| 词条 | Aurland | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Aurland |native_name = |native_name_lang = |other_name = |official_name = |image_skyline = Aurlandsvangen.JPG |image_caption = View of Aurlandsvangen |idnumber = 1421 |county = Sogn og Fjordane |district = Sogn |capital = Aurlandsvangen |demonym = Aurlending |language = Nynorsk |coatofarms = Aurland komm.svg |munwebpage = www.aurland.kommune.no |mayor = Noralv Distad |mayor_party = H |mayor_as_of = 2011 |area_rank = 54 |area_total_km2 = 1467.69 |area_land_km2 = 1376.27 |area_water_km2 = 91.42 |population_as_of = 2017 |population_rank = 340 |population_total = 1,787 |population_density_km2 = 1.3 |population_increase = 4.2 |coordinates = {{coord|60|52|05|N|07|14|36|E|region:NO|display=inline,title}} |utm_zone=32V |utm_northing=6749369 |utm_easting=0404607 | geo_cat=adm2nd }} Aurland ({{IPA-no|²æʉrlɑn|uen}}) is a municipality in the county of Sogn og Fjordane, Norway. It is located on the south side of the Sognefjorden in the traditional district of Sogn. The administrative center is the village of Aurlandsvangen. Other villages include Bakka, Flåm, Undredal, and Gudvangen. The {{convert|1468|km2|adj=on}} municipality is the 54th largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway. Aurland is the 340th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,787. The municipality's population density is {{convert|1.3|PD/km2}} and its population has increased by 4.2% over the last decade.[1] In 2016, the chief of police for Vestlandet formally suggested a reconfiguration of police districts and stations. He proposed that the police station in Aurland be closed.[2] General informationAurland was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). The original municipality was identical to the Aurland parish (prestegjeld) with the sub-parishes (sokn) of Aurlandsvangen, Flåm, and Undredal. In 1859, the sub-parish of Nærøy was created by separating it from the sub-parish of Undredal. The municipal borders have not changed since 1838.[3] NameThe name Aurland derives from the Old Norse words aurr (which means "gravel") plus land (which means "land" or "district").[4] Coat-of-arms{{see also|Vinje#Coat-of-arms}}Aurland's coat-of-arms is of modern origin. They were granted on 22 May 1987. The arms depict a silver colored goat's head on a blue background. A goat was considered an appropriate symbol for the municipality since the area is famed for its production of goat cheese and goat farming.[5] ChurchesThe Church of Norway has four parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Aurland. It is part of the Indre Sogn deanery in the Diocese of Bjørgvin.
GovernmentAll municipalities in Norway, including Aurland, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor. Municipal councilThe municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Aurland is made up of 17 representatives that are elected to four year terms. Currently, the party breakdown is as follows:[6] {{Infobox Kommunestyre|name = Aurland |start = 2015 |end = 2019 |Total = 17 |nynorsk = yes |Arbeiderpartiet = 4 |Fremskrittspartiet = |Høyre = 6 |Kristelig_Folkeparti = |Senterpartiet = 4 |Sosialistisk_Venstreparti = |Venstre = 1 |Pensjonistpartiet = |Rødt = |Grønne = 2 |Kyst = |Kristne = |Local_Lists = |}} MayorThe mayor (ordførar) of a municipality in Norway is a representative of the majority party of the municipal council who is elected to lead the council. Noralv Distad of the Conservative Party was elected mayor for the 2011–2015 term.[7] HistoryThe earliest inhabitants lived by hunting and fishing until they gradually started farming about 2,000 years ago. Agriculture is still important with the rich valley floors and abundant mountain pastures. As in all of western Norway, the area was overpopulated in the middle 19th century, and cotters were forced to clear land far up the mountainsides. This difficulty led to emigration and in the 20-year period after 1845, 1,050 people moved out of the community—most of them moving to America. Tourism came to the community as early as the middle of the 19th century, in the form of sport fishing and hunting. Tourists from England were dominant during this time and one can still find English names for mountaintops, hunting cabins, and fishing holes. Later, a different type of tourist came to the region. These tourists came to enjoy the natural beauty of the area. These tourists created a need for jobs in the form of transportation and lodging. Three or four ships would anchor in the Nærøyfjord at a time which created the need for scores of horse-drawn carriages to take the tourists up to Stalheim hotel, located just over the border in Voss municipality to the southwest.[8] GeographyAurland lies {{convert|200|km}} from the west coast of Norway in the south-eastern part of Sogn og Fjordane county, along the Aurlandsfjorden and the Nærøyfjorden. These are branches that flow off of the world's longest and deepest fjord, the Sognefjorden. Aurland is bordered by two municipalities in Sogn og Fjordane county: (Lærdal to the north-east and Vik to the west), two municipalities in Hordaland county (Voss to the south-west and Ulvik to the south) and one municipality in Buskerud county (Hol to the south-east). Most of the area is composed of fjords and mountains with small populated areas concentrated in the lower river valleys, the largest of which is the Aurlandsdalen. The main village areas include Aurlandsvangen, Gudvangen, Undredal, Flåm, and Vassbygdi. Wild and beautiful nature dominate the community from the fjords to mountaintops that are {{convert|1200|to|1800|m}} above sea level. There are two permanent glaciers in Aurland: Storskavlen and Blåskavlen.[8] The Aurlandsfjellet mountains separate Aurland from the neighboring municipality to the east, Lærdal. The Lærdal Tunnel, the longest in the world as of 2014, cuts through the mountains connecting the two municipalities. The Gudvanga Tunnel connects the villages of Gudvangen and Undredal in southwestern Aurland. NatureClimateAurland has a typical inland climate with mild winters at the lower levels, early springs, and warm summers. A yearly average of {{convert|470|mm}} of precipitation make Aurland one of the driest areas in Norway. In comparison, Bergen has {{convert|2250|mm}} of precipitation per year.[8] VegetationAurland has rich and varied flora, which is more typical of eastern rather than western Norway. The mountain plant life is especially rich since the bedrock contains calcium rich deposits of phyllite.[8] GeologyThe oldest bedrock in Aurland are Precambrian basement rocks which crop out in tectonic windows in the north-eastern part of the municipality. This basement unit is mainly composed of granites, granodiorites and gneisses and is overlain by a nappe unit of cambro-silurian phyllite and mica schist of varying thickness. This is in turn overlain by a second nappe unit, called the Jotundekket (“Jokun Nappe”), which consists of Precambrian, mainly magmatic rocks which are more or less metamorphosed into gneisses and amphibolite.[9] Part of the scenery took its shape 9,000 years ago, at the end of the ice age. The ice's advance was either halted or continued, according to the climatic conditions, and moraine ridges and gravel terraces were deposited along the glacier front. They are still visible today south of the Flåm church.[10] On the western side of the Aurlandsfjord, there is rock that was pushed up into mountain ranges several million years ago. The fjord itself was gouged out of an earlier valley. Aurlandsvangen is typical of the lower areas, lying on an old river delta—the land is very flat and fertile. The mountainsides are steep causing frequent rock slides and avalanches.[8] The lakes Nyhellervatnet and Fretheimsdalsvatnet are located in Aurland. AttractionsUNESCO World Heritage SiteThe West Norwegian Fjords of Geirangefjord and Nærøyfjord were added to UNESCO's World Heritage Site list in 2005. The two fjords are situated {{convert|120|km}} from each other and they are separated by the Jostedalsbreen glacier. The World Heritage Site possesses a unique combination of glacial landforms at the same time as each area is characterised by its own outstanding beauty. The Nærøyfjord areas in this site stretch through the municipalities of Aurland, Lærdal, Vik, and Voss.[11] Aurlandsdalen ValleyThe Aurlandsdalen valley is a well known hiking trail in Norway with its fabulous nature and contrasting countryside. The valley is rich in history and packed with culture. One can take the hike in several stages: From Geiteryggen where the path starts, it is a four-hour hike to Steinbergdalen. There are beautiful views of mountain peaks, snow glaciers, and lakes. In Steinbergdalen you will find Steinbergdalen mountain lodge which opened in 1895.[10] Flåmsbana RailwayThe Flåm Railway is a masterpiece in engineering which is one of the most exciting railway journeys in the world. This journey from Myrdal to Flåm is twelve miles long (19 km), a descent of {{convert|866|m}}. It has 20 tunnels with a total length of almost {{convert|6|km}}. About 80% of the Flåm railway has a maximum gradient of 5.5%. To cope with the enormous change in height over such a short stretch, the track runs partly through tunnels which spiral in and out of the mountainside. The gradient is quite exceptional for a normal railway and the carriages are fitted with five different brake systems, any one of which is sufficient to stop the train.[10] Undredal StavkyrkjeThe Undredal Stave Church is a simple, small one-nave church that was built around 1150. It is located in the village of Undredal. It is one of the oldest preserved stave churches in Norway.[11] Vangen KyrkjeThe Vangen Church was built in 1202. The church is built in the early Gothic style influenced by English architecture. A document written in 1714 tells us that English merchants used to stay in Aurland during long periods to buy different articles and they are supposed to have taken part in the building of the church. Most likely they would have been the master builders. In 1725, the Danish-Norwegian government was experiencing financial problems and King Frederick IV sold the church. The church remained as private property until the late 19th century. Then the municipality bought Vangen church back for 500 kroner. At the last restoration in 1926, the original colors and designs were uncovered. Then the ceiling was taken away and the baldachin over the pulpit was brought back again. A new altarpiece was made. The Norwegian artist Emanuel Vigeland made the stained glass windows (two of the windows in the chancel illustrate the Parable of the Prodigal Son, and the one in the middle is Jesus Christ, the Savior).[10] Sightseeing
References1. ^{{cite web|title=Table: 06913: Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (M)|url=https://www.ssb.no/statistikkbanken/selectvarval/Define.asp?subjectcode=&ProductId=&MainTable=Folkemengd1951&nvl=&PLanguage=1&nyTmpVar=true&CMSSubjectArea=befolkning&KortNavnWeb=folkendrhist&StatVariant=&checked=true|year=2017|language=Norwegian|author=Statistisk sentralbyrå|authorlink=Statistics Norway|accessdate=2017-10-20}} 2. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nrk.no/hordaland/slik-vil-songstad-ha-vest-politidistrikt-1.13284803|title=Foreslår å legge ned 17 lensmannskontor i Vest politidistrikt|language=Norwegian|first1=Ingvild|last1=Fjelltveit|first2=Per Vidar|last2=Raunholm|newspaper=NRK Hordaland|date=2016-12-20|accessdate=2017-10-20}} 3. ^{{cite web|first=Dag|last=Jukvam|publisher=Statistisk sentralbyrå|title=Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen|year=1999|url=http://www.ssb.no/emner/00/90/rapp_9913/rapp_9913.pdf|language=Norwegian}} 4. ^{{cite book|title=Norske gaardnavne: Nordre Bergenhus amt|edition=12|authorlink=Oluf Rygh|last=Rygh|first=Oluf|publisher=W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri|year=1919|location=Kristiania, Norge|pages=107|url=http://www.dokpro.uio.no/perl/navnegransking/rygh_ng/rygh_bla.prl?enhid=188857&avid=42189|language=Norwegian}} 5. ^{{cite web|publisher=Heraldry of the World|title=Civic heraldry of Norway - Norske Kommunevåpen|url=http://www.ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Aurland|accessdate=2014-03-04}} 6. ^{{cite web|publisher=Statistics Norway|url=https://www.ssb.no/statistikkbanken/SelectTable/hovedtabellHjem.asp?KortNavnWeb=kommvalgform&CMSSubjectArea=valg&StatVariant=&PLanguage=1&checked=true|title=Table: 04813: Members of the local councils, by party/electoral list at the Municipal Council election (M)|language=Norwegian|year=2015}} 7. ^{{cite web|author=Aurland Kommune |title=Politisk organisering |date=24 January 2008 |url=http://www.aurland.kommune.no/index.asp?startID=&topExpand=&subExpand=&strUrl=1000558i&menuid=1001795 |accessdate=19 June 2008 |language=Norwegian |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207163605/http://aurland.kommune.no/index.asp?startID=&topExpand=&subExpand=&strUrl=1000558i&menuid=1001795 |archivedate=7 February 2009 |df= }} 8. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.aurland.kommune.no/index.asp?strurl=1001767i |title=About Aurland |date=31 October 2003 |publisher=Aurland Kommune |accessdate=19 June 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207163647/http://aurland.kommune.no/index.asp?strurl=1001767i |archivedate=7 February 2009 |df= }} 9. ^Noralf Rye, Per Einar Faugli (1994): Geology and geomorphology of the Aurland district. Norwegian Journal of Geography. 48(1-2):13-22, {{DOI|10.1080/00291959408552322}}. 10. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Aurland Municipality|url=http://www.jonsvoll.com/timetabl/aurland.htm|first=John Erik|last=Johnson|accessdate=20 June 2008}} 11. ^1 {{cite web|title=Aurland|url=http://www.gonorway.no/norway/counties/sogn-and-fjordande/aurland/76362e49adafc80/|publisher=GoNorway.no|accessdate=20 June 2008}} External links
2 : Municipalities of Sogn og Fjordane|Aurland |
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