“Nahid Toubia”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Toubia is the co-founder and director of RAINBO, the Research, Action and Information Network for Bodily Integrity of Women.^[3] She is an associate professor at Columbia University School of Public Health. She sits on scientific and advisory committees for the World Health Organization, UNICEF, and UNDP. She is also vice-chair of the advisory committee of the Women's Rights Watch Project of Human Rights Watch.^[4]

Focusing on reproductive health and gender inequality in Africa and the Middle East, Toubia is the author or co-author of several books, including Women of the Arab World: The Coming Challenge (1988), Female Genital Mutilation: A Call for Global Action (1995), and Female Genital Mutilation: A Guide to Worldwide Laws and Policies (2000).

Education

Toubia was born in Khartoum, Sudan, and attended medical school in Egypt.^[2] In 1981 she completed her surgical training in the United Kingdom, gaining an MPhil and a PhD in Public Health & Policy from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. She became a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1981, and the first female surgeon in Sudan.^[2]

Career and research

In 1985 she returned to Sudan, where she was head of paediatric surgery at Khartoum Teaching Hospital,^[2] and set up her own emergency clinic.^[3] As a result of the country's political instability she returned to the UK, and began her research into female genital mutilation (FGM).^[5] From 1990 she worked for four years at the Population Council in New York City.^[3]

Toubia is the founder and president of Research, Action and Information Network for the Bodily Integrity of Women (Rainbo), an international organisation which works to eliminate FGM through women’s self-empowerment and social change. The organisation has offices in New York City and London, and works in Uganda, South Africa, the Gambia, and Nigeria.^[6] Rainbo played a prominent role in changing the view of FGM from being a predominantly medical concern to a human rights issue.^[5]

In 2002 Toubia told the BBC World Service that the campaign against FGM was fundamentally about changing women's consciousness, and empowering them to change their social position. She said while most African governments, health professionals and NGOs had the issue on their agenda, the greatest challenge was at grassroots level. She said "By allowing your genitals to be removed [it is perceived that] you are heightened to another level of pure motherhood - a motherhood not tainted by sexuality and that is why the woman gives it away to become the matron, respected by everyone. By taking on this practise, which is a woman's domain, it actually empowers them. It is much more difficult to convince the women to give it up, than to convince the men." ^[5]

Selected works

References

1. ^{{Citation|title=ناهد طوبيا|date=2019-03-22|url=https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7&oldid=33747817|work=ويكيبيديا، الموسوعة الحرة|language=ar|access-date=2019-03-22}}
2. ^¹²³Rahman, Anika and Toubia, Nahid. Female genital Mutilation: A Guide to Laws and Policies Worldwide, Zed Books, 2000, [https://books.google.com/books?id=kEG6GaudxQEC&pg=PR2 p. ii].
3. ^¹²³Shetty, Priya. "Nahid Toubia", The Lancet, 369(9564), 10 March 2007, p. 819.
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.learningpartnership.org/node/1780 |title=Nahid Toubia |publisher=Learning Partnership |access-date=2011-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929123818/http://www.learningpartnership.org/node/1780 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
5. ^¹²{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1916917.stm |title=Changing attitudes to female circumcision |date=8 April 2002 |publisher=BBC }}
6. ^"Internet-Based Resources on Female Genital Mutilation" by Tobe Levin, Office of University of Wisconsin System Women's Studies Librarian, accessed 20 August 2011