url=http://www.reedconstructiondata.com/building-types/park-buildings/maryland/projects/1000935371/ |year=2012 |title=Banneker Log Cabin: Park Building Project Case Study in Maryland |publisher=Reed Construction Data, Inc. |accessdate=2012-09-20}}
213. ^(1) {{cite news |date=1981-11-09 |title=Baltimore Evening Sun |place=Baltimore, Maryland}} Cited in {{cite web |url=http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=5407 |title="Benjamin Banneker (1731–1806)" marker |publisher=hmdb.org: Historical Marker Database |accessdate=2010-09-21 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019092107/http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=5407 |archivedate=2011-10-19 |df=}}
(2) [https://books.google.com/books?id=w0BZAAAAYAAJ Bedini, 1999], p. 317.
214. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://tclf.org/sites/default/files/microsites/kiley-legacy/BannekerPark.html|title=Banneker Park|work=The Landscape Architecture Legacy of Dan Kiley|year=2013|publisher=The Cultural Landscape Foundation|accessdate=2015-04-02|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318085112/http://tclf.org/sites/default/files/microsites/kiley-legacy/BannekerPark.html|archivedate=2015-03-18|df=}}
215. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.ncpc.gov/files/projects/2016/7551_Environmental_Assessment_Apr2016.pdf|title=Banneker Park|work=Environmental Assessment: Benjamin Banneker Park Connection|date=March 2016|pages=3–4|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=National Park Service: National Mall and Memorial Parks|accessdate=2017-11-16|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116225359/https://www.ncpc.gov/files/projects/2016/7551_Environmental_Assessment_Apr2016.pdf|archivedate=2017-11-16|df=}}
216. ^Coordinates of Benjamin Banneker Park, Washington, D.C.: {{coord|38.8817128|-77.0259833|type:landmark|name=Benjamin Banneker Park, Washington, D.C.|format=dms}}
217. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.ncpc.gov/files/projects/2016/7551_Environmental_Assessment_Apr2016.pdf|title=Environmental Assessment: Benjamin Banneker Park Connection|date=March 2016|publisher=National Park Service|location=Washington, D.C.|work=National Mall and Memorial Parks|accessdate=2017-11-16|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116225359/https://www.ncpc.gov/files/projects/2016/7551_Environmental_Assessment_Apr2016.pdf|archivedate=2017-11-16|df=}}
218. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.efl.fhwa.dot.gov/files/projects/environment/LEnfantPublicEA_Document.pdf|title=Land Use|work=Environmental Assessment for Improvements to L'Enfant Promenade and Benjamin Banneker Park|date=June 2006|publisher=Department of Transportation, Government of the District of Columbia and Eastern Federal Lands Highway Division, Federal Highway Administration|page=4-3|accessdate=2010-05-13|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916081655/http://www.efl.fhwa.dot.gov/files/projects/environment/LEnfantPublicEA_Document.pdf|archivedate=2008-09-16|df=}}
219. ^1 {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916081655/http://www.efl.fhwa.dot.gov/files/projects/environment/LEnfantPublicEA_Document.pdf |archivedate=2008-09-16 |url=http://www.efl.fhwa.dot.gov/files/projects/environment/LEnfantPublicEA_Document.pdf|title=Existing L'Enfant Promenade and Benjamin Banneker Park |work=Environmental Assessment for Improvements to L'Enfant Promenade and Benjamin Banneker Park |date=June 2006 |publisher=Department of Transportation, Government of the District of Columbia and Eastern Federal Lands Highway Division, Federal Highway Administration |pages=1–3 |accessdate=2010-05-18}}
220. ^(1) {{cite web |first=Jane Freundel |last=Levey |first2=Richard T. |last2=Busch |first3=J. Brendan |last3=Meyer |first4=Lisa |last4=Bentley |first5=Anne W |last5=Rollins |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220070300/http://www.culturaltourismdc.org/portal/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=700fde5d-3534-4ade-b902-3b8ecd95a137&groupId=701982 |archivedate=2016-12-20 |url=http://www.culturaltourismdc.org/portal/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=700fde5d-3534-4ade-b902-3b8ecd95a137&groupId=701982 |title=Marker 8: Banneker Circle: Vista to the Past |work=River Farms to Urban Towers: Southwest Heritage Trail (pamphlet) |publisher=Cultural Tourism DC |accessdate=2017-03-27 }}
(3) {{cite web |url=http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=25171 |title="Banneker Circle: Vista to the Past: River Farms to Urban Towers — Southwest Heritage Trail —" marker |publisher=hmdb.org: Historical Marker Database |accessdate=2010-09-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021185707/http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=25171 |archivedate=2011-10-21 |df= }}
221. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite web |url=https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/520058 |title=Benjamin Banneker Park (10th Street Overlook)|work=Cultural Landscapes Inventory|pages=8, 29–36 |year=2013|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=National Mall and Memorial Parks, National Park Service|accessdate=2017-05-04}}
222. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619080145/http://tclf.org/landscapes/banneker-benjamin-park |archivedate=2012-06-19 |url=http://tclf.org/landscapes/banneker-benjamin-park |title=Banneker Park - Tenth Street Overlook |work=What's Out There |publisher=The Cultural Landscape Foundation |year=2012 |accessdate=2012-09-24}}
223. ^(1) {{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/22664986.html|title=Rededication Today of Banneker Park|work=Metro|publisher=The Washington Post|date=November 14, 1997|page=B.3|accessdate=2010-05-14}}
(2) {{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1997/11/15/after-reversal-of-decline-banneker-park-rededicated/a1195f2a-2495-4ade-ae3b-80c9464fb51c/|title=After Reversal of Decline, Banneker Park Rededicated|first=Patrice|last=Gaines|work=The Washington Post|date=1997-11-15|accessdate=2017-11-12|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118194142/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1997/11/15/after-reversal-of-decline-banneker-park-rededicated/a1195f2a-2495-4ade-ae3b-80c9464fb51c/|archivedate=2016-11-18|df=}}
224. ^Public Law 101-355 (November 6, 1998) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050226221222/http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=105_cong_public_laws&docid=f%3Apubl355.105.pdf |date=February 26, 2005 }} states in Title V, Section 512 (112 Stat. 3266): "SEC. 512. MEMORIAL TO MR. BENJAMIN BANNEKER IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. (a) MEMORIAL AUTHORIZED.—The Washington Interdependence Council of the District of Columbia is authorized to establish a memorial in the District of Columbia to honor and commemorate the accomplishments of Mr. Benjamin Banneker. (b) COMPLIANCE WITH STANDARDS FOR COMMEMORATIVE WORKS.—The establishment of the memorial shall be in accordance with the Commemorative Works Act (40 U.S.C. 1001 et seq.). (c) PAYMENT OF EXPENSES.—The Washington Interdependence Council shall be solely responsible for acceptance of contributions for, and payment of the expenses of, the establishment of the memorial. No Federal funds may be used to pay any expense of the establishment of the memorial. ...". Retrieved 2010-01-21.
225. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.bannekermemorial.org/memorial.htm|title=The Memorial |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Washington Interdependence Council: Administrators of the Benjamin Banneker Memorial and Banneker Institute of Math & Science |accessdate=2010-01-21 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206054405/http://www.bannekermemorial.org/memorial.htm |archivedate=2010-02-06 |df=}}
226. ^Comcast News Makers video: {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705135402/http://bannekermemorial.org/videohigh.htm |archivedate=2008-07-05 |url=http://www.bannekermemorial.org/videohigh.htm |title=Benjamin Banneker Charrette |date=2006-11-08 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Washington Interdependence Council: Administrators of the Benjamin Banneker Memorial and Banneker Institute of Math & Science |accessdate=2008-08-06}}
227. ^{{USC|40|8905}}
228. ^{{cite news |last=Williams |first=Clarence |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-56765868.html |title=Banneker Memorial Struggles for Funds: Lots of Support except for Money |work=Washington Times |date=1999-07-18 |via=Highbeam Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229135517/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-56765868.html |archivedate=2016-02-29 |df= }} .
229. ^1 {{cite web |last=Wheeler |first=Linda |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/doc/408486400.html |title=Banneker Statue Location Rejected; U.S. Panel Favors Nearby Memorial Site |publisher=The Washington Post |date=1999-07-29 |accessdate=2012-06-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224105954/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/doc/408486400.html |archivedate=2016-02-24 |df= }}
230. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|last=DePillis|first=Lydia|url=http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/blogs/housingcomplex/2010/10/28/lenfants-limbo-d-c-s-biggest-urban-planning-disaster-has-dragged-a-memorial-down-with-it/|title=L’Enfant’s Limbo: D.C.’s biggest urban planning disaster has dragged a memorial down with it|work=Washington City Paper|date=2010-10-28|accessdate=2016-06-07|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607181016/http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/news/housing-complex/blog/13121289/lenfants-limbo-d-c-s-biggest-urban-planning-disaster-has-dragged-a-memorial-down-with-it|archivedate=2016-06-07|df=}}
231. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.dcpreservation.org/endangered/2004/banneker.html|title=BENJAMIN BANNEKER PARK, BANNEKER CIRCLE: SOUTHWEST AT L'ENFANT PROMENADE|work=Most Endangered Places for 2004|publisher=D.C. Preservation League|year=2004|accessdate=2011-10-05|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040824133931/http://www.dcpreservation.org/endangered/2004/banneker.html|archivedate=2004-08-24|df=}}
232. ^{{cite book|url=https://comp.ddot.dc.gov/Documents/L%27Enfant%20Promenade%20and%20Benjamin%20Banneker%20Park%20Environmental%20Assessment.pdf|title=Environmental Assessment for Improvements to L'Enfant Promenade and Benjamin Banneker Park|date=March 2006|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=District Department of Transportation, Government of the District of Columbia (DC.gov) and Eastern Federal Lands Highway Division, Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation|accessdate=2017-11-16|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116232714/https://comp.ddot.dc.gov/Documents/L%27Enfant%20Promenade%20and%20Benjamin%20Banneker%20Park%20Environmental%20Assessment.pdf|archivedate=2017-11-16|df=}}
233. ^(1) {{cite web |last=Roig-Franzia |first=Manuel |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/one-museum-over-all/2011/09/23/gIQA537mAL_story.html |title=Proposed 'melting pot' of American history: One museum over all? |work=Lifestyle |publisher=The Washington Post |date=2011-09-30 |accessdate=2011-10-05 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104065554/http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/one-museum-over-all/2011/09/23/gIQA537mAL_story.html |archivedate=2011-11-04 |df= }}
(2) {{cite web |url=http://www.nmap2015.com/news_architecture.html |title=Stunning Design Suggested for National American People Museum At Washington, DC's L'Enfant Plaza Overlook Site |work=National Museum of the American People |publisher=Coalition of the National Museum of the American People |date=2011-10-07 |accessdate=2011-10-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023064059/https://buildnmap.com/news_architecture.html|archivedate=2017-10-23 |df= }}
234. ^1 2 3 (1) {{cite web |url=http://www.dgmarket.com/tenders/np-notice.do?noticeId=9527162 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6qDRXR6v0?url=http://www.dgmarket.com/tenders/np-notice.do?noticeId=9527162 |archivedate=2017-05-04 |title=RFI - Determination of Eligibility for Banneker Park and 10th Street Washington, DC: Request For Expressions of Interest |author=National Capital Planning Commission |date=2013-07-21 |publisher=dgMarket |accessdate=2017-05-04 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
(2) {{cite web |url=https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/520058 |title=Benjamin Banneker Park (10th Street Overlook) |work=Cultural Landscapes Inventory |year=2013 |pages=6, 8, 12, 40 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Mall and Memorial Parks, National Park Service |accessdate=2017-05-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114184452/https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/520058 |archivedate=2017-11-14 |df= }}
235. ^{{cite web|first1=Stephen|last1=Staudigl|first2=Julia|last2=Koster|url=https://www.ncpc.gov/participate/releases/2013/National_Capital_Planning_Commission_Accepts_SW_Ecodistrict_Plan_1102013.pdf|title=National Capital Planning Commission Accepts SW Ecodistrict Plan|date=2013-01-10|work=Media Release|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=National Capital Planning Commission|accessdate=2017-11-13|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113044621/https://www.ncpc.gov/participate/releases/2013/National_Capital_Planning_Commission_Accepts_SW_Ecodistrict_Plan_1102013.pdf|archivedate=2017-11-13|df=}}
236. ^(1) {{cite web|url=https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/SW_Ecodistrict_Overview.pdf|title=The SW Ecodistrict: A Vision for a More Sustainable Future|date=January 2013|publisher=National Capital Planning Commission|location=Washington, D.C.|accessdate=2017-11-13|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113041455/https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/SW_Ecodistrict_Overview.pdf|archivedate=2017-11-13|df=}}
(2) {{cite web |url=https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/SW_Ecodistrict_Development_Scenario_and_Focus_Areas.pdf |title=Preliminary Design Concepts: Banneker Park |work=10th Street Corridor and Banneker Park: Section 4 - The Development Scenario and Focus Areas: The SW Ecodistrict: A Vision for a More Sustainable Future |pages=68–69 |date=January 2013 |publisher=National Capital Planning Commission |location=Washington, D.C. |accessdate=2017-11-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113040603/https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/SW_Ecodistrict_Development_Scenario_and_Focus_Areas.pdf |archivedate=2017-11-13 |df= }}
237. ^{{cite web |url=https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/520058 |title=Benjamin Banneker Park (10th Street Overlook) |work=Cultural Landscapes Inventory |year=2013 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Mall and Memorial Parks, National Park Service |accessdate=2017-05-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114184452/https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/520058 |archivedate=2017-11-14 |df= }}
238. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ncpc.gov/participate/releases/2014/SW_Ecodistrict_Plan_Addendum_Accepted_by_National_Capital_Planning_Commission_September42014.pdf|title=SW Ecodistrict Plan Addendum Accepted by the National Capital Planning Commission|work=Media Release|first1=Stephen|last1=Staudigl|first2=Julia|last2=Koster|date=2014-09-04|accessdate=2017-11-13|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113134843/https://www.ncpc.gov/participate/releases/2014/SW_Ecodistrict_Plan_Addendum_Accepted_by_National_Capital_Planning_Commission_September42014.pdf|archivedate=2017-11-13|df=}}
239. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/SW_Ecodistrict_Plan_Addendum_8.25.14.pdf|title=Banneker Park|work=The SW Ecodistrict Plan Addendum|pages=32–33|date=September 2014|publisher=National Capital Planning Commission|location=Washington, D.C.|accessdate=2017-11-13|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113131719/https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/SW_Ecodistrict_Plan_Addendum_8.25.14.pdf|archivedate=2017-11-13|df=}}
240. ^(1) {{cite web|first1=Julia|last1=Koster|first2=Stephen|last2=Staudigl|url=https://www.ncpc.gov/participate/releases/2017/NCPC_Approves_Banneker_Park_Pedestrian_and_Cyclist_Access_Improvements_April62017.pdf|title=NCPC Approves Banneker Park Pedestrian and Cyclist Access Improvements|work=Media Release|date=2017-04-06|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=National Capital Planning Commission|accessdate=2017-11-13|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113020750/https://www.ncpc.gov/participate/releases/2017/NCPC_Approves_Banneker_Park_Pedestrian_and_Cyclist_Access_Improvements_April62017.pdf|archivedate=2017-11-13|df=}}
(2) {{cite web|url=https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/actions/2017April/7551_Staff_Report_Apr2017.pdf|title=Banneker Park Pedestrian Access Improvements|work=Executive Director's Recommendation: Commission Meeting: April 6, 2017 (NCPC File No. 7551)|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=National Capital Planning Commission|accessdate=2017-11-13|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113022208/https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/actions/2017April/7551_Staff_Report_Apr2017.pdf|archivedate=November 13, 2017|df=}}
(3) {{cite web|first=Eliza|last=Voigt|url=https://parkplanning.nps.gov/projectHome.cfm?projectID=59520|title=Benjamin Banneker Park Pedestrian Access Improvements|publisher=National Park Service|location=Washington, D.C.|work=National Mall and Memorial Parks|accessdate=2017-11-13|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113023550/https://parkplanning.nps.gov/projectHome.cfm?projectID=59520|archivedate=2017-11-13|df=}}
241. ^(1) {{cite web|url=https://dmped.dc.gov/release/construction-benjamin-banneker-park-pedestrian-and-bike-access-project-begins-ahead-wharf%E2%80%99s|title=Construction on Benjamin Banneker Park Pedestrian and Bike Access Project begins ahead of The Wharf's October 12 Launch|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Office of the Deputy Mayor for Planning and Economic Development: Government of the District of Columbia (DC.gov)|date=2017-09-08|accessdate=2017-11-13|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113025826/https://dmped.dc.gov/release/construction-benjamin-banneker-park-pedestrian-and-bike-access-project-begins-ahead-wharf%E2%80%99s|archivedate=2017-11-13|df=}}
(2) {{cite web|url=https://www.ncpc.gov/news/item/47/1/|first=Stephen|last=Staudigl|date=2018-05-08|title=Banneker Park Connection Helps NCPC Plans Come to Life|work=News Story|publisher=National Capital Planning Commission|accessdate=2018-05-25}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525204522/https://www.ncpc.gov/news/item/47/1/|date=2018-05-25}}
242. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=https://parks.arlingtonva.us/locations/benjamin-banneker-park/ |title=Benjamin Banneker Park |publisher=Department of Parks and Recreation, Arlington County, Virginia |accessdate=2017-10-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010233318/https://parks.arlingtonva.us/locations/benjamin-banneker-park/ |archivedate=2017-10-10 |df= }}
243. ^1 {{cite web |last=Graves |first=Lynne Gomez, Historical Projects Director, Afro-American Bicentennial Corporation, Washington, D.C |url=http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/Arlington/000-0015_%20Banneker_SW-9_Intermediate_Boundary_Stone_1976_Final_Nomination_NHL.pdf |title=Benjamin Banneker: SW-9 Intermediate Boundary Stone (milestone) of the District of Columbia |work=United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service: National Register of Historic Places Inventory––Nomination Form |location=Richmond, Virginia |publisher=Virginia Department of Historic Resources |date=1976-02-03 |accessdate=2016-10-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001145447/http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/Arlington/000-0015_%20Banneker_SW-9_Intermediate_Boundary_Stone_1976_Final_Nomination_NHL.pdf |archivedate=2016-10-01 |df= }}
(2) {{cite web |url=http://www.fallschurchdar.org/BoundryStones.htm |title=The Banneker Stone (SW #9) |work=The Boundary Stones Project |publisher=Falls Church Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution |date=2017-10-11 |accessdate=2017-06-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011000139/http://www.fallschurchdar.org/BoundryStones.htm |archivedate=2017-10-11 |df= }}
244. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429134505/http://www.nycgovparks.org:80/parks/banneker-playground/history|archivedate=2015-04-29 |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/bannekerplayground/history |title=Banneker Playground |publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation |year=2012 |accessdate=2012-09-12}}
245. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309135349/http://www.baltimorecountymd.gov/Agencies/recreation/countyparks/cntyparkslist.html#B|archivedate=2012-03-09 |url=http://www.baltimorecountymd.gov/Agencies/recreation/countyparks/cntyparkslist.html#B |title=County Park Listings |work=Department of Recreation and Parks |location=Towson, Maryland |publisher=Baltimore County, Maryland government |year=2012 |accessdate=2012-09-14}}
246. ^Coordinates of Benjamin Banneker Community Center, Catonsville, Maryland: {{coord|39.2804882|-76.7403379|type:landmark|name=Benjamin Banneker Community Center, Catonsville, Maryland|format=dms}}
247. ^(1) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127053552/http://app.dpr.dc.gov/dprmap/details.asp?cid=2 |archivedate=2010-11-27 |url=http://app.dpr.dc.gov/dprmap/details.asp?cid=2 |title=Banneker Community Center |publisher=District of Columbia Department of Parks and Recreation |accessdate=2012-09-11}}
(2) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127053552/http://app.dpr.dc.gov/dprmap/details.asp?cid=2|archivedate=2012-09-11 |url=http://app.dpr.dc.gov/dprmap/details.asp?cid=4 |title=Banneker Pool |publisher=District of Columbia Department of Parks and Recreation |accessdate=2012-09-11 |deadurl=yes |df=}}
248. ^{{cite web |last=Friedlander |first=Amy |last2=Bowers |first2=Martha: Louis Berger & Associates, Inc., Washington, D.C. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211193305/https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/86000876.pdf|archivedate=2017-02-11 |url={{NRHP url |id=86000876}}|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory — Nomination Form: Banneker Recreation Center|publisher=United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service|date=1984-08-31}}
249. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615220419/https://bloomington.in.gov/parks/facilities/banneker-community-center|archivedate=2017-06-15 |url=http://bloomington.in.gov/banneker |title=Banneker Community Center |location=Bloomington, Indiana |publisher=The City of Bloomington, Indiana |accessdate=2018-11-03}}
250. ^1 {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025103238/http://www.in.gov/history/markers/545.htm |archivedate=2012-10-25 |url= http://www.in.gov/history/markers/545.htm |title=Benjamin Banneker School |work=Indiana Historical Markers |publisher=State of Indiana government |accessdate=2012-09-06}}
251. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229033806/http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/789.html|archivedate=2012-12-29 |url=http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/789.html |title=Banneker History Project involves IU education students, city government, community residents |work=IU News Room |location=Bloomington, Indiana |publisher=Indiana University |date=2003-02-19 |accessdate=2012-12-11}}
252. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120034/http://issuu.com/bloomingtonparks/docs/2011_annual_report |archivedate=2014-08-26 |url=http://issuu.com/bloomingtonparks/docs/2011_annual_report |title=Banneker Community Center |work=Bloomington Parks and Recreation 2011 Annual Report |page=11 |location=Bloomington, Indiana |publisher=City of Bloomington Parks and Recreation Department |accessdate=2012-09-11}}
253. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222142722/http://bdmuseum.maryland.gov/ |archivedate=2014-12-22 |title=Banneker-Douglas Museum |url=http://bdmuseum.maryland.gov/ |publisher=Government of Maryland |accessdate=2015-03-14}}
254. ^(1) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313195334/http://mht.maryland.gov/nr/NRDetail.aspx?NRID=117 |archivedate=2016-03-13 |url={{MHT url |id=117}}|date=2008-11-21|title= Mount Moriah African Methodist Episcopal Church|work=Maryland Historical Trust: Maryland's National Register Properties|publisher=Government of Maryland}}
(2) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402135957/http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/001000/001600/001635/pdf/msa_se5_1635.pdf |archivedate=2015-04-02 |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/001000/001600/001635/pdf/msa_se5_1635.pdf |title=National Park Service: National Registry of Historic Places Inventory — Nomination Form: Mount Moriah African Methodist Episcopal Church |last=Wright |first=Russell |last2=AIP |last3=Jacobsen |first3=Phoebe (Historic Annapolis, Inc., Annapolis, MD) |date=1972-10-06 |work=Maryland State Archives |publisher=Government of Maryland |accessdate=2016-03-13}}
255. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529164445/http://www.ccbcmd.edu/catonsvilleplanetarium/|archivedate=2012-05-29 |url=http://www.ccbcmd.edu/catonsvilleplanetarium/ |title=Banneker Planetarium |work=The Community College of Baltimore County: School of Mathematics and Science (Catonsville Campus) |publisher=The Community College of Baltimore County |accessdate=2012-09-12}}
256. ^Coordinates of Community College of Baltimore County, Catonsville, Maryland: {{coord|39.2534553|-76.7355797|type:landmark|name=Community College of Baltimore County, Catonsville, Maryland|format=dms}}
257. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130132529/http://www.morgan.edu/Documents/ADMINISTRATION/Finance%20and%20Mgmt/design-construct/BANNEKER%20HALL.pdf|archivedate=2012-11-30 |url=http://www.morgan.edu/Documents/ADMINISTRATION/Finance%20and%20Mgmt/design-construct/BANNEKER%20HALL.pdf |format=PDF |title=Banneker Hall |work=Design and Construction Management |location=Baltimore, Maryland |publisher=Morgan State University |year=2012 |accessdate=2012-09-14}}
258. ^(1) {{cite web |last=Trieschman L. |first=L. |last2=Gettings |first2=K, Architectural Historians, Traceries, Chevy Chase, Maryland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203192641/http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/018000/018700/018733/pdf/msa_se5_18733.pdf|archivedate=2016-02-03 |url=http://www.msa.md.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/018000/018700/018733/pdf/msa_se5_18733.pdf |format=PDF |title=Maryland Historical Trust: Maryland Inventory of Historic Properties Form: Bowie State University: Tubman and Banneker Halls, Bowie, Maryland (Inventory No. PG-71A-21) |date=1996-09-01 |work=Bowlin, Lauren: Proposed demolition Bannekar Hall, 1998-01-02 |publisher=Maryland State Archives |accessdate=2012-09-14}}
(2) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204141735/http://contentdm.auctr.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/bsdc/id/13/rec/1|archivedate=2016-02-04|url=http://contentdm.auctr.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/bsdc/id/13/rec/1 |title=Panorama View of Banneker Hall: Bowie State University |year=1938 |work=HBCU Library Alliance Digital Collection |location=Atlanta, Georgia |publisher=Historically Black Colleges and Universities Library Alliance |accessdate=2012-09-14}}
259. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707195541/http://www.tuskegee.edu/academics/student_affairs/departments/housing/occupancy_and_capacity/banneker_hall.aspx|archivedate=2012-07-07 |url=http://www.tuskegee.edu/academics/student_affairs/departments/housing/occupancy_and_capacity/banneker_hall.aspx |title=Banneker Hall |work=Housing |location=Tuskegee, Alabama |publisher=Tuskegee University |year=2012 |accessdate=2012-09-14}}
260. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514115642/http://wwwcf.umes.edu/CampusMap/index.cfm?ID=Building&BuildingID=bann |archivedate=2012-05-14 |url=http://wwwcf.umes.edu/CampusMap/index.cfm?ID=Building&BuildingID=bann |title=Banneker Hall |work=UMES Campus Map |location=Princess Anne, Maryland |publisher=University of Maryland Eastern Shore |accessdate=2012-09-14 |deadurl=yes |df=}}
261. ^{{cite web |last=Joseph |first=Marvin |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/around-the-dial-at-howard-university/2011/10/08/gIQAi4owVL_gallery.html#photo=2 |title=Around the Dial At Howard University |page=2 |work=Post Local |publisher=The Washington Post |date=2011-10-09 |accessdate=2012-09-19 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014222253/http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/around-the-dial-at-howard-university/2011/10/08/gIQAi4owVL_gallery.html |archivedate=2011-10-14|quote=The sundial is a central feature of the Howard campus in Northwest Washington. The Omega Psi Phi fraternity presented it to the university in 1929 in honor of Benjamin Banneker.}}
262. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622220246/http://thestamp.umd.edu/events/event_services/reservable_rooms_list/benjamin_banneker_room |archivedate=2012-06-22 |url=http://thestamp.umd.edu/events/event_services/reservable_rooms_list/benjamin_banneker_room |title=Benjamin Banneker Room |work=Adele H. Stamp Student Union |location=College Park, Maryland |publisher=University of Maryland |accessdate=2012-09-19}}
263. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721100201/http://www.stateuniversity.com:80/universities/OH/Central_State_University.html|archivedate=2017-07-21 |url=http://www.stateuniversity.com/universities/OH/Central_State_University.html |title=Campus facilities: Benjamin Banneker Science Hall |work=Central State University|publisher=StateUniversity.com |accessdate=2018-11-14}}
264. ^(1) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708105106/http://www.famu.edu/index.cfm?a=headlines&p=display&news=746&archive|archivedate=2017-07-08 |url=http://www.famu.edu/index.cfm?a=headlines&p=display&news=746&archive |title=Engineering Technology Sponsors Annual Alumni Industry Day |work=News & Headlines |location=Tallahassee, Florida |publisher=Florida Agricultural And Mechanical University |year=2008 |accessdate=2012-09-18|quote=Students majoring in the engineering technology program at Florida A&M University (FAMU) can look forward to enhancing their professional savvy through participating in the college’s first annual Alumni Industry Day on Thursday, March 27, 2008 from 7:30 a.m. to 3 p.m. in the Benjamin Banneker Technology Complex.}}
(2) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227012857/http://www.famu.edu/library/2009CAMPUSMAP.pdf |archivedate=2012-02-27 |url=http://www.famu.edu/library/2009CAMPUSMAP.pdf |format=PDF |title=Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University Campus Map |work=Libraries |year=2009 |location=Tallahassee, Florida |publisher=Florida Agricultural And Mechanical University |accessdate=2012-09-19}}
265. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225230932/http://www.benjaminbanneker.org/|archivedate=2016-12-25|accessdate=2018-11-14 |url=http://www.benjaminbanneker.org/ |title=Benjamin Banneker Academic High School |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Benjamin Banneker Academic High School |via=Educational Networks}}
266. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506151707/http://schools.nyc.gov/schoolportals/13/k670/default.htm|archivedate=2018-05-06|url=http://schools.nyc.gov/SchoolPortals/13/K670/default.htm |title=Benjamin Banneker Academy for Community Development |location=New York City |publisher=New York City Department of Education |date=2018-05-06 |accessdate=2018-11-14}}
267. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208092917/http://school.fultonschools.org:80/hs/banneker/Pages/Mission.aspx|archivedate=2011-12-08 |url=http://school.fultonschools.org/hs/banneker/Pages/Mission.aspx |work=Benjamin Banneker High School |title=Mission and Vision |location=College Park, Georgia |publisher=Fulton County Schools |year=2013 |accessdate=2013-09-05}}
268. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207144014/http://www.bpi.edu/apps/news/index.jsp?id=3|archivedate=2012-02-07 |url=http://www.bpi.edu/apps/news/index.jsp?id=3 |title=PPFA News |work=Poly News |location=Baltimore, Maryland |publisher=Baltimore Polytechnic Institute |accessdate=2012-09-14|quote=The PPFA General Meetings will be held in Benjamin Banneker Lecture Hall, Room 115 at 6:00 P.M.}}
269. ^{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205194121/http://www.banneker.org:80/education/school/school.php?sectionid=202|archivedate=2012-12-05 |url=http://www.banneker.org/education/school/school.php?sectionid=202 |title=Benjamin Banneker Charter Public School |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=Benjamin Banneker Charter Public School |accessdate=2012-09-05}}
270. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501164909/http://www.montgomeryschoolsmd.org:80/schools/bannekerms/|archivedate=2018-05-01|url=http://www.montgomeryschoolsmd.org/schools/bannekerms/ |title=Benjamin Banneker Middle School |year=2017 |location=Rockville, Maryland |publisher=Montgomery County Public Schools |accessdate=2018-11-14}}
271. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115005642/https://bannekerprep.com/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=231684&type=d|archivedate=2018-11-15 |url=https://www.bannekerprep.com/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=231684&type=d |title=Mission and Vision|work=The Benjamin Banneker Preparatory Charter School |accessdate=2018-11-15|via=Educational Networks}}
272. ^{{cite journal|last=Wyant|first=Willam K;, Jr.|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112004337389;view=1up;seq=59|title=Reading: A Way Upward|work=The Saturday Evening Post|date=April 16, 1942|quote=The lights of the Carver School were burning for a meeting of parents, faculty members and a team of educators led by Samuel Shepard, Jr., director of the Banneker group of 23 elementary schools. The Banneker Group is one of five areas into which St. Louis's 150 elementary schools are divided. Covering 15 square miles, it embraces a railroad yard and five low-income public-housing projects.
In the Banneker schools, more than 95% of the students are Negroes.}}
In {{cite book|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112004337389;view=1up;seq=1|title=Civil rights U.S.A.: Public Schools: Cities in the North and West: 1962: St. Louis: A report to the United States Commission on Civil Rights (Appendix E)|page=303|first=Wylie H.|last=Davis|year=1962|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=United States Government Printing Office|oclc=784219767|accessdate=2019-03-11|via=HathiTrust Digital Library}}
273. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101070349/http://bannekerctc-lausd-ca.schoolloop.com/|archivedate=2018-11-01 |url=http://search.lausd.k12.ca.us/cgi-bin/fccgi.exe?w3exec=find3&which=1941 |title=Banneker Career and Transition Center|location=Los Angeles, California |publisher=Los Angeles Unified School District|via=SchoolLoop |accessdate=2018-11-15}}
274. ^(1) {{cite web |last=Smith |first=Ethel |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115010311/https://www.lcps.org/Domain/5757|archivedate=2018-11-15 |url=http://lcps.org//Domain/5757 |title=Early History of Banneker School |work=Banneker Elementary School |publisher=Loudoun County Public Schools |accessdate=2018-11-15}}
(2) {{cite web |url=http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=5200 |title="History of St. Louis" marker |publisher=HMdb.org: The Historical Marker Database |accessdate=2014-03-11 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313001100/http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=5200 |archivedate=2014-03-13 |quote=A six room school was built in 1948, and named after Benjamin Banneker, a famous African American scientist, inventor, surveyor & anti slavery publicist.}}
275. ^{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728071956/http://banneker.schools.kckps.org:80/grhuffm/schoolinfo.html|archivedate=2012-07-28 |url=http://banneker.schools.kckps.org/grhuffm/schoolinfo.html |title=School Information |work=Banneker Elementary Science & Technology Magnet School |location=Kansas City, Kansas |publisher=Kansas City, Kansas, Public Schools |accessdate=2012-09-12}}
276. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206172652/http://banneker.eastorange.schoolfusion.us:80/ |archivedate=2017-12-06 |title=Benjamin Banneker Academy |url=http://banneker.eastorange.schoolfusion.us/ |year=2012 |location=East Orange, New Jersey |publisher=Benjamin Banneker Academy |accessdate=2012-09-05}}
277. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106193530/http://www.garycsc.k12.in.us:80/schools/benjamin-banneker/ |archivedate=2018-01-06 |url=http://www.garycsc.k12.in.us:80/schools/benjamin-banneker/ |title=Benjamin Banneker Achievement Center |location=Gary, Indiana |publisher=Gary Community School Corporation |date=2016-08-23|via=SMDG|accessdate=2018-11-15}}
278. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115012007/https://www.bbchartertech.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=99451&type=d|archivedate=2018-11-15 |url=http://www.bbchartertech.org/apps/pages/?uREC_ID=99451&type=d |title=Benjamin Banneker Charter Academy of Technology |location=Kansas City, Missouri |publisher=Benjamin Banneker Charter Academy of Technology |accessdate=2018-11-15 |via=Educational Networks}}
279. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517052931/http://www.cps.edu/Schools/Pages/school.aspx?id=610265 |archivedate=2013-05-17 |url=http://www.cps.edu/Schools/Pages/school.aspx?id=610265 |title=Banneker |publisher=Chicago Public Schools |work=Schools |location=Chicago, Illinois |year=2012 |accessdate=2012-09-12}}
280. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926193909/https://www.kcpublicschools.org/domain/212 |archivedate=2018-09-26 |url=https://www.kcpublicschools.org/domain/212|title=About Benjamin Banneker Elementary |work=Benjamin Banneker Elementary |location=Kansas City, Missouri |publisher=Kansas City Public Schools|year=2018|accessdate=2018-09-15}}
281. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115020118/https://schools.smcps.org/bbes/about-us|archivedate=2018-11-15 |url=http://schools.smcps.org/bes/|title=About Us|work=Benjamin Banneker Elementary School |location=St. Mary's County, Maryland |publisher=St. Mary's County Public Schools |accessdate=2018-11-15}}
282. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616170534/http://be.milfordschooldistrict.org/bbes/about/history.jsp |archivedate=2017-06-16 |url=http://be.milfordschooldistrict.org/ |accessdate=2018-11-15|title=History of Benjamin Banneker |work=Benjamin Banneker Elementary School |location=Milford, Delaware |publisher=Benjamin Banneker Elementary School}}
283. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305022758/http://www.rsdla.net:80/about_the_rsd/schools/banneker.aspx|archivedate=2013-03-05 |url=http://www.rsdla.net/about_the_rsd/schools/banneker.aspx |title=Recovery School District: Benjamin Banneker Elementary |location=New Orleans, Louisiana |publisher=Louisiana Department of Education - Recovery School District |year=2008 |accessdate=2012-09-05}}
284. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830221212/http://ps256brooklyn.org/?page_id=25 |archivedate=2018-08-30 |url=http://ps256brooklyn.org/?page_id=25 |title=About PS 256|via=WordPress |year=2018 |accessdate=2018-11-15|quote=Welcome to P.S. 256 Benjamin Banneker Elementary. We are a Pre-K to grade 5 school located in historical Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn.}}
285. ^{{cite web |last=Rau |first=Jean |last2=Fleming |first2=Beverly A. |last3=Mitchell |first3=Steven |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023011232/http://dnr.mo.gov/shpo/nps-nr/95001115.pdf |archivedate=2017-10-23 |url=http://www.dnr.mo.gov/shpo/nps-nr/95001115.pdf |format=PDF |title=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Benjamin Banneker School |publisher=United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service |accessdate=2018-11-15}}
286. ^(1) {{cite web|editor-first=Bill|editor-last=Pfingsten|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403233006/https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=82535|archivedate=2019-04-03|url=https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=82535|title="Benjamin Banneker Institute" marker|publisher=HMdb:The Historical Marker Database|date=2016-06-16|accessdate=2019-04-03|quote=Founded here in 1854 and dedicated to the literary betterment of African Americans, this school was named for a Black astronomer and mathematician who published an almanac and helped survey Washington, D.C.}}
(2) {{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404003142/http://explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=1-9-21&chapter=3|archivedate=2019-04-04|url=http://explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=1-9-21&chapter=3|title=Chapter Three: "An Open Field and No Favors": Education and the Quest for Equality|work="The Surest Foundation of Happiness": Education in Pennsylvania|publisher=ExplorePAHistory.com: Stories from PA History|year=2011|accessdate=2019-04-04|quote=Inspired by the growing agitation over slavery and racial inequality, Pennsylvania abolitionists founded other schools for black Pennsylvanians. Some, including Avery College in Pittsburgh (1849) and the Benjamin Banneker Institute in Philadelphia (1854), were short-lived.}}
(3) {{cite web|url=http://www.preservationalliance.com/inventory-african-american-historic-sites/|title=Benjamin Banneker Institute|work=Inventory of African American Historic Sites|year=2015|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|publisher=Preservation Alliance for Greater Philadelphia.}}
287. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106184729/https://americanstudies.columbian.gwu.edu/james-oliver-horton|archivedate=2018-11-06|url=http://departments.columbian.gwu.edu/americanstudies/people/162 |title=James Oliver Horton: Benjamin Banneker Professor Emeritus of American Studies and History |work=Columbian College of Arts and Sciences: The Department of American Studies |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=George Washington University |accessdate=2018-11-15}}
288. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315205635/http://www.centralstate.edu/academics/support/cso/scholarships/pdf/Banneker-NSF%20Scholarship%20Packet08.pdf |archivedate=2009-03-15 |url=http://www.centralstate.edu/academics/support/cso/scholarships/pdf/Banneker-NSF%20Scholarship%20Packet08.pdf |format=PDF |title=The National Science Foundation Benjamin Banneker Scholarship Program, Central State University |work=Center for Student Opportunities Scholarship Programs |location=Wilberforce, Ohio |publisher=Central State University |accessdate=2012-09-14}}
289. ^(1) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428115058/http://www.bannekerkey.umd.edu/|archivedate=2018-04-28 |url=http://www.bannekerkey.umd.edu/ |title=Banneker/Key Scholars |location=College Park, Maryland |publisher=University of Maryland Honors College |accessdate=2018-11-15}}
(2) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130063234/https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F3/038/38.F3d.147.93-2585.93-2527.html |archivedate=2016-01-30 |url=https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F3/038/38.F3d.147.93-2585.93-2527.html |title=Podberesky v. Kirwin, 38 F.3d 147 (4th Cir. 1994): 63 USLW 2287, 95 Ed. Law Rep. 52 |work=United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit |date=1994-10-27 |publisher=Public.Resource.org |accessdate=2016-01-30 |quote=The issue in this case is whether the University of Maryland at College Park may maintain a separate merit scholarship program that it voluntarily established for which only African-American students are eligible. Because we find that the district court erred in finding that the University had sufficient evidence of present effects of past discrimination to justify the program and in finding that the program is narrowly tailored to serve its stated objectives, we reverse the district court's grant of summary judgment to the University. We further reverse the district court's denial of Podberesky's motion for summary judgment, and we remand for entry of judgment in favor of Podberesky.
The facts and prior proceedings in this case are set forth at length in our earlier opinion, Podberesky v. Kirwan, 956 F.2d 52 (4th Cir.1992) (Podberesky I). In sum, Daniel Podberesky challenges the University of Maryland's Banneker scholarship program, which is a merit-based program for which only African-American students are eligible. The University maintains a separate merit-based scholarship program, the Francis Scott Key program, which is not restricted to African-American students. Podberesky is Hispanic; he was therefore ineligible for consideration under the Banneker Program, although he met the academic and all other requirements for consideration. Podberesky was ineligible for consideration under the Key program because his academic credentials fell just shy of its more rigorous standards. ....}}
290. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203192640/http://www.aamu.edu/news/Lists/Events/DispForm.aspx?ID=483|archivedate=2016-02-03 |url=http://www.aamu.edu/news/Lists/Events/DispForm.aspx?ID=483 |title=Benjamin Banneker Awards Banquet |date=2012-02-27 |location=Huntsville, Alabama |publisher=Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University |accessdate=2012-10-19 |deadurl=yes |df=}}
291. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330235724/http://www.temple.edu/education/graduation/awards.html |archivedate=2009-03-30 |url=http://www.temple.edu/education/graduation/awards.html |title=Benjamin Banneker Award |work=College of Education Commencement Awards |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |publisher=Temple University |year=2004 |accessdate=2017-02-17 |quote=Benjamin Banneker Award) The purpose of the FUND is to provide an annual award for a full-time graduate student in the College of Education who worked as a research or teaching assistant in the College during the academic year prior to receiving the award, and who showed outstanding work and initiative in carrying out his or her research/teaching activities.}}
292. ^(1) {{cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116022035/https://buffalonews.com/2004/11/05/buffalos-high-scoring-students-honored-for-academic-achievement/|archivedate=2018-11-16|url=https://buffalonews.com/2004/11/05/buffalos-high-scoring-students-honored-for-academic-achievement/|author=Staff|title=Buffalo's High-Scoring Students Honored for Academic Achievement|work=The Buffalo News|location=Buffalo, New York|date=2004-11-06|accessdate=2018-11-16|quote=From a fifth-grader to several high school seniors, 12 Buffalo students will be honored this weekend at the third annual Benjamin Banneker Awards of Excellence in Math and Science.}}
(2) {{cite web|url=https://www.buffaloshools.org/Page/63752 |title=7th Annual Benjamin Banneker Award of Excellence in Math and Science|work=Awards|publisher=PS 192: Buffalo Academy for Visual and Performing Arts|location=Buffalo, New York|year=2018|via=Blackboard|accessdate=2018-11-15}}
293. ^(1) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218035231/https://yippsdc.wordpress.com/page/2/?archives-list=1 |archivedate=2017-02-18 |url=https://yippsdc.wordpress.com/page/2/?archives-list=1 |title=Benjamin Banneker Award for Outstanding Social Commitment and Community Initiatives: |work=APA NCAC Awards Nominations Now Open: National Capital Area Chapter – APA Now Accepting Planning Award Nominations!: National Capital Area Chapter of the American Planning Association |publisher=YIPPS: Young, Innovative, Professional Planning Superstars in Washington DC |date=2010-09-09 |accessdate=2017-02-17 |quote=This award honors a group, individual, or initiative that has developed initiatives and/or demonstrated a sustained commitment to reach beyond and expand the traditional scope of planning, particularly to advance social objectives. This could include efforts such as community policing or drug prevention, neighborhood outreach initiatives, programs designed for diverse populations, public art or cultural efforts, community festivals, environmental conservation initiatives, summer recreational initiatives for children, or community food production.}}
(2) {{cite web|author=National Capital Area Chapter of the American Planning Association|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5612e13ae4b0c37386e86b7e/t/5a5f59c20d92977380e4d4f2/1516198339211/2012.jpg|title=2012 Benjamin Banneker Award for Outstanding Social Commitment and Community Initiatives|date=2012-11-10|accessdate=2019-03-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314145113/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5612e13ae4b0c37386e86b7e/t/5a5f59c20d92977380e4d4f2/1516198339211/2012.jpg|archivedate=2019-03-14}}
294. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003942/http://www.thebannekerinstitute.org/events/benjamin-banneker-legacy-award-winners |archivedate=2016-03-04 |url=http://www.thebannekerinstitute.org/events/benjamin-banneker-legacy-award-winners |title=Benjamin Banneker Legacy Award Winners: 2006 Award Winners |year=2006 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=The Benjamin Banneker Institute for Science and Technology |accessdate=2017-02-17}}
295. ^Coordinates of Banneker Avenue, Richmond Heights, Missouri: {{coord|38.6243918|-90.33350|type:landmark|name=Banneker Avenue, Richmond Heights, Missouri|format=dms}}
296. ^Coordinates of Banneker Avenue North, Minneapolis, Minnesota: {{coord|44.9899561|-93.2975766|type:landmark|name=Banneker Avenue North, Minneapolis, Minnesota}}
297. ^Coordinates of Banneker Court, Detroit, Michigan: {{coord|42.3910148|-82.974933|type:landmark|name=Banneker Court, Detroit, Michigan|format=dms}}
298. ^Coordinates of Banneker Court, Mobile, Alabama: {{coord|30.7181507|-88.0940791|type:landmark|name=Banneker Court, Mobile, Alabama|format=dms}}
299. ^Coordinates of Banneker Court, Stone Mountain, Georgia: {{coord|33.836538|-84.1828309|type:landmark|name=Banneker Court, Stone Mountain, Georgia|format=dms}}
300. ^Coordinates of Banneker Court, Wilmington, Delaware: {{coord|39.7243704|-75.5459409|type:landmark|name=Banneker Court, Wilmington, Delaware|format=dms}}
301. ^Coordinates of Banneker Cove, Memphis, Tennessee: {{coord|35.0041318|-90.0717804|type:landmark|name=Banneker Cove, Memphis, Tennessee|format=dms}}
302. ^Coordinates of Banneker Drive, San Diego: {{coord|32.7125172|-117.0328774|type:landmark|name=Banneker Drive, San Diego, California|format=dms}}
303. ^Coordinates of Banneker Drive, Williamsburg, Virginia: {{coord|37.2495039|-76.6572029|type:landmark|name=Banneker Drive, Williamsburg, Virginia|format=dms}}
304. ^Coordinates of Banneker Drive Northeast, Washington, D.C.: {{coord|38.9259512|-76.9615853|type:landmark|name=Banneker Drive Northeast, Washington, D.C.|format=dms}}
305. ^Coordinates of Banneker Lane, Annapolis, Maryland: {{coord|38.9653623|-76.5314086|type:landmark|name=Banneker Lane, Annapolis, Maryland|format=dms}}
306. ^Coordinates of Banneker Place, Dallas, Texas: {{coord|32.7977617|-96.7912545|type:landmark|name=Banneker Place, Dallas, Texas|format=dms}}
307. ^Coordinates of Banneker Place, Nipomo, California: {{coord|35.0242629|-120.541212|type:landmark|name=Banneker Place, Nipomo, California|format=dms}}
308. ^Coordinates of Banneker Road, Columbia, Maryland: {{coord|39.2125185|-76.8705726|type:landmark|name=Banneker Road, Columbia, Maryland|format=dms}}
309. ^Coordinates of Banneker Street, Columbus, Ohio: {{coord|39.8769572|-82.8273471|type:landmark|name=Banneker Street, Columbus, Ohio|format=dms}}
310. ^Coordinates of Banneker Street, DeQuincy, Louisiana: {{coord|30.4437891|-93.4242829|type:landmark|name=Banneker Street, DeQuincy, Louisiana|format=dms}}
311. ^Coordinates of Benjamin Banneker Boulevard, Aquasco, Maryland: {{coord|38.5718481|-76.6871739|type:landmark|name=Benjamin Banneker Boulevard, Aquasco, Maryland|format=dms}}
312. ^Coordinates of South Banneker Avenue, Fresno, California: {{coord|36.7153949|-119.807338|type:landmark|name=South Banneker Avenue, Fresno, California|format=dms}}
313. ^Coordinates of West Banneker Street, Hanford, California: {{coord|36.3091244|-119.6659296|type:landmark|name=West Banneker Street, Hanford, California|format=dms}}
314. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.loopnet.com/Listing/5840-Banneker-Rd-Columbia-MD/7699282/|title=Banneker Building |publisher=LoopNet |accessdate=2012-09-19}}
315. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023011236/http://cumberlandhousing.org/content/banneker_gardens|archivedate=2017-10-23 |url=http://cumberlandhousing.org/content/banneker_gardens |title=Banneker Gardens |work=Cumberland Housing |location=Cumberland, Maryland |publisher=Cumberland Housing Alliance |accessdate=2012-09-13}}
316. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804202426/http://bannekerhomes.com/ |archivedate=2018-08-04 |url=http://bannekerhomes.com/|title=Banneker Homes|publisher=Banneker Homes |year=2016 |accessdate=2018-11-15}}
317. ^1 {{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425073640/http://towncenter.columbiavillages.org:80/files/Know_Your_Village_Neighborhoods_11-7-11.pdf |archivedate=2012-04-25|url=http://towncenter.columbiavillages.org/files/Know_Your_Village_Neighborhoods_11-7-11.pdf |format=PDF |title=Know Your Neighborhoods: Town Center |location=Columbia, Maryland |publisher=Town Center Community Association |accessdate=2012-09-12|quote=
What Neighborhood Is Your Development In?
.........
Banneker
Banneker Place}}
318. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328171414/http://www.apartmentshowcase.com:80/details/district-of-columbia/washington/banneker-place/3019|archivedate=2017-03-28 |url=http://www.apartmentshowcase.com:80/details/district-of-columbia/washington/banneker-place/3019|title=Banneker Place in Washington, D.C. |work=Apartment Showcase |publisher=The Washington Post |year=2012 |accessdate=2012-09-11}}
319. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063111/http://bannekerenergy.com/index.html |archivedate=2017-10-23 |url=http://bannekerenergy.com/index.html |title=Banneker Energy, LLC |location=Duluth, Georgia |publisher=Banneker Energy, LLC |accessdate=2012-09-12}}
320. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618134538/http://www.bannekerstore.com/banneker-company |archivedate=2016-06-18 |url=http://www.bannekerstore.com/about-us |title=Our Company |work=Bannekerstore.com |location=Denver, Colorado |publisher=Banneker, Inc: Benjamin Banneker Watches and Clocks |accessdate=2017-02-17 |quote=The watch and clock offerings of the company are differentiated in the marketplace by virtue of a unique design feature that connects us to our legendary namesake. Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806) was a free African American astronomer, inventor, mathematician, surveyor, almanac author, and farmer. The historic contribution that aligns us with this man of genius is outlined below. ....}}
321. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.banneker.com/about-us/company-overview/ |title=Company Overview |work=Banneker: World Class Supply Chain Solutions |location=North Smithfield, Rhode Island |publisher=Banneker Industries, Inc. |year=2012 |accessdate=2012-09-11 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211084709/http://www.banneker.com/about-us/company-overview/ |archivedate=2013-02-11 |quote=Banneker Industries is named after Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806), the first recognized African American mathematician, astronomer and inventor. He is credited with making the first American striking clock, publishing several almanacs and was influential in the design of our nation’s capitol.}}
322. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913073651/http://bannekerventures.com/about_overview.html |archivedate=2012-09-13 |url=http://bannekerventures.com/about_overview.html |title=About Us |work=Banneker Ventures |location=Washington, D.C. and Rockville, Maryland |publisher=Banneker Ventures, LLC |year=2011 |accessdate=2017-02-17 |quote=The firm is named in honor of the brilliant mathematician, astronomer and surveyor Benjamin Banneker who worked on the survey for the Federal District, which is now Washington, D.C. Born in 1731, Benjamin Banneker lived a life of unusual achievement. He was an astronomer, predicting future solar and lunar eclipses, compiling the ephemeris for annual almanacs which became top sellers in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, mathematician, and surveyor. In 1980, the U.S. Postal Service issued a postage stamp in his honor.}}
323. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428084830/http://www.thebannekergroup.com/about.asp |archivedate=2013-04-28 |url=http://www.thebannekergroup.com/about.asp |title=The Banneker Group, LLC: General Contracting and Facility Maintenance |location=Laurel, Maryland |publisher=The Banneker Group |year=2013 |accessdate=2017-02-18}}
324. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219074425/http://bannekermath.org/about-bba/|archivedate=2014-12-19 |url=http://bannekermath.org/about-bba/ |title=About BBA |work=BANNEKERMATH.org: The Benjamin Banneker Association |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |publisher=BANNEKERMATH.org |year=2012 |accessdate=2012-09-11 |quote=The Benjamin Banneker Association, Inc. is a national non-profit organization dedicated to mathematics education advocacy, establishing a presence for leadership, and professional development to support teachers in leveling the playing field for mathematics learning of the highest quality for African-American students.}}
325. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908113704/http://www.progress.org/banneker/index.shtml |archivedate=2014-09-08 |url=http://www.progress.org/banneker/index.shtm|title=The Benjamin Banneker Center for Economic Justice |location=Baltimore, Maryland |publisher=The Benjamin Banneker Center for Economic Justice and Progress |accessdate=2012-12-09}}
326. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bannekerfoundation.com/about_us |title=About The Foundation |work=Benjamin Banneker Foundation |date=2016-12-27 |location=Fulton, Maryland |publisher=Benjamin Banneker Foundation, Inc. |accessdate=2017-02-17 |quote=The Benjamin Banneker Foundation is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit philanthropic group, specializing in fundraising for the Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum. Funds are used to increase educational activities, enhance conservation initiatives, and further develop the Park and Museum into a living history center. |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218143552/https://www.bannekerfoundation.com/about_us |archivedate=2017-02-18 |df=}}
327. ^(1) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324130007/http://www.thebannekerinstitute.org/about-us |archivedate=2016-03-24 |url=http://www.thebannekerinstitute.org/about-us |title=The Benjamin Banneker Institute for Science and Technology |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=The Benjamin Banneker Institute for Science and Technology |year=2000–2012 |accessdate=2012-09-10}}
(2) {{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215040449/http://catalystdc.org/cpe_the_banneker.htm |archivedate=2017-02-15 |url=http://catalystdc.org/cpe_the_banneker.htm |title=The Benjamin Banneker Institute for Science and Technology |work=Current Projects: Educational Institution Development and Reform |publisher=Catalyst Institute for Applied Policy |year=2007 |accessdate=2017-02-17 |quote=The mission of the Banneker Institute is to increase access to, and participation and performance in science and math related professions and academic pursuits by African Americans. The Institute proposes to enable more rapid identification and implementation of success models by serving as an information clearinghouse for monitoring the state of the art, identifying best practices, creating opportunities for collaboration, funding and otherwise promoting pilot projects, and granting an annual Banneker Award to honor the contributions of those making significant progress in support of the Institute’s mission.}}
328. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129140117/http://www.bannekermemorial.org/aboutus.htm |archivedate=2017-01-29 |url=http://www.bannekermemorial.org/aboutus.htm |title=About Us |work=Washington Interdependence Council: Administrators of the Benjamin Banneker Memorial and Banneker Institute of Math & Science |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Washington Interdependence Council |year=2016 |accessdate=2017-02-17 |quote=The Washington Interdependence Council (WIC) is a 501(c)3 non-profit civic organization authorized by Congress [P.L. 105-355] to erect a monument to colonial American hero Benjamin Banneker [1731-1806] .}}
329. ^(1) {{cite web|last=Dove|first=Rita|authorlink=Rita Dove|url=http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/172127|work=Poems & Poets |title=Banneker|publisher=Poetry Foundation|year=1983|accessdate=2018-02-20}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220134254/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/43354/banneker|date=2018-02-20}}
(2) {{cite web|first=Amanda|last=Newton|url=http://ritadoveatwandl.blogspot.com/2012/03/analysis-on-banneker-and-parsley.html|title=Analysis on "Banneker" and "Parsley"|work=Spotlight on Rita Dove|date=2012-03-04|publisher=Blogger|accessdate=2018-02-20}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220141926/http://ritadoveatwandl.blogspot.com/2012/03/analysis-on-banneker-and-parsley.html|date=2018-02-20}}
330. ^{{cite web|title=Comprehensive Biography of Rita Dove|url=http://people.virginia.edu/~rfd4b/compbio.html|work=The Rita Dove Home Page|publisher=University of Virginia|accessdate=2018-02-20}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220152646/http://people.virginia.edu/~rfd4b/compbio.html|date=2018-02-20}}
331. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831112328/http://bannekercityll.org/|url=http://bannekercityll.org/ |archivedate=2018-08-31|title=Banneker City Little League |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Banneker City Baseball |year=2018 |accessdate=2018-11-15}}
332. ^(1) {{cite web |first=Aslaku |last=Berhanu |url=http://stillfamily.library.temple.edu/people-and-places/benjamin-banneker-institute |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126024455/http://stillfamily.library.temple.edu/people-and-places/benjamin-banneker-institute |archivedate=2014-11-26 |title=Benjamin Banneker Institute |work=William Still: An African-American Abolitionist |publisher=University Libraries: Temple University |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |accessdate=2017-02-19 |quote=The Banneker Literary Institute, named after black mathematician Benjamin Banneker, was one of several literary and debating societies in nineteenth-century Philadelphia. Organized in 1854 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by a group of prominent men, the Banneker Institute promoted literary and other intellectual endeavors. ..... The Banneker Institute was the forerunner of the Afro-American Historical Society, which was established in 1879.}}
(2) {{cite journal |last=Lapsansky |first=Emma Jones (January/April 1993) |jstor=20092777|title=’Discipline to the Mind’: Philadelphia’s Banneker Institute, 1854-1872 |journal=The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography |volume=117 |number=1/2 |pages=83–102 |publisher=Historical Society of Pennsylvania }} On JSTOR.
333. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625061452/http://www.bbhmss.org/ |archivedate=2011-06-25 |url=http://www.bbhmss.org/ |title=Benjamin Banneker Honors Math & Science Society |date=2012-10-22 |accessdate=2012-10-18 |quote=Mission - The Benjamin Banneker Honors Math and Science Society (BBHMSS) is an organization whose mission is to improve minority students academic standing with respect to mathematics and science.}}
334. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023012155/http://www.ntaonline.org/pittsburgh.html|archivedate=2017-10-23 |url=http://www.ntaonline.org/pittsburgh.html |title=NTA Pittsburgh Chapter: History |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Technical Association, Inc. |year=2012 |accessdate=2018-11-15 |quote=The primary goals of the NTA are:
To encourage minority youth to pursue careers in technical areas which will enable them to become successful doctors, scientists and other technical professionals.
To aid in the professional development of its members.
To provide an outlet for minority technical professionals to broaden its network.
These goals were accomplished through several programs serving students in grades 3 through 12 in the Pittsburgh Public Schools, such as the Benjamin Banneker Mathematics Competition, the Charles Drew Science Fair and the Elementary Science Program.}}
335. ^(1) "Benjamin Banneker" marker {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019195152/http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=5859 |date=2011-10-19 }} in website of hmdb.org: The Historical Marker Database {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303154048/http://www.hmdb.org/ |date=2011-03-03 }}. Retrieved 2008-08-27.
(2) {{cite web |url=https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=53 |archivedate=2017-01-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109074454/https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=53 |title=Benjamin Banneker |work=Find a Grave |accessdate=2017-02-22}}
336. ^Coordinates of Benjamim Banneker obelisk: {{coord|39.2749641|-76.778807|type:landmark|name=Benjamin Banneker obelisk|format=dms}}
337. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722174641/http://www.drexel.edu/dvsf/pdf/2014/DVSF%202014%2068%20pgs%20text.pdf |archivedate=2014-07-22 |url=http://www.drexel.edu/dvsf/pdf/2014/DVSF%202014%2068%20pgs%20text.pdf |title=9th Grade: Benjamin Banneker Science Fair |work=2014 Delaware Valley Science Fairs |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |publisher=Drexel University |year=2014 |accessdate=2017-02-17}}
338. ^(1) {{cite web |author=Phoenix Films, Inc. |year=1981 |url=https://archive.org/details/themanwholovedthestarsreel2 |title=The Man Who Loved the Stars |format=video |work=Docudrama starring Ossie Davis (59:11 minutes) |publisher=Cinemonde International, Ltd. |accessdate=2016-04-15 |via=Internet Archive Educational Films |deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404184640/https://archive.org/details/themanwholovedthestarsreel2 |archivedate=2016-04-04 |df=}} Archived on 2015-07-28.
339. ^(1) {{cite web |last=Erikson |first=Hal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/123937/Benjamin-Banneker-The-Man-Who-Loved-the-Stars/overview |title=Review Summary: Benjamin Banneker: The Man Who Loved the Stars (1989) |work=Movies |publisher=The New York Times |accessdate=2015-08-25}}
(2) {{cite news|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/madison-wisconsin-state-journal-feb-20-1989-p-19/|title=CBN (7:00 and 11:00 p.m.): The Man Who Loved The Stars |publisher=Wisconsin State Journal| work=TV/Entertainment|page=5C|date=1989-02-20|via=NewpaperARCHIVE|accessdate=2018-11-15}}
340. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302184046/https://cc.howardcountymd.gov/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=i6EW2ecctMI%3D&portalid=0|archivedate=2018-03-02 |url=https://cc.howardcountymd.gov/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=i6EW2ecctMI%3D&portalid=0|format=PDF|title=County Council Agenda: July 18, 2015 – September 4, 2015 |work=Howard County Council|location=Ellicott City, Maryland |publisher=Howard County, Maryland, government|accessdate=2018-11-16|quote=
County Council
Monday, July 20, 2015
Banneker Room
George Howard Building, 3430 Court House Drive, Ellicott City, MD}}
341. ^{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231015255/https://www.waysideinnmd.com/rooms/banneker-room/|archivedate=2018-12-31|url=https://www.waysideinnmd.com/rooms/banneker-room/|title=The Banneker Room |work=The Wayside Inn |location=Ellicott City, Maryland |publisher=The Wayside Inn |year=2018|accessdate=2018-12-31}}

Notes

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

References

{{refbegin|45em}}
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  • {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_ZJBxoCYeAC |title=Standard History of the City of Washington From a Study of the Original Sources |last=Tindall |first=William |location=Knoxville, Tennessee |publisher=H. W. Crew and Company |year=1914 |oclc=7059152 |accessdate=2013-01-31 |via=Google Books}}
  • {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/sketchoflifeofbe00tyso |title=A sketch of the life of Benjamin Banneker: from notes taken in 1836: read by J. Saurin Norris, before the Maryland Historical Society, October 5th, 1854 |first=Martha Ellicott |last=Tyson |location=Baltimore, Maryland |publisher=Printed for the Maryland Historical Society by John D. Toy |accessdate=2015-04-24 |via=[https://archive.org/details/texts Internet Archive and Open Library: eBooks and Texts]}}.
{{refend}}

External links

{{commons category-inline|Benjamin Banneker}}
{{commons category-inline|Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum}}
{{commons category-inline|Benjamin Banneker Park, Washington, D.C.}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Banneker, Mythology and legacy of Benjamin}}

5 : African-American culture|Urban legends|Commemoration|Tributes by person|Legacies by person
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