| 释义 |
- Key quotes
- Signatories and non-signatories United States Senate (in state order) United States House of Representatives (in state order)
- See also
- References
- External links
The Declaration of Constitutional Principles (known informally as the Southern Manifesto) was a document written in February and March 1956, in the United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places.[1] The manifesto was signed by 101 congressmen (99 Southern Democrats and two Republicans) from Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.[1] The document was drafted to counter the landmark Supreme Court 1954 ruling Brown v. Board of Education, which determined that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional. School segregation laws were some of the most enduring and best-known of the Jim Crow laws that characterized the American South and border states at the time.[2] Senators led the opposition, with Strom Thurmond writing the initial draft and Richard Russell the final version.[3] The manifesto was signed by 19 senators and 82 representatives, including the entire Congressional delegations of the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and Virginia. All of the signatories were Southern Democrats except two Virginia Republicans, Joel Broyhill and Richard Poff. However, three Southern Senate Democrats refused to sign: Albert Gore Sr. and Estes Kefauver of Tennessee, and Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas. Their opposition earned them the enmity of their colleagues for a time. The Southern Manifesto accused the Supreme Court of "clear abuse of judicial power" and promised to use "all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation."[4] It suggested that the Tenth Amendment should limit the reach of the Supreme Court on such issues.[5] Key quotes - "The unwarranted decision of the Supreme Court in the public school cases is now bearing the fruit always produced when men substitute naked power for established law."
- "The original Constitution does not mention education. Neither does the 14th Amendment nor any other amendment. The debates preceding the submission of the 14th Amendment clearly show that there was no intent that it should affect the system of education maintained by the States."
- "This unwarranted exercise of power by the Court, contrary to the Constitution, is creating chaos and confusion in the States principally affected. It is destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races that have been created through 90 years of patient effort by the good people of both races. It has planted hatred and suspicion where there has been heretofore friendship and understanding."{{cn|date=August 2018}}
Signatories and non-signatoriesIn many southern States, signing was much more common than not signing, with signatories including the entire delegations from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia. Those from southern states who refused to sign are noted below.[1] Refusal to sign occurred most prominently among the Texas and Tennessee delegations; in both states, the majority of members of the US House of Representatives refused to sign.[1] United States Senate (in state order)Signatories: - John Sparkman (D-Alabama)
- Lister Hill (D-Alabama)
- William Fulbright (D-Arkansas)[1]
- John L. McClellan (D-Arkansas)
- George A. Smathers (D-Florida)
- Spessard Holland (D-Florida)
- Walter F. George (D-Georgia)
- Richard B. Russell (D-Georgia)
- Allen J. Ellender (D-Louisiana)
- Russell B. Long (D-Louisiana)
- James O. Eastland (D-Mississippi)
- John Stennis (D-Mississippi)
- Samuel Ervin (D-North Carolina)
- W. Kerr Scott (D-North Carolina)
- Strom Thurmond (D-South Carolina)[1]
- Olin D. Johnston (D-South Carolina)
- Price Daniel (D-Texas)
- Harry F. Byrd (D-Virginia) [1]
- A. Willis Robertson (D-Virginia)
Non-signatories: - Albert Gore Sr. (D-Tennessee)[1]
- Estes Kefauver (D-Tennessee)[1]
- Lyndon B. Johnson (D-Texas)[1]
United States House of Representatives (in state order)Alabama:Signatories: - George W. Andrews (D)
- Frank W. Boykin (D)
- Carl Elliott (D)
- George M. Grant (D)
- George Huddleston Jr. (D)
- Robert E. Jones Jr. (D)
- Albert Rains (D)
- Kenneth A. Roberts (D)
- Armistead Selden (D)
Arkansas:Signatories: - Ezekiel C. Gathings (D)
- Oren Harris (D)
- Brooks Hays (D)[1]
- Wilbur D. Mills (D)
- William F. Norrell (D)
- James William Trimble (D)
Florida:Signatories: - Charles Edward Bennett (D)
- James A. Haley (D)
- Syd Herlong (D)
- D.R. "Billy" Matthews (D)
- Paul G. Rogers (D)
- Bob Sikes (D)
Non-Signatories: - William C. Cramer (R)
- Dante Fascell (D)
Georgia:Signatories: - Iris F. Blitch (D)
- Paul Brown (D)
- James C. Davis (D)
- John James Flynt Jr. (D)
- Tic Forrester (D)
- Phil M. Landrum (D)
- Henderson Lanham (D)
- J. L. Pilcher (D)
- Prince H. Preston (D)
- Carl Vinson (D)
Louisiana:Signatories: - Hale Boggs (D)
- Overton Brooks (D)
- F. Edward Hebert (D)
- George S. Long (D)
- James H. Morrison (D)
- Otto E. Passman (D)
- T. Ashton Thompson (D)
- Edwin E. Willis (D)
Mississippi:Signatories: - Thomas G. Abernethy (D)
- William M. Colmer (D)
- Frank E. Smith (D)
- Jamie L. Whitten (D)
- John Bell Williams (D)
- Arthur Winstead (D)
North Carolina:Signatories: - Hugh Q. Alexander (D)
- Graham A. Barden (D)
- Herbert C. Bonner (D)
- Frank Carlyle (D)
- Carl Durham (D)
- Lawrence Fountain (D)
- Woodrow W. Jones (D)
- George A. Shuford (D)
Non-Signatories: - Richard Chatham (D)
- Harold D. Cooley (D)
- Charles Deane (D)
- Charles R. Jonas (R)
South Carolina:Signatories: - Robert T. Ashmore (D)
- W.J. Bryan Dorn (D)
- John L. McMillan (D)
- James P. Richards (D)
- John J. Riley (D)
- L. Mendel Rivers (D)
Tennessee:Signatories: - Jere Cooper (D)
- Clifford Davis (D)
- James B. Frazier Jr. (D)
- Tom J. Murray (D)
Non-Signatories: - Howard Baker Sr. (R)
- Ross Bass (D)
- Joe Evins (D)
- Percy Priest (D)
- B. Carroll Reece (R)
Texas:Signatories: - Wright Patman (D) [1]
- John Dowdy (D)
- Walter Rogers (D)
- O. C. Fisher (D) [1]
- Martin Dies Jr. (D) [1]
Non-signatories: - Jack Brooks (D) [1]
- Brady Gentry (D)
- Sam Rayburn (D) [1]
- Bruce Alger (R) [1]
- Olin E. Teague (D) [1]
- Albert Thomas (D) [1]
- Clark W. Thompson (D)
- Homer Thornberry (D) [1]
- William Poage (D) [1]
- Jim Wright (D) [1]
- Frank Ikard (D) [1]
- John J. Bell (D)
- Joe Madison Kilgore (D) [1]
- J. T. Rutherford (D)
- Omar Burleson (D) [1]
- George H. Mahon (D) [1]
- Paul Kilday (D)
Virginia:Signatories: - Edward J. Robeson Jr. (D)
- Porter Hardy (D)
- J. Vaughan Gary (D)
- Watkins M. Abbitt (D)
- William M. Tuck (D)
- Richard Harding Poff (R)
- Burr Harrison (D)
- Howard W. Smith (D)
- William Pat Jennings (D)
- Joel T. Broyhill (R)
See also- American Civil Rights Movement
- Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
- Brown v. Board of Education
- 1957 Georgia Memorial to Congress
- Massive resistance
- Racial segregation in the United States
- Solid South
- Southern Democrats
- Conservative Democrat
- 84th United States Congress
{{Wikisource}} References 1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 {{cite journal |last=Badger |first=Tony |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=June 1999 |title=Southerners Who Refused to Sign the Southern Manifesto |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=517–534 |id= |quote= |doi=10.1017/S0018246X98008346 |jstor=3020998}}
2. ^Brent J. Aucoin, "The Southern Manifesto and Southern Opposition to Desegregation." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 55#2 (1996): 173-193.
3. ^{{cite journal| date = March 26, 1956 | title = The Southern Manifesto | journal = Time Magazine | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,824106,00.html | accessdate = 2007-08-10 }}
4. ^James T. Patterson,Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (1996), p. 398
5. ^Zornick, George. "Republican race to turn on "Tentherism?"" CBS News, 20 May 2011.
External links- [https://web.archive.org/web/20150926013722/http://sti.clemson.edu/component/content/article/192-general-info/790-1956-qsouthern-manifestoq Manifesto text and signers from the Congressional Record]
9 : 1956 in law|School segregation in the United States|Legal history of the United States|American political manifestos|History of racism in the United States|1956 in American politics|1956 in the United States|1956 documents|Civil rights movement |