| 词条 | Aurel Vlaicu |
| 释义 |
| honorific_prefix = | name = Aurel Vlaicu | honorific_suffix = | image = Aurel Vlaicu (2).jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = | native_name = Aurel Vlaicu | native_name_lang = ro | birth_name = Aurel Vlaicu | birth_date = {{birth date|1882|11|19}} | birth_place = Binținți, Austria-Hungary | baptised = | disappeared_date = | disappeared_place = | disappeared_status = | death_date = {{death date and age|1913|9|13|1882|11|19}} | death_place = Bănești, Kingdom of Romania | death_cause = plane crash[1] | body_discovered = | resting_place = Bellu cemetery, Bucharest | resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|44|24|13.79|N|26|5|59.11|E|type:landmark|display=inline}} | monuments = | residence = | nationality = Romanian | other_names = | ethnicity = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = Budapest University of Technology and Economics Technische Universität München | occupation = Engineer, inventor, aviator | years_active = | era = | employer = | organization = | agent = | known_for = Pioneer of Romanian and world aviation | notable_works = | style = | home_town = | salary = | net_worth = | height = | weight = | television = | title = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | movement = | opponents = | boards = | denomination = | criminal_charge = | criminal_penalty = | criminal_status = | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = Dumitru Vlaicu (father)[2] Ana (mother) | relatives = | callsign = | awards = | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = | signature = | signature_alt = | signature_size = | website = | footnotes = }}Aurel Vlaicu ({{IPA-ro|a.uˈrel ˈvlajku|-|Ro-Aurel Vlaicu.ogg}}; November 19, 1882 – September 13, 1913) was a Romanian engineer, inventor, airplane constructor and early pilot.[3][4] Early years and educationAurel Vlaicu was born in the village of Binţinţi (renamed Aurel Vlaicu in 1927) near Geoagiu in Transylvania, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and now in Romania. He attended a Calvinist high school in Orăştie (renamed "Liceul Aurel Vlaicu" in his honor in 1919) and took his Baccalaureate in Sibiu in 1902. He was a high school colleague of Petru Groza, and in Sibiu became friends with Octavian Goga. Vlaicu furthered his studies at Technical University of Budapest and Technische Hochschule München in Germany, earning his engineer's diploma in 1907.[5] Between 1907 and 1908 Vlaicu served in the Austro-Hungarian Navy, and on September 1, 1908 he took an engineer's position with the Opel car factory in Rüsselsheim.[6] Aviation careerVlaicu left Opel in March 1909 and returned to Binţinţi, where, together with his brother, Ion, he built a glider which first flew in the summer of 1909.[7] In October 1909, on the advice of Goga, he moved to the Kingdom of Romania, where with help from Romanian-Transylvanian expatriates, he obtained financial support to build his first powered airplane, following a number of demonstration flights with rubber-powered models in front of Romanian government officials and journalists.[8] On November 1, 1909 he began the construction of his first powered airplane, the A. Vlaicu Nr. I at the Army Arsenal in Bucharest with funding from the Romanian Ministry of War and on a 300 lei monthly stipend from the Minister of Public Education. A. Vlaicu Nr. I flew for the first time on June 17, 1910 over Cotroceni airfield.[9] On September 28, 1910, as a part of the fall military exercises, Vlaicu flew his airplane from Slatina to Piatra Olt carrying a message, an early instance of an airplane being used for military purposes.[10] The construction of A. Vlaicu Nr. II was started in December 1910 on a budget of 16,000 lei and first flew in April 1911. Between 23 and 30 June 1912 Vlaicu competed with it at the International Flight Week in Aspern-Vienna (Die internationale Flugwoche in Wien),[11] against 42 other aviators, including Roland Garros. Vlaicu won prizes totaling 7,500 Austro-Hungarian krone for precision landing, projectile throwing and tight flying around a pole. On this occasion, he was issued the FAI pilot license number 52. On return from Aspern he flew demonstration flights throughout Transylvania.[4] A. Vlaicu Nr. III was a two-seat monoplane having a fully cowled {{convert|80|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Gnome Gamma engine.{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}} Built on contract for the Marconi Company for experiments with aerial radio, at the time of Vlaicu's death it was only partially finished. It was completed by his friends and several short test flights were made during 1914 by military pilot Petre Macavei. Further tests were hindered by the unusual controls. In 1916, during the German occupation of Bucharest, the aircraft was seized and shipped to Germany, and it was last seen in 1942 at an aviation exhibition in Berlin by Romanian military officers, though no mention of it is made in references on the Berlin exhibition.[12][13]Vlaicu airplanes designDuring his short career, Aurel Vlaicu designed and built one glider{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}} and three airplanes of his own design.[14] He perfected his design on rubber band powered models he began experimenting with while a student in Munich.{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}} Vlaicu's three powered airplanes had one central aluminum tubing, the flight controls in front, two propellers, one mounted ahead of the nacelle, and the other to the rear of the wing up high, partially counteracting each other's torque. They employ tricycle-landing gears with independent trailing arm suspension, had brakes on the rear wheel, and were equipped with Gnome rotary engines.{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}} His airplanes lacked ailerons, relying on just rudder and elevators for control, via a steering wheel mounted on a tiller. The wheel controlled the elevators while sideways motion of the tiller controlled the rudder. The wheel could be temporarily locked with the help of two dowels. The low center of gravity provided by the parasol wing allowed for the lateral stability that this type of control system requires.{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}} DeathAurel Vlaicu died on September 13, 1913 near Câmpina, on the outskirts of Bănești commune while attempting to be the first to fly across the Carpathian Mountains in his now aged A. Vlaicu Nr. II. He was expected to participate in the ASTRA festivities in Orăștie, near Binţinţi.{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}} He was buried in Bellu cemetery, in Bucharest and was posthumously elected to the Romanian Academy in 1948.[15] The cause of Vlaicu's crash remains unsolved. Vlaicu's friends Giovanni Magnani and Constantin Silisteanu dismissed claims of sabotage, the two being among the first to inspect the wreckage as they were following him in an automobile. The most plausible cause of Vlaicu's death was that the airplane stalled while landing with the engine off – as was common practice at the time, landings were made with the engine off, however this made it difficult for the pilot to abort a misjudged landing.{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}} LegacyJune 17, the day of Aurel Vlaicu's first powered flight, is celebrated as The National Aviation Day of Romania.[16] His name is listed second on the Romanian Airmen Heroes Memorial in Bucharest, after Gheorghe Caranda and before his friend and fellow pilot, Gheorghe Negel, who died in an aircraft crash one month after Vlaicu, on October 11, 1913.[17] A museum was established in his home village, now named Aurel Vlaicu.[18] and a monument was erected near Bănești where he crashed his plane. The second largest airport in Romania, a TAROM Airbus A318-111[19] and the Aurel Vlaicu University, a public university founded in 1991 in Arad are all named after him. The 50 Romanian lei banknote has a portrait of Vlaicu on the obverse, and on the reverse a drawing of one of his airplanes and a cross-section of the airplane's engine. A commemorative 50 bani coin was issued by the Romanian National Bank in 2010.[20] His life was the subject of the novel "Flăcăul din Binţinţi" by Constantin Ghiban (published in 1953),[21] and of a movie by Mircea Drăgan (released in 1978).[22] In 2010 a museum in Deva ordered several hundreds mugs to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Vlaicu's first powered flight. The mug designers used a pictured uploaded to Wikipedia showing another Romanian aviation pioneer, Traian Vuia, which was wrongly labelled as Aurel Vlaicu (Wikipedia upload picture name Aurel Vlaicu avionul).[23][24]. As of May 2018, the incorrect picture is still used on several websites.[25][26][27][28] See also{{Commons|Aurel Vlaicu}}
References1. ^{{cite book |last=Gheorghiu |first=Constantin C. |date=1960 |title=Aurel Vlaicu, Un precursor al aviatiei romanesti |edition=1st |language=Romanian |trans-title=Aurel Vlaicu, A precursor of Romanian Aviation |url= |access-date=}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.descopera.ro/stiinta/6583658-aurel-vlaicu-icar-deasupra-carpatilor |title=Aurel Vlaicu – Icar deasupra Carpatilor |work=Descopera.ro |last=Parlog |first=Nicu |date=19 July 2010 |language=Romanian}} 3. ^{{cite web|author=Ralph S. Cooper, D.V.M. |url=http://earlyaviators.com/evlaicu.htm |title=Aurel Vlaicu |publisher=Earlyaviators.com |date= |accessdate=2014-02-07}} 4. ^1 Gheorghiu, 1960 5. ^Gheorghiu, 1960, p.21-27 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.stildeviata.com/aurel-vlaicu-a-lucrat-pentru-opel-in-1908/|title=Aurel Vlaicu a lucrat pentru Opel – Documente oficiale (Aurel Vlaicu Worked for Opel)|language=Romanian|publisher=stildeviata.com|accessdate=2015-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110110608/http://www.stildeviata.com/aurel-vlaicu-a-lucrat-pentru-opel-in-1908/|archive-date=2015-01-10|dead-url=yes|df=}} 7. ^Gheorghiu, 1960, p.33-47 8. ^Gheorghiu, 1960, p.47-55 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/aviation%20timeline/1910.htm |title=Aviation timeline 1910|publisher=century-of-flight.net|accessdate=2015-01-10}} 10. ^Gheorghiu, 1960, p.101 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=wrb&datum=19120630&zoom=10 |title=Wiener Bilder, 30. Juni 1912 |publisher=anno.onb.ac.at|accessdate=2015-01-10}} 12. ^Steinle, 1985, pp.110-114 13. ^Gheorghiu, 1960, p.299 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?IDX=GB191026658&CY=ep&LG=en&DB=EPODOC |title=Espacenet - Bibliographic data | Great Britain Patent GB191026658 |publisher=v3.espacenet.com|accessdate=2015-01-10}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.acad.ro/membri_ar/armembri_pm.htm |title=Membrii Academiei Romane - Membri post-mortem |publisher=acad.ro|accessdate=2015-01-10}} 16. ^Taylor, 1989, p.33 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.earlyaviators.com/RomanianAirHeroes1912-39.pdf |title=Names carved on the Romanian Air Heroes memorial|publisher=earlyaviators.com|accessdate=2015-01-10}} 18. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hunedoara.djc.ro/ObiectiveDetalii.aspx?ID=2172 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203045111/http://www.hunedoara.djc.ro/ObiectiveDetalii.aspx?ID=2172 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-12-03 |title=Casa natală "Aurel Vlaicu" din satul Aurel Vlaicu - Direcţia judeţeană pentru Cultură, Culte şi Patrimoniul Cultural Naţional Hunedoara (Aurel Vlaicu's Memorial House) |publisher=hunedoara.djc.ro |accessdate=2015-01-10 }} 19. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/thomasbecker/4343432133/ |title=Photograph of TAROM Airbus A318 named after Aurel Vlaicu |publisher=secure.flickr.com|accessdate=2015-01-10}} 20. ^http://www.bnr.ro/Monede-si-bancnote-in-circulatie-724.aspx Banca Naţională a României - Monede şi bancnote în circulaţie 21. ^[https://archive.is/20131211171415/http://anticariatultau.ro/flacaul-din-bintinti-a3j Constantin Ghiban (1953) "Flacăul din Binţinţi" Editura Militara a Ministerului Fortelor Armte ale R.P.R.] 22. ^{{YouTube|SUbfQxkOv0g|Aurel Vlaicu movie (1978)}} 23. ^http://www.mediafax.ro/social/deva-cani-pe-care-scrie-aurel-vlaicu-si-apare-fotografia-lui-traian-vuia-retrase-de-la-vanzare-foto-10591650 24. ^http://www.gandul.info/magazin/alte-roti-aceeasi-freza-un-muzeu-din-deva-a-facut-cani-comemorative-aurel-vlaicu-imprimate-din-greseala-cu-traian-vuia-10588765 25. ^http://www.descopera.ro/stiinta/6583658-aurel-vlaicu-icar-deasupra-carpatilor 26. ^https://www.percep.ro/aurel-vlaicu-inginer-roman/ 27. ^http://www.epmagazine.org/storage/209/en-aurel-vlaicu-icarus-above-the-carpathians.aspx 28. ^https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XvH-DAWzC5U Bibliography
External links{{Commons category|Aurel Vlaicu}}
18 : 1882 births|1913 deaths|Aviation accidents and incidents in 1913|Aurel Vlaicu|People from Hunedoara County|Austro-Hungarian emigrants to Romania|Members of the Romanian Academy elected posthumously|Romanian Austro-Hungarians|Romanian aviators|Romanian aerospace engineers|Romanian inventors|Aviation history of Romania|Aviation inventors|Aviation pioneers|Burials at Bellu|Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in Romania|Technical University of Munich alumni|Inventors killed by own invention |
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