词条 | National Astronomical Observatory (Chile) |
释义 |
|name = National Astronomical Observatory |background = |image = Cerro Calán.jpg |caption = Cerro Calán |organization = University of Chile |code = 805, 806, 813, 815 |location = Las Condes, Chile |coords = {{Coord|-33.3961|-70.5367|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} |altitude = {{Convert|853|m|ft}} |weather = |established = {{Start date|1852}} |closed = |website = {{URL|http://www.oan.cl/|Observatorio Astronómico Nacional}} |telescope1_name = MINI |telescope1_type = 1.2 radio telescope |telescope2_name = {{nobold|unnamed telescope}} |telescope2_type = 0.45 m reflector |telescope3_name = |telescope3_type = |telescope4_name = |telescope4_type = }} The National Astronomical Observatory of Chile (Spanish: Observatorio Astronómico Nacional de Chile - OAN) is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by the Department of Astronomy of the University of Chile (UCh). It is located on Cerro Calán, a hill in the commune of Las Condes. The commune is an eastern suburb of Santiago located in Santiago Province of the Santiago Metropolitan Region. OAN was founded in 1852 and became a part of UCh in 1927.[1] The facility on Cerro Calán was completed in 1962. HistoryOAN can be traced back to the Gillis Expedition, a project of the United States Naval Observatory. Led by James Melville Gilliss, it arrived in Chile in 1849 to observe Mars and Venus from the southern hemisphere so as to improve solar parallax.[2][3] Gilliss and his party set up their equipment on Santa Lucia Hill, a small rise in downtown Santiago.[4] After completing the project in 1852, Gilliss sold the equipment and the buildings that housed it to the government of Chile, which formed OAN at that time.[3] After two years of operating on Santa Lucia Hill, the director of the new observatory, Carlos Guillermo Moesta, noticed that daytime heating of the dark rock of the hill caused the entire landform to move slightly.[6] As a result of this discovery Moesta decided it would be best to move the observatory elsewhere. A new facility was built in what is now Quinta Normal starting in 1857, and OAN officially moved to the new location in 1862. However, it proved to be one of the foggiest locations in the area.[3] The building is now home to the Aeronautical Technical School of the Civil Aviation Authority of Chile. In 1908 President Pedro Montt appointed Friedrich Wilhelm Ristenpart of Germany director of OAN.[8] Ristenpart organized another move of the observatory, this time to what is now the suburb of Lo Espejo, south of Santiago.[9] Ristenpart died in 1913, and the subsequent director, Alberto Obrecht, completed the move in 1916.[10] The buildings in Lo Espejo have been torn down. Federico Rutllant became director in 1950, and in 1956 the observatory began a new campus on Cerro Calán under his direction.[11] The transfer was completed in 1962. Rutllant played an important part in bringing foreigners in to build the big observatories in the Atacama Desert in the 1960s.[11] The extensive site research for what would soon become Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory and La Silla Observatory was conducted while he was director. The Soviet Union also sent astronomers and provided several telescopes to OAN beginning in 1962, but it withdrew after the 1973 Chilean coup d'état.[9] Telescopes
Former telescopes
{{anchor|Cerro El Roble Astronomical Station}} Cerro El Roble Station{{further information|List of asteroid-discovering observatories#Cerro El Roble Astronomical Station}}The Cerro El Roble Station ({{lang-es|Estación Astronómica de Cerro El Roble}}; also known as Cerro El Roble Observatory; obs. code: 805), of Chile's National Astronomical Observatory's (see {{section link||top}}), is located at {{Coord|-32.9762|-71.0148|type:landmark|display=inline}} on Cerro El Roble, a mountain on the border between Santiago Metropolitan Region and Valparaíso Region. The observatory building sits at an elevation of {{Convert|2200|m|ft}} and is approximately {{Convert|63|km|mi}} northwest of Santiago. It was built by UCh in 1967 to house a {{Convert|70|cm|in|abbr=on}} Maksutov telescope provided by the Soviet Union, which began operating in 1968.[9] Maipú Radio ObservatoryMaipú Radio Observatory (Spanish: Radio Observatorio de Maipú - ROM, or Observatorio Radioastronomico de Maipú) was a remote site of OAN located in the commune of Maipú southwest of Santiago at {{Coord|-33.4971|-70.8474|type:landmark|display=inline}}. One long-wavelength telescope was built by OAN and the University of Florida, and another by OAN and the Carnegie Institution.[11] Observing began at the site in 1959, and it was closed in 2000.[33] See also
References1. ^1 {{cite web |title=Historia del Observatorio Astronómico Nacional |url=http://www.oan.cl/historia/ |publisher=Observatorio Astronómico Nacional |accessdate=2012-02-07}} [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]2. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=DAS @ UChile - About us |url=http://www.das.uchile.cl/das_ingles/about_us.php |publisher=Departamento de Astronomía de la Universidad de Chile |accessdate=2012-02-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221190353/http://www.das.uchile.cl/das_ingles/about_us.php |archivedate=2012-02-21 |df= }} 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |last1=Sancho |first1=José Maza |title=2.20. Historia de la Astronomía en Chile |url=http://www.das.uchile.cl/~jose/eh1j2_2011/2.20.historia_astronom_chile_2006.pdf |date=2006-11-16 |publisher=Departamento de Astronomía de la Universidad de Chile |accessdate=2012-02-07}} 4. ^1 {{cite web |title=La Expedición Gilliss de la Marina de los Estados Unidos (1843 - 1852). |url=http://www.das.uchile.cl/doc_pdf/expedicion_gilliss.pdf |publisher=Departamento de Astronomía de la Universidad de Chile |accessdate=2012-02-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719053850/http://www.das.uchile.cl/doc_pdf/expedicion_gilliss.pdf |archivedate=2013-07-19 |df= }} 5. ^1 {{cite web |title=El Observatorio Astronómico Nacional durante Moesta y Vergara |url=http://www.das.uchile.cl/doc_pdf/moesta_vergara.pdf |publisher=Departamento de Astronomía de la Universidad de Chile |accessdate=2012-02-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719054130/http://www.das.uchile.cl/doc_pdf/moesta_vergara.pdf |archivedate=2013-07-19 |df= }} 6. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=La Administración de Obrecht y Ristenpart |url=http://www.das.uchile.cl/doc_pdf/obrecht_ristenpart.pdf |publisher=Departamento de Astronomía de la Universidad de Chile |accessdate=2012-02-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719054853/http://www.das.uchile.cl/doc_pdf/obrecht_ristenpart.pdf |archivedate=2013-07-19 |df= }} 7. ^1 {{cite web |title=La Transformación en un Observatorio Moderno (1923 – 1965) |url=http://www.das.uchile.cl/doc_pdf/observatorio_moderno.pdf |publisher=Departamento de Astronomía de la Universidad de Chile |accessdate=2012-02-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719054533/http://www.das.uchile.cl/doc_pdf/observatorio_moderno.pdf |archivedate=2013-07-19 |df= }} 8. ^1 {{cite journal |bibcode=1854MNRAS..15...61M |title=Observations of a Phenomenon observed with regard to the Hill of Santa Lucia, Santiago de Chile |author1=Moesta |first1=Don Carlos |volume=15 |date=1854 |pages=61–64 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |doi=10.1093/mnras/15.2.61}} 9. ^1 {{cite journal |bibcode=1856MNRAS..16..133G |title=The United States Naval-Astronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemisphere 1849-52 |author1=Gilliss |first1=J. M. |volume=16 |date=1856 |pages=133–137 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |doi=10.1093/mnras/16.5.133a}} 10. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |bibcode=1960AJ.....65..193R |title=The Observatory in Santiago |author1=Rutllant |first1=F. |volume=65 |date=1960 |pages=193 |journal=Astronomical Journal |doi=10.1086/108218}} 11. ^1 {{cite journal |bibcode=1967SvA....11..148N |title=Preliminary Results of Observations with the Pulkovo Photographic Vertical Circle |author1=Naumov |first1=V. A. |last2=Naumova |first2=A. A. |last3=Seebach |first3=N. |last4=Torres |first4=C. |last5=Zverev |first5=M. S. |volume=11 |date=1967 |pages=148 |journal=Soviet Astronomy}} 12. ^1 {{cite journal |bibcode=1970SvA....13..722B |title=Installation of a Transit Instrument of the Large Pulkovo Type in Chile for Absolute Determinations of Stellar Right Ascensions |author1=Belyaev |first1=Yu. A. |last2=Vasil'Ev |first2=V. M. |last3=Peralta |first3=R. |last4=Plyugina |first4=A. I. |last5=Streletskii |first5=Yu. S. |last6=Tavastsherna |first6=K. N. |last7=Tapija |first7=R. |volume=13 |date=1970 |pages=722 |journal=Soviet Astronomy}} 13. ^1 {{cite journal |bibcode=1974A&AS...18..135N |title=First astrolabe catalogue of Santiago |author1=Noël |first1=F. |last2=Czuia |first2=K. |last3=Guerra |first3=P. |volume=18 |date=1974 |pages=135 |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series}} 14. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal |bibcode=1991JHA....22...21K |title=The Earliest National Observatories in Latin-America |author1=Keenan |first1=P. C. |volume=22 |date=1991 |pages=21–30 |journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy |doi=10.1177/002182869102200104}} 15. ^1 {{cite journal |bibcode=2001PhT....54g..14A |title=Radio observatory at Maipú completes mission, closes doors |author1=Alvarez |first1=Héctor |volume=54 |date=2001 |pages=14–15 |journal=Physics Today |doi=10.1063/1.1397384 |issue=7}} 16. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |bibcode=2003ASPC..292....3D |title=National and international astronomical activities in Chile 1849--2002 |author1=Duerbeck |first1=H. W. |volume=292 |date=2003 |pages=3 |journal=Interplay of Periodic}} 17. ^1 {{cite journal |bibcode= 2004A&A...413..725N|title=Solar cycle dependence of the apparent radius of the Sun |author1=Noël |first1=F. |volume=413 |date=2004 |pages=725–732 |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20031573 |issue=2}} 18. ^1 {{cite web |title=The 1.2 m Telescopes |url=http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/mmw/tech.html |publisher=Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophyics Millimeter-wave Group |accessdate=2012-02-01}} 19. ^1 {{cite web |title=Millimeter-wave Laboratory |url=http://www.das.uchile.cl/lab_mwl/project.html |publisher=Departamento de Astronomía de la Universidad de Chile |accessdate=2012-02-01}} }} External links
3 : Astronomical observatories in Chile|Buildings and structures in Santiago Metropolitan Region|1852 establishments in Chile |
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