| 词条 | National Association of Army Nurses of the Civil War | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = National Association of Army Nurses of the Civil War | native_name = | named_after = | image = Harpers Magazine Illustration of Civil War Nurses.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = "Our Women and the War" from Harper’s Weekly, September 6, 1862 | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | map2 = | map2_size = | map2_alt = | map2_caption = | abbreviation = | motto = | predecessor = Ex-Nurse's Association of the District of Columbia, National Association of Army Nurses of the Late War | merged = | successor = | formation = {{start date|1881|6|18|df=y}} | founder = Dorothea Dix | founding_location = Washington, D.C. | extinction = | merger = | type = | tax_id = | registration_id = | status = Defunct | purpose = Gain recognition for nurses who served in the US Civil War | headquarters = | location = | coords = | region = | services = | products = | methods = | fields = | membership = | membership_year = | language = | owner = | sec_gen = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | board_of_directors = | key_people = Harriet Patience Dame, Addie L. Ballou | main_organ = | parent_organization = | subsidiaries = | secessions = | affiliations = Grand Army of the Republic | budget = | budget_year = | revenue = | revenue_year = | disbursements = | expenses = | expenses_year = | endowment = | staff = | staff_year = | volunteers = | volunteers_year = | slogan = | mission = | website = | remarks = | formerly = | footnotes = }} The National Association of Army Nurses of the Civil War or National Army Nurses was an organization of former nurses who served in the American Civil War. It was primarily a social organization, but it also advocated securing recognition and benefits for nurses who had served in the war. BackgroundOver 3,000 middle-class white women[1] served as paid or volunteer nurses during the Civil War, working under the charge of Superintendent of Army Nurses Dorothea Dix. Many of them had no prior medical training. They learned on the job through hard experience, while being exposed to the dangers of the battlefield. Often they were greeted with hostility by the male army surgeons.[2] After the war, these women often received no official government recognition or pension for their services.[2] HistoryThe organization was established by Dorothea Dix on June 18, 1881[4] as the "Ex-Nurse's Association of the District of Columbia."[4] It was a social organization, but also advocated for recognition and benefits for members. The society worked to aid members in seeking employment, to care for them during illness, and to promote the honor of the Union.[6] Dix was elected president of the organization for life. The group met each year in Washington DC, and soon started meeting during the National Encampments (reunions of Civil War veterans) held most years by the Grand Army of the Republic.[4] The group met in during the G.A.R. encampment of 1888.[6] The group met annually.[6] At the Encampment of 1892, the group attracted 35 members from all across the United States. Therefore, the group's name was changed to the National Association of Army Nurses of the Late War.[4] No meetings were held for two years, but the roup re-instituted for a national meeting in Louisville, Kentucky on September 13, 1895.[6] In 1897, the group, then known as the National Army Nurses Association, convened in Buffalo at their headquarters at the Women's Christian Association Building.[6] There were about 500 members.[6] Association members also came together for the annual G.A.R. encampment of 1899, which was held in Philadelphia. The officers that year were: Elizabeth W. Ewing of Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, president; Kate M. Scott of Brookville, Pennsylvania, secretary; Elizabeth Chapman of St. Louis, Missouri, senior vice president; Della A. Fay of Upper Jay, New York, junior vice president; Jeannette M. Morrill of Santon, Michigan, chaplain; Lydia L. Whiteman of Philadelphia, treasurer; Susanna Kripps of Philadelphia, press correspondent; Emily F. Woodley of Philadelphia, councillor; Mary Aston of Philadelphia, financial secretary; Fannie Hagen of Cambridge, Massachusetts, installing officer; and Julia Magill of Florence, New Jersey, guard. All were reported by local newspapers as planning to attend that year's encampment.[1] By 1901, the name was changed to National Association of Army Nurses of the Civil War to distinguish it from the Spanish–American War.[4] The organization disbanded in September 1931, when only five members were still living.[2] MembershipMembership was open to applicants who had served at least three months as a paid or volunteer nurse during the Civil War. Documentation was required, and applications needed approval by the local Grand Army of the Republic post. An 1897 article listed some members of the organization: Dorthea Dix, Harriet P. Dame, Annie Wittanmyer, Nansy Biser, Susan Edson and Caroline Burghardt, Clara Barton, "Mother" Bickerdyke, Mary A. Livermore, and Mary S. Gist.[6] Officers of the organization in 1897 consisted of Emily E. Woodley of Philadelphia (President); Elizabeth W. Ewing of Phoenixvile, PA; Elizabeth Chapman of East St. Louis; Sarah K. Clark of Winona, Minn; Hannah L. Palmer of Canastota, NY; Lydia L. Whiteman of Philadelphia; Mary A. Aston of Philadelphia; Addie L. Ballors of San Francisco; Miss Hancock of Philadelphia; and Mrs. Kripp of Philadelphia.[6] BenefitsChief among the achievements of this association were the efforts of its leaders to secure recognition and benefits for the women who had served as nurses during the American Civil War. Pensions:In 1892, Congress passed a law which allowed for a pension of $12 per month for all nurses who had been hired and paid by the Government.[4] However, most volunteer nurses still were not awarded pensions, at least as of 1910.[4] National cemetery privileges:Members (and in fact all nurses of the Civil War), were entitled to burial in National Cemeteries.[3] PresidentsNational Presidents of the Association included many of the well-known nurses of the Civil War:
External resources
GalleryPresidents and other officers of the National Association of Army Nurses of the Civil War. References1. ^"Veterans Who Will Be at the G.A.R. Celebration Owe Their Lives to the Heroic Self-Sacrifice of These Women Nurses." Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The Philadelphia Times, Sunday, 20 August 1899. [4][5][6][7]2. ^{{cite news |title=Town New Chief |newspaper=Chicago Daily Tribune |date=September 18, 1931 |page=3 |quote=Alice Cary Risley…president of the National Association of Army Nurses of the Civil War, said today that her group would be disbanded. Five members remain, [including] Helen Brainerd Cole [secretary] … and Ell Torrance, advocate. }} 3. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://civilwartalk.com/threads/national-association-of-army-nurses.133106/|title=Washington DC Evening Star – 29 September 1915 | ref=Washington DC Evening Star – 29 September 1915}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 {{cite book|last1=Scott|first1=Kate M.|title=In honor of the National Association of Civil War Army Nurses|publisher=the Citizens Executive Committee of Atlantic City, New Jersey|date=1910|url=https://archive.org/details/inhonorofnationa00grand}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.civilwaracademy.com/civil-war-women.html|title=Civil War Women|website=CivilWarAcademy.com|accessdate=27 April 2015}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|website=History.com|url=http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war|title=Women in the Civil War|accessdate=27 April 2015}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite news|title=COURAGE WAS NEEDED: Women Who Worked in the Fire of Battle: National Army Nurses|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/344950706|accessdate=27 November 2017|publisher=The Buffalo Express|date=23 August 1897|location=Buffalo, New York|quote=Hardships that they endured -- the first of them who drew a pension -- President Emily Woodley -- Other nurses who are here -- What their Association is Doing}} }}{{American Civil War}}{{Authority control}} 10 : History of women in the United States|History of women's rights in the United States|American Civil War nurses|Nursing organizations in the United States|American Civil War medicine|Defunct organizations based in Washington, D.C.|Organizations established in 1881|American Civil War veterans and descendants organizations|Women's organizations based in the United States|1881 establishments in Washington, D.C. |
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