词条 | Nail art |
释义 |
Nail art is a creative way to paint, decorate, enhance, and embellish the nails. It is a type of artwork that can be done on fingernails and toenails, usually after manicures or pedicures. A manicure and a pedicure are beauty treatments that trim, shape, and polish the nail. Often these procedures remove the cuticles and soften the skin around the nails. Types of manicures can vary from polish on natural nails, dipping powder, and acrylic nails. HistoryThe exact origin of nail treatments is unclear, since it appears to have originated in different parts of the world around the same time. In ancient Egypt, from 5000 B.C. to 3000 B.C., women would dye their nails with henna to indicate social status and seductiveness. Women of the lower class wore pastel and neutral shades, while the upper classes wore deep, bright shades. In Babylonia, 3200 B.C., men, not women, painted their nails with black and green kohl, an ancient cosmetic. To prepare for war, warriors of Babylon spent hours having their nails prepared, hair curled and had other similar beauty treatments. As in ancient Egypt, nail color indicated one's status, black for noblemen and green for the common man. Around the same time, 3000 B.C., the first nail polish originated in ancient China. It was made from beeswax, egg whites, gelatin, vegetable dyes, and gum arabic. Chinese dipped their nails in this mixture for several hours or left it on to dry. Colors ranged from pink to red, depending on the mixture of the ingredients. During the Zhou Dynasty, 600 B.C., royalty used this simple nail polish with gold and silver dust on their nails to show their social status.The Ming dynasty (1368-1644) was known for extremely long nails. Sometimes these nails were protected by gold and jewel-encrusted nail guards. Servants performed personal chores for the royals so their nails did not break or become damaged.[1] Empress Dowager Cixi of China, who ruled from 1835 to 1908, was known for her outrageous nails. There are many photos showing the empress with 6-inch-long gold guards protecting her long nails.[2] All of the aforementioned did not use nail art as it is widely known today, only stained, dyed, or dusted the finger and toenails. First actual record of nail art was from the short-lived Inca Empire (1438-1533), which at that time was one of the largest empires in South America. Incas would decorate their nails by painting eagles on them.[3] In 1770 the first fancy gold and silver manicure sets were created. French King Louis XVI who ruled from 1774 until his deposition in 1792, always had his nails taken care of using these sets. In the early 1800s, the modern manicure developed with the invention of the orange stick, a thin wooden stick with one pointy end, usually made from orange wood.[4] It was invented in 1830, by Dr. Sitts, a European podiatrist, who adapted a dental tool for manicure purpose. Previous to this invention people used acid, a metal rod, and scissors to shape and trim the nails. In 1892, Dr. Sitts' niece invented a nail care line for women of any social class, which eventually reached United States Salons.[5] Prior to then women had short, almond shaped nails and often used oils for additional shine or tint. Not long after, in 1907, the first liquid nail polish was invented, although it was colorless. Soon thereafter, it was available in variety of different colors.[6] In 1925, the Lunar manicure (today known as the Half-Moon manicure) was seen everywhere. Reds and pinks were used on the nail bed while avoiding the area around the cuticles.[7] Then again in 1970s, the natural look was back in fashion and preferred by many women, but only for a short time.[8] The French manicure style was created in Paris in 1976 by Jeff Pink, who was the founder of the Los Angeles-based cosmetic company ORLY.[9] Nail painting came back in vogue in the 1980s and since then has been extremely popular.[8] In popular cultureThe nail care industry has been growing like never before ever since the invention of modern nail polish.[10] In 2012, the United States witnessed a surging popularity of nail art.[11] in the same year, a short nail art documentary was released: "NAILgasm". The film explored the growing trend of nail art; from women across the world to high fashion runways.[12] Mostly women, but also men commonly use YouTube Instagram and Pinterest to learn how to do the newest and most interesting designs at home. Social relevanceIn some cultures, nail art can be tied to the concept of femininity and the sense of belonging in a group of females.[13] Nail art is also a way to create its own identity through fashion, using colors and shapes as a disruption of childhood and entering to the female teen/adult world, also leaving the influence of their parents to create their own selves.[14] The nail is also part of the puzzle of mounting the gender identity, the nails for teenagers and adult women represents a piece of the symbol of what is a woman and how the woman should present itself. Even though the women use nail art to express their womanliness, the different types of art define as a woman with particular personality, as using French manicure (delicate) or using black nails (aggressive).[15] The trend of metrosexual (term first said in 1994, but became a trend a decade later) men in the 2000s brought to the males also the sensibility of taking care of their hands and nails. As David Beckham, demonstrating how a football player, a husband and a father could also take care of himself showed men that they could also invest money and time in appearance and still keep their masculinity. Before the metrosexual trend, the punk subculture also used the black nail polish in a “dirty” way to show how rebel they were against social rules, also the nail polish in a role of showing their disdain to any rules and meant to shock the society. MediaNail art’s popularity in media started with printed press with women magazines. It had an important role but it was not a mainstream fashion trend before 2000’s. After the internet age and the common use of the social media,[16] the trend became major subculture among women. Social media made it easier to connect to the mass audience and with this people started to share their designs as a way of their creativity and use the nail as their blank canvas. YouTube, Pinterest, Instagram, Tumblr and Twitter are the major platforms, which provides many new ideas and designs for the subculture.[17] However, among these Pinterest is the most important platform for the new beauty trends according to a study.{{cn|date=February 2019}} Techniques and toolsManicurists start with the same techniques as for the manicure or pedicure:
Several options are available for decorating nails:[18]
To decorate the nails, manicurist use several tools such as:
Do-it-yourself (DIY), is a new concept of doing nail art without the aid of experts or professionals. InnovationsSome brands try to innovate by creating new kinds of nail polish.
References1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://fashion-history.lovetoknow.com/alphabetical-index-fashion-clothing-history/history-nail-art|title=History of Nail Art|access-date=2016-07-13}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/12/19/143796431/powerful-portraits-capture-chinas-empress-dowager|title=Powerful Portraits Capture China's Empress Dowager|website=NPR.org|access-date=2016-07-18}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://passionforfreshideas.com/healthyliving/nail-art/|title=NAIL ART ... THE HISTORY - passion for fresh ideas|date=2011-12-23|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-07-18}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/orange-stick|title=the definition of orange stick|website=Dictionary.com|access-date=2016-07-22}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.nailsmag.com/article/91568/the-history-of-nail-care-1803-2003|title=The History of Nail Care: 1803-2003|access-date=2016-07-18}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/fashion_costume_culture/Modern-World-1919-1929/Nail-Polish.html|title=Nail Polish - Fashion, Costume, and Culture: Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages|website=www.fashionencyclopedia.com|access-date=2016-07-18}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://nailartjournal.com/history-of-manicure/|title=History of manicure {{!}} Nail Art Journal|website=nailartjournal.com|access-date=2016-07-22}} 8. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2014/05/women-started-growing-painting-nails/|title=When Women Started Growing Out and Painting Their Nails|date=2014-05-19|language=en-US|access-date=2016-07-18}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.alligator.org/blogs/lifestyle/thefbomb/article_92924820-8e3d-11e1-b5bf-001a4bcf887a.html|title=The colorful history of nail polish|publisher=The Independent Florida Alligator|accessdate=14 November 2013}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://news.health.com/2016/05/24/watch-how-nail-trends-have-changed-in-the-past-100-years/|title=Watch How Nail Trends Have Changed in the Past 100 Years|date=2016-05-24|website=Health News / Tips & Trends / Celebrity Health|access-date=2016-07-24}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/02/10/living/fashion-week-nail-art/|title=On main street and the runway, nail art is the new lipstick|last=Grinberg|first=Emanuella}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://indieflix.com/indie-films/nailgasm-the-nail-art-documentary-34777/|title=NAILgasm: The Nail Art Documentary}} 13. ^{{cite journal|author1=BEATTY, E. Sharon |author2=GIVAN, M. Alexa |author3=FRANKE R. George |author4=REYNOLDS E. KRISTY |title=Social Store Identity and Adolescent Females’ Store Attitudes and Behaviors|journal=Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice|date=2015|volume=23:1|pages=38–56}} 14. ^{{cite journal|last1=BRITTON|first1=Ann Marie|title=University of New Hampshire.The Beauty Industry's Influence on Women in Society|date=2012}} 15. ^{{cite journal|last1=CHITTENDEN|first1=Tara|title=Digital dressing up: modelling female teen identity in the discursive spaces of the fashion blogosphere|journal=Journal of Youth Studies|date=2010|volume=13:4|pages=505–520}} 16. ^{{cite journal|author1=FRITH, Katherine |author2=SHAW, Ping |author3=CHENG, Hong |title=A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Women’s Magazine Advertising|journal=Journal of Communication|date=2005|pages=56–70|doi=10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02658.x}} 17. ^{{cite journal|last1=BRITTON|first1=Ann Marie|title= University of New Hampshire.The Beauty Industry's Influence on Women in Society|date=2012}} 18. ^{{Cite news| title = Nail art trend spurs accessories| newspaper = Chain Drug Review| date = 24 September 2012}} External links{{Wiktionary}}{{Commons}} 2 : Nail care|Nail polish |
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