| 词条 | Nagana szlachectwa |
| 释义 |
Nagana szlachectwa ({{lang-la|'Vituperatio nobilitatis'}}), literally reprobation/reprimand/censure of nobility, also translated by Norman Davies as Test of Nobility[1] was a legal procedure of the revocation of nobility in the history of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Due to the absence of formalized heraldry laws and lineage in early Poland, nobility of a person was tested in a regular court.[2] The confirmation of nobility was based on calling for a certain number of witnesses. In Poland this was in accordance with a 1633 statute,[3] in Lithuania by Chapter 3, Article 22 of a 1588 Statute.[4] The latter demanded two witnesses each from the maternal and paternal side. The penalty for perjury was being stripped of own szlachta status, by the Constitution of 1601.[5] In case of the successful nagana, the accuser earned up to half of the property of the accused,[6] with the other half going to the state.[7] The justice was highly prone to miscarriage, in particular, to abusive ennoblement[8] Therefore, this procedure was gradually restricted in various ways. After 1581, the procedures took place before either the Crown Tribunal or the Lithuanian Tribunal.[9] Norman Davies conjectures that this practice was among the factors leading to the establishment of a unique Polish practice of heraldic families ({{lang-pl|ród heraldyczny}}, "heraldic clans", by Davies).[1] It is also asserted that this practice led to development of extensive personal archiving and archive research among Polish nobility.[6] See also
Bibliography
References1. ^1 Norman Davies, God's Playground, [https://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC&pg=PA163] {{Polish CoA}}{{noble-stub}}{{poland-hist-stub}}2. ^{{cite book|title=Nagana i oczyszczenie szlachectwa w Polsce XIV i XV wieku|author=Semkowicz, W.|date=1900|volume=1|publisher=Z druk. W. Łozińskiego|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1sIEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA15|page=15|accessdate=2015-06-25}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=Volumina legum. Book 3|url=http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=64473|publisher=Ohryzko Jozafat}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Statut Wielkiego Xięstwa Litewskigo naprzód, za Naiaśnieyszego Hospodara Króla Jegomości Zygmunta III. w Krakowie w Roku 1588... teraz zaś piąty raz, za szczęśliwie panuiącego Naiaśnieyszego Krola jegomości Augusta Trzeciego przedrukowany|url=http://mbc.malopolska.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=3633|publisher=Drukarnia Akademicka Soc. Jesu|language=Polish|year=1744}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Volumina legum. Book 2.|url=http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=64472|publisher=Ohryzko Jozafat|year=1859}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.home.umk.pl/~akz/pol_02_nowosad.html|title=Archiwa - Kancelarie - Zbiory. Pierwszy polski rocznik archiwozoficzny|author=Robert Degen, Wiesław Nowosad|publisher=home.umk.pl|accessdate=2015-06-25}} 7. ^{{cite book|last1=Smoleński|first1=Władysław|title=Dzieje narodu polskiego|date=1919|location=Warsaw}} 8. ^{{cite book|title=Polish Art Studies|author=Instytut Sztuki (Polska Akademia Nauk)|date=1991|publisher=Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich|issn=0208-7243|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UM5ZAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=2015-06-25}} 9. ^{{cite book|last1=Pawlikowski|first1=Michał|title=Sądownictwo grodzkie w przedrozbiorowej Rzeczypospolitej|date=2012|location=Strzałków|isbn=978-83-933262-1-1}} 3 : Polish nobility|Polish heraldry|Heraldry and law |
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