| 词条 | Southern Ndebele language | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Southern Ndebele | altname = Transvaal Ndebele | nativename = isiNdebele seSewula | states = South Africa | region = Mpumalanga, Limpopo, Gauteng, North West | speakers = 1.1 million | date = 2011 census | ref = e18 | refname = Ndebele | speakers2 = 1.4 million L2 speakers (2002)[1] | familycolor = Niger-Congo | fam2 = Atlantic–Congo | fam3 = Benue–Congo | fam4 = Southern Bantoid | fam5 = Bantu | fam6 = Southern Bantu | fam7 = Nguni | script = Latin (Ndebele alphabet) Ndebele Braille | nation = {{RSA}} | iso1 = nr | iso1comment = – South Ndebele | iso2 = nbl | iso2comment = – South Ndebele | iso3 = nbl | iso3comment = – South Ndebele | lingua = 99-AUT-fi + 99-AUT-fj | guthrie = S.407 | sign = Signed Ndebele | glotto = sout2808 | glottorefname = Sumayela Ndebele |notice=IPA }} Southern Ndebele ({{IPAc-en|lang|pron|ɛ|n|d|ə|'|b|iː|l|iː}}), also known as Transvaal Ndebele or South Ndebele,[2][3] is an African language belonging to the Nguni group of Bantu languages, spoken by the Ndebele people of South Africa. There is also a different language called Northern Ndebele, or isiNdebele, Matabele, or simply Ndebele, spoken in Zimbabwe, which is closer to Zulu than other Nguni dialects.[4] OverviewThe Southern Transvaal Ndebele people's history has been traced back to King Ndebele, King Ndebele fathered King Mkhalangana, King Mkhalangana fathered King Mntungwa (not to be confused with the Khumalo Mntungwa, because he was fathered by Mbulazi), King Mntungwa fathered King Jonono, King Jonono fathered King Nanasi, King Nanasi fathered King Mafana, king Mafana fathered King Mhlanga and Chief Libhoko, King Mhlanga fathered King Musi and Chief Skhube . Ndebele – Some of his sons were left behind with the Hlubi tribe Mkhalangana – Some of his sons branched north and formed the Kalanga tribe Mntungwa – Founder of the amaNtungwa clan Njonono – He died in Jononoskop near Ladysmith – Surname Jonono is in the Hlubi tribe Nanasi – He died in Jononoskop near Ladysmith – Surname Nanasi is in the Hlubi tribe Mafana – He died in Randfontein (Emhlangeni) Mhlanga – He died in Randfontein (Emhlangeni) Musi – He died in kwaMnyamana (Pretoria) King Musi's kraal was based at eMhlangeni a place named after his father Mhlanga, the name of the place is currently known as Randfontein (Mohlakeng) and later moved to KwaMnyamana which is now called Emarula or Bon Accord in Pretoria. King Musi was a polygamist and fathered the following sons, Skhosana (Masombuka), Manala (Mbuduma), Ndzundza (Hlungwana), Thombeni (Kekana or Gegana), Sibasa, Mhwaduba (Lekhuleni) and Mphafuli and others. Southern Transvaal Ndebele is one of the eleven official languages in the Republic of South Africa. The language is a Nguni or Zunda classification (UN) spoken mostly in the Mpumalanga Province, Gauteng, Limpopo and the Northwest. The expression "isikhethu" can be loosely translated to mean 'the Southern Ndebele way of doing or saying'. Isikhethu means Southern Ndebele the same way that sikitsi will mean Swazi and se harona will mean Sotho. The language has been severely marginalised over the years. Until the formation of the apartheid Southern Ndebele homeland (KwaNdebele), speaking the language publicly was discouraged. Most Southern Transvaal Ndebele speakers preferred Zulu especially because the latter was learned at school. Today the Southern Ndebele speakers, mostly those who are educated still prefer to use Southern Ndebele as home language for their children and will use Southern Ndebele as a language to communicate with other Southern Ndebele speakers. PhonologyVowels
Consonants
Consonant sounds nt, nd, k, mf, and mv often result in allophones of {{IPA|[d̥r dr k̬ ɱp̪fʼ ɱb̪v]}}.[6] Click consonants
ExamplesMonths in Southern Ndebele
AmaNdebele in ZimbabweNdebele/ Zimbabwean Ndebele (Northern Ndebele) is part of the Zunda sub-group of the Nguni languages and is similar to Xhosa and Zulu, while the South African (or Southern Transvaal Ndebele), while maintaining its Nguni roots, has been more influenced by the Sotho languages.[5]References1. ^Webb, Vic. 2002. "Language in South Africa: the role of language in national transformation, reconstruction and development." Impact: Studies in language and society, 14:78 2. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=318 |title=Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: nbl |publisher=ISO 639-2 Registration Authority - Library of Congress |access-date=2017-07-04 |quote=Name: South Ndebele}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=nbl |title=Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: nbl |publisher=ISO 639-3 Registration Authority - SIL International |access-date=2017-07-04 |quote=Name: South Ndebele}} 4. ^{{cite web |last1=Skhosana |first1=Philemon |title=The (ama)Ndebele of Africa and their name '(ama)Ndebele' |url=http://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/17089 |website=University of Pretoria – Department of Library Services |publisher=University of Pretoria |accessdate=24 March 2016}} 5. ^1 Skhosana, P.B. (2010) The Linguistic Relationship between Southern and Northern Ndebele, University of Pretoria, DLitt Thesis External links{{Incubator|code= nr/Main Page}}
Software
3 : Ndebele|Nguni languages|Languages of South Africa |
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