“National Disability Insurance Scheme”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) was initiated by the Australian Government for Australians with a disability, including people with intellectual, physical, sensory and psycho-social disabilities.^[1] It creates a managed market for disability services in Australia.^[2] The NDIS is established by the National Disability Insurance Scheme Act 2013. The NDIS commenced being rolled out nationally on 1 July 2016.^[3]

History

During the 1970s, care of people with a disability in Australia shifted from institutionalisation to being cared for in the community.^[3] In 1974, Gough Whitlam proposed a national disability insurance scheme like the scheme offered in New Zealand. Academic Donna McDonald suggests it was Treasurer Bill Hayden who convinced Whitlam to focus on the introduction of Medicare instead.^[4] In 2005, the NSW government created the Lifetime Care and Support Scheme to cover ongoing care for people who had been severely injured in motor accidents.^[5]

In 2006, Bruce Bonyhady, chair of Yooralla, met with former Labor cabinet minister Brian Howe, who put him in touch with a group of people who became known as the Disability Investment Group. The Disability Investment Group made an independent submission to the Australia 2020 Summit in 2008. They then sent their recommendations to the Productivity Commission.^[6] The Productivity Commission released a report on the issue in 2011.^[7] Disability in Australia "was framed as an economic issue, rather than a social issue".^[8] Research by PricewaterhouseCoopers in 2011 found that by approximately 2025 the cost of maintaining the status quo in relation to the care of people with a disability would be greater than the cost of an NDIS.^[9] In 2011, the Council of Australian Governments agreed the disability sector in Australia needed reform.^[10]

In 2011, it was recommended that psychosocial disability be included in the scheme.^[11]

A bill to establish the NDIS was introduced into Federal Parliament in November 2012 by then Prime Minister Julia Gillard.^[12]^[13] It was passed in March 2013 as the National Disability Insurance Scheme Act 2013.^[10] There is a COAG Disability Reform Council which continues to oversee the NDIS.^[14]

When the Abbott Government came into power in 2013, the assistant minister in charge of the NDIS was Mitch Fifield, who capped the number of employees the NDIA could have to 3,000, when the Productivity Commission had estimated 10,000.^[15]

The 2013 Australian federal budget committed $14.3 billion to the NDIS, to be paid for by increasing the Medicare levy by 0.5%.^[16] As of May 2013, the Australian Government estimated the disability sector in Australia would need to double to meet the needs of the NDIS.^[17] The first part of the scheme rolled out on 1 July 2013.^[18] It was initially known as "DisabilityCare Australia" and commenced only in South Australia, Tasmania, the Hunter Region in New South Wales and the Barwon area of Victoria. The NDIS then commenced in the Australian Capital Territory in July 2014. The Medicare levy increased from 1.5% to 2% on 1 July 2014, to fund the NDIS.^[19]

In the first nine months of the scheme, 5,400 people with disabilities accessed an NDIS plan.^[9]

The 2016 Australian federal budget attempted to make savings of $2.1 billion for the NDIS fund by re-assessing Disability Support Pension recipients' capacity to work, and cutting compensation for the carbon pricing scheme.^[20] This included scrapping an ad campaign letting people know about the NDIS.^[21] Furthermore, this budget committed to reduce the number of permanent employees in the NDIA to 3,000.^[22] Peak disability group People with Disability Australia expressed concerns the NDIS would become a 'political football'.^[23]

The NDIS was rolled out nationally on 1 July 2016.^[3] NDIS CEO, David Bowen, announced his resignation in March 2017, which will take effect in November 2017.^[24] He was replaced with former Bankwest CEO, Rob De Luca.^[25]

In April 2018, the NDIA announced that Serco would be operating contact centres in Melbourne and regional Victoria for two years.^[26] This prompted concern from peak advocacy body People with Disability Australia and others about Serco's lack of experience with disabilities despite being at the first point of contact with clients.^[27]

The Financial Review noted that the NDIS was "becoming an economic factor in its own right", particularly in regional areas.^[28]

A report by Flinders University into the running of the NDIS found that half of all participants in the NDIS have either had their support reduced or have not experienced a change in their support levels since the NDIS has been introduced.^[15]

In 2018 it was reported that the NDIA had a budget of $10 million for legal services that are employed to attempt to prevent people appealing for more money under the scheme or to prevent them from accessing the scheme. As of May, 260 cases had been resolved by the courts, with the NDIA losing 40% of them.^[29]

The NDIS has been developing a virtual assistant called "Nadia" which takes the form of an avatar using the voice of actor Cate Blanchett (see Artificial intelligence in government).^[30]

Services

The first stage of the NDIS aimed to provide reasonable and necessary support for people with significant and permanent disability.^[31]

It has been suggested that the creation of the National Disability Insurance Scheme will increase latent demand for services, rather than sate it.^[32]

The number of people assisted rose to 20,000 people with disability by 2015. It has been recommended to increase participation to 410,000 however this figure remains uncertain.^[33] There are two main entry points to the NDIS, through Early Childhood Early Intervention for those under 6 years old, and the general scheme for those between 6 and 65 years of age.^[34]

According to a report from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, demand for disability aid in Australia has seen significant increases in recent years.^[35] Job services and community support were the services most in need.

The NDIS has an annual budget of $700 million for specialist disability accommodation, this will be used to house 28,000 people with high support needs.^[36] As of 2015, over 7,000 young disabled people lived in aged care homes.^[37] A goal of the NDIS is to get younger people with disabilities out of residential age care settings.^[38]

Although the NDIS services are meant to be effective and disability-related, The Australian newspaper noted that tarot card readers and fringe therapy providers had become NDIS providers.^[39]

Therapies to treat dysphagia (swallowing difficulties, potentially life-threatening) were funded under the NDIS until late 2017, when they were discontinued.^[40]

Funding

The cost of the NDIS was a point of contention at a time when the Federal Government insisted upon a return to surplus in the 2013 Australian federal budget. In 2010, the Productivity Commission estimated it would cost A$15 billion a year. Two years later a Government report revised that figure to $22 billion in 2018.^[41] According to the Minister for Disability Reform, Jenny Macklin, the program will effectively double the cost of supporting those with disabilities. A number of state disability ministers initially described the draft legislation for the NDIS as lacking flexibility and criticised it for being too prescriptive.^[42]

The first state to fully commit to funding for the scheme was New South Wales on 7 December 2012, with costs roughly divided between federal and state governments.^[43] The then Premier of Queensland, Campbell Newman, wanted the federal government to fully fund the scheme,^[44] arguing the state cannot commit funds while the state's debt was high. On 8 May 2013, Campbell Newman signed the agreement in support of the program.^[45]

An agreement between Tasmania and the federal government was achieved on 2 May 2013. The state committed to $134 million of initial funding.^[46] The Northern Territory signed an agreement to join the scheme on 11 May 2013.^[47] From 1 July 2014 the Medicare levy rose from 1.5% to 2% to help fund the NDIS.^[48]

The scheme's funding has been noted to be complex, with money being pooled from multiple sources at federal and state/territory government levels.^[49] Guide Dogs Victoria has complained that only half of its members are eligible for the NDIS, and that they are losing donations because the public thinks Guide Dogs Victoria is funded under the NDIS.^[50]

Scott Morrison announced in January 2017 that the Productivity Commission would be conducting an independent review of the NDIS.^[51] A Victorian man who lives at Moriac won a court case against the NDIS for only agreeing to fund 75% of his transport costs to Geelong for his work and "NDIS-supported activities".^[52]

The emphasis of the NDIS has been noted to stem from the 2011 productivity commission report that began it.^[53]

An 0.5% increase to the Medicare levy was proposed after the 2017 budget,^[54] but in April 2018 this was scrapped, as the government had found "other sources of revenue". Disability groups have urged the government to provide greater clarity.^[55] In 2018 the Morrison Government set up a Drought Future Fund for farmers using $3.9 billion "repurposed" from the NDIS.^[56]

Staffing

The Productivity Commission reported that some areas had less than 40% of the number of disability services employees needed to cope with demand for NDIS services.^[57] The NDIA spent over $180 million on consultants and contractors between July 2016 and October 2017, which Jenny Macklin argues is due to the NDIA operating under a staffing cap.^[58] Disability support workers only identified negative aspects to the NDIS on the quality of jobs in interviews with UNSW.^[59]

Access issues

A my.gov account is used to access the NDIS,^[60]^[61] and the IT system is administered by Centrelink as a cost-saving measure.^[62] In 2018, Bruce Bonyhady said that a key issue that was yet to be resolved "is what the supports are going to be if you're not in the NDIS".^[63]

There has been concern that people with "mild" intellectual disabilities, as well as those who are socially marginalised, will find it difficult to engage with the NDIS.^[64]

In the year 2015-2016, only 76% of participants' funds were utilised, which the Productivity Commission has stated was concerning as this could lead to poorer outcomes for participants.^[65] As of 2017, approximately 90% of NDIS costs were related to participant funding packages.^[66]

Dr Kirsten Harley, who has a terminal illness, has been denied augmented communication through the NDIS because her condition will deteriorate. Neurological Alliance Australia has said NDIS plans aren't being made with the input of people who understand neurological conditions and so are inadequate.^[68] Dr Justin Yerbury was denied wheelchair and accessible housing modifications due to being assessed as having a poor life expectancy.^[69] Tim Rubenach was in the NDIS, but his assistive equipment delivery was delayed until after his death. His family have said that the delays in receiving his equipment hastened his death.^[70]

The process of writing NDIS plans has reportedly been cut down to hours rather than over some weeks. People who ask for a review are reportedly cut off from basic services.^[71]

In the Barwon region, parents of adults with disabilities have noted that the administration time has gone up, but that services have not increased for their children.^[72]

Guidelines have been developed to show how the NDIS will interact with other systems (health systems, child protection, early childhood education, primary, secondary and tertiary education, etc.)^[73] These interactions have been described as being open to "cost-shifting" between the NDIS and existing services.^[74]

Childhood disabilities with a late onset (ages 2-3) were predicted to be underserved in the ECEI model.^[75]

The peak body for disability services in Australia, National Disability Services, has estimated that the NDIS may owe up to $300 million to service providers. As 12 month plans expire, people continue to receive services while waiting for a review from the NDIS, resulting in unpaid bills. In response, the NDIA has established a Provider Payment Team for service providers to contact to resolve issues.^[76]

Multiple specialist services are closing due to not having block funding anymore making it harder for participants of the NDIS to be able to use their packages.^[77]

The NDIA has asked that an Aboriginal boy in Tennant Creek be placed into care.^[78]

How NDIS plans are managed

There are three ways a NDIS plan is managed: the participant or their nominee managing the plan, a registered plan management provider, or the NDIS.^[79] Where the participant self-manages their plan, they are told to keep records of all purchases in case of a future audit.^[80]

Safeguarding

The NDIS Quality and Safeguards Commission, which will allow participants in the NDIS to make complaints about safety and quality of NDIS services, is being rolled out in NSW and SA from 1 July 2018; the ACT, NT, Queensland, Tasmania and Victoria in July 2019; and in WA from July 2020.^[81]

Information Linkages and Capacity Building (ILC) program

While the NDIS will support some people with disability in Australia, the ILC program aims to support all PWD in Australia by improving the community's ability to welcome PWD, and helping PWD to access wider community supports.^[82] The ILC program provides grants to organisations.^[83]

Carers

While a 2014 government report on the NDIS predicted the scheme would enable carers to participate more in the workforce or in work-allied activities, as of 2018, there was limited evidence that this was the case.^[84]

References

1. ^{{cite web|last1=Bonyhady|first1=Bruce|title=Every Child with a Disability Every Chance|url=https://www.ndis.gov.au/news/bruce-bonyhady-every-child.html|website=www.ndis.gov.au|language=en}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.sprc.unsw.edu.au/media/SPRCFile/NDIS_Pricing_Report.pdf}}
3. ^¹²{{cite web|author=Paul Ramcharan |url=https://theconversation.com/understanding-the-ndis-a-history-of-disability-welfare-from-deserving-poor-to-consumers-in-control-58069 |title=Understanding the NDIS: a history of disability welfare from 'deserving poor' to consumers in control |publisher=Theconversation.com |date=2016-07-01 |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
4. ^{{cite web|first=Donna |last=McDonald |url=https://theconversation.com/disabilitycare-now-a-reality-but-how-can-we-protect-its-future-14217 |title=DisabilityCare now a reality but how can we protect its future? |website=The Conversation |date=20 May 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611140451/http://theconversation.com/disabilitycare-now-a-reality-but-how-can-we-protect-its-future-14217|archivedate=11 June 2013}}
5. ^{{cite journal|last1=Walsh|first1=John|last2=Johnson|first2=Sarah|title=Development and Principles of the National Disability Insurance Scheme|journal=Australian Economic Review|date=September 2013|volume=46|issue=3|pages=327–337|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8462.2013.12032.x}}
6. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/life/weekend-australian-magazine/bruce-bonyhady-ndis-campaigner/story-e6frg8h6-1226723522725 |title=2011: Bruce Bonyhady, NDIS campaigner |publisher=News Corp |newspaper=The Australian |date=21 September 2013 |accessdate=7 November 2016}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/disability-support/report |title=Inquiry report - Disability Care and Support Productivity Commission |publisher=Australian Government|author=Productivity Commission |date=10 August 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819201205/http://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/disability-support/report|archivedate=19 August 2016}}
8. ^{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Pavla|last2=Hayward|first2=David|title=Social policy ‘generosity’ at a time of fiscal austerity: The strange case of Australia’s National Disability Insurance Scheme|journal=Critical Social Policy|date=22 August 2016|volume=37|issue=1|page=130|doi=10.1177/0261018316664463}}
9. ^¹{{cite book|title=Progress report on the implementation and administration of the National Disability Insurance Scheme - Executive Summary|date=29 July 2014|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Joint/National_Disability_Insurance_Scheme/First_progress_report/b03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815061020/http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Joint/National_Disability_Insurance_Scheme/First_progress_report/b03|archivedate=15 August 2016}}
10. ^¹{{cite web|title=Our history|url=https://myplace.ndis.gov.au/ndisstorefront/about-us/our-history.html|publisher=NDIS|accessdate=9 July 2016}}
11. ^https://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/ndis-costs/report/ndis-costs.pdf p. 23
12. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/gillard-introduces-ndis-legislation/story-e6frf7kf-1226526333897|title=PM introduces NDIS bill to parliament|publisher=News Corp|newspaper=Herald Sun|accessdate=3 December 2012}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2012B00230 |title=National Disability Insurance Scheme Bill 2012 |publisher=Legislation.gov.au |date= |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/04_2017/drc_terms_of_reference.pdf}}
15. ^¹{{cite news|last1=Morton|first1=Rick|title=Thousands worse off in NDIS|url=http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.sl.nsw.gov.au/login.aspx?direct=true&db=anh&AN=9X9AUSNEWSMMGLSTRY000367860194&site=ehost-live|accessdate=18 May 2018|work=The Australian|date=1 May 2018|language=en|via=Ebscohost}}
16. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-05-15/welfare-groups-have-mixed-budget-reaction/4691620|title=Welfare groups have mixed budget reaction|first=Sally|last=Sara|date=15 May 2013|publisher=ABC News}}
17. ^{{citation|url=http://www.budget.gov.au/2013-14/content/glossy/ndis_policy/download/ndis.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023213503/http://budget.gov.au/2013-14/content/glossy/NDIS_policy/download/NDIS.pdf|publisher=Australian Government|date=May 2013|archivedate=23 October 2016|title=DisabilityCare Australia|page=17}}
18. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-28/disability-care-australia-ndis/4783344|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|website=ABC News|date=28 June 2013|first1=Gillian|last1=Bennett|first2=Jayne|last2=Margetts|archivedate=1 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701033025/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-28/disability-care-australia-ndis/4783344|title=DisabilityCare Australia: The national disability insurance scheme}}
19. ^{{cite web|title=Medicare levy increase to fund DisabilityCare Australia|url=https://www.ato.gov.au/General/New-legislation/In-detail/Direct-taxes/Income-tax-for-individuals/Medicare-Levy-increase-to-fund-DisabilityCare/|website=www.ato.gov.au|publisher=Australian Government|accessdate=28 February 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123923/https://www.ato.gov.au/General/New-legislation/In-detail/Direct-taxes/Income-tax-for-individuals/Medicare-Levy-increase-to-fund-DisabilityCare/|archivedate=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}
20. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-03/disability-support-crackdown-to-help-fund-ndis/7380828|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822014255/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-03/disability-support-crackdown-to-help-fund-ndis/7380828|archivedate=22 August 2016|title=Budget 2016: Disability support crackdown to help fund National Disability Insurance Scheme|website=ABC News|first=Jane|last=Norman|date=3 May 2016}}
21. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/ndis-ad-campaign-for-22-billion-disability-reform-scrapped-ahead-of-launch-20160509-goqep5.html|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|publisher=Fairfax Media|date=11 May 2016|archivedate=7 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107083059/http://www.smh.com.au/national/ndis-ad-campaign-for-22-billion-disability-reform-scrapped-ahead-of-launch-20160509-goqep5.html|title=NDIS: ad campaign for $22 billion disability reform scrapped ahead of launch|first=Rachel|last=Browne}}
22. ^{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Pavla|last2=Hayward|first2=David|title=Social policy ‘generosity’ at a time of fiscal austerity: The strange case of Australia’s National Disability Insurance Scheme|journal=Critical Social Policy|date=22 August 2016|volume=37|issue=1|pages=128–147|doi=10.1177/0261018316664463}}
23. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-03/budget-2016/7380832|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|website=ABC News|title=Budget 2016: Concerns NDIS savings fund announced in budget could become 'political football'|first=Norman|last=Hermant|date=3 May 2016|archivedate=12 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612170528/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-03/budget-2016/7380832}}
24. ^{{cite news|title=NDIS chief David Bowen announces resignation|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-15/national-disability-insurance-scheme-ceo-david-bowen-resignation/8356928|accessdate=15 March 2017|work=ABC News|date=15 March 2017|language=en-AU}}
25. ^{{cite news |last1=Morton |first1=Rick |title=NDIA tosses dice on ‘values’ campaign |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/health/ndia-tosses-dice-on-values-campaign/news-story/1b197fce9997e508f455a738f18348d6?nk=3b6568da2110b7ab25c7be226b8ce7e0-1538020240 |accessdate=27 September 2018 |work=The Australian |date=27 September 2018|subscription=yes}}
26. ^{{cite web|title=NDIA Contact Centre|url=https://www.ndis.gov.au/news/contact-centre-announcement.html|website=www.ndis.gov.au|accessdate=23 April 2018|language=en|date=20 April 2018}}
27. ^{{cite news|last1=Knaus|first1=Christopher|title=Outsourcing NDIS contact centres to Serco 'an accident waiting to happen'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/apr/23/outsourcing-ndis-contact-centres-to-serco-an-accident-waiting-to-happen|accessdate=23 April 2018|work=the Guardian|date=23 April 2018|language=en}}
28. ^{{cite news|title=The race for votes is just beginning|url=http://www.afr.com/opinion/federal-budget-2018-the-economy-shifts-politics-in-the-race-for-election-votes-20180511-h0zyd8|accessdate=12 May 2018|work=Financial Review|date=11 May 2018}}
29. ^{{cite news|last1=Morton|first1=Rick|title=NDIS legal bill hitting $10m a year|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/health/ndis-legal-bill-hitting-10m-a-year/news-story/c048d6028a8363597a30115d3cdb921f|accessdate=18 May 2018|work=The Australian|date=17 May 2018|language=en|subscription=yes}}
30. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cio.com.au/article/614647/ndia-recruits-cate-blanchett-voice-new-avatar/|title=NDIA recruits Cate Blanchett to voice new avatar|last=|first=|date=22 February 2017|website=CIO|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-31}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ndis.gov.au/participants/reasonable-and-necessary-supports |title=National Disability Insurance Scheme - What are reasonable and necessary supports? | National Disability Insurance Scheme |publisher=Ndis.gov.au |date=2014-12-03 |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
32. ^{{cite news|last=Sturgess|first=Gary|title=NDIS will unleash high cost of latent demand|url=http://www.afr.com/p/opinion/ndis_will_unleash_high_cost_of_latent_5MCDZ4j2EPp0E0j8P9YOGI|accessdate=17 February 2018|work=Australian Financial Review|date=29 May 2013}}
33. ^{{cite press release |url=http://www.afdo.org.au/node/415 |title=Cruel Insulting Statistics: CIS Gets the NDIS Wrong |date=15 November 2012 |publisher=Australian Federation of Disability Organisations |accessdate=3 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408201617/http://afdo.org.au/node/415 |archivedate=8 April 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
34. ^{{cite journal|last1=May|first1=Tamara|last2=Roberts|first2=Jacqueline|last3=Webber|first3=Murray|last4=Spreckley|first4=Michelle|last5=Scheinberg|first5=Adam|last6=Forrester|first6=Mike|last7=Williams|first7=Katrina|title=Brief history and user's guide to the Australian National Disability Insurance Scheme|journal=Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health|date=14 October 2017|doi=10.1111/jpc.13748}}
35. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/demand-for-disability-aid-increases/story-fn59niix-1226478861321 |title=Demand for disability aid increases |accessdate=3 December 2012 |date=21 September 2012 |newspaper=The Australian |publisher=News Limited|agency=AAP}}
36. ^{{cite news|last1=Winkler|first1=Di|last2=Taleporos|first2=George|last3=Bo'sher|first3=Luke|title=How the NDIS is using the market to create housing for people with disability|url=https://theconversation.com/how-the-ndis-is-using-the-market-to-create-housing-for-people-with-disability-83144|accessdate=9 September 2017|work=The Conversation|language=en}}
37. ^{{cite news |last1=Winkler |first1=Di |title=Nursing homes are no place for young people with disabilities |url=https://theconversation.com/nursing-homes-are-no-place-for-young-people-with-disabilities-43847 |accessdate=16 September 2018 |work=The Conversation |language=en}}
38. ^{{cite news |last1=Taleporos |first1=George |title=Five years on, NDIS is getting young people out of aged care, but all too slowly |url=https://theconversation.com/five-years-on-ndis-is-getting-young-people-out-of-aged-care-but-all-too-slowly-97851 |accessdate=16 September 2018 |work=The Conversation |language=en}}
39. ^{{cite news|last1=Morton|first1=Rick|title=NDIS: Tarot readers and sound stimulators sign on to provide services|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/health/ndis-tarot-readers-and-sound-stimulators-sign-on-to-provide-services/news-story/af2f99b990e0b23d4e6aa4dd9984e2b8|accessdate=26 March 2018|work=www.theaustralian.com.au|date=20 March 2018|language=en|subscription=yes}}
40. ^{{cite news |last1=Henriques-Gomes |first1=Luke |title=NDIA under pressure after funding for ‘life-threatening’ condition axed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/dec/06/ndia-under-pressure-after-funding-for-life-threatening-condition-axed |accessdate=5 December 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=5 December 2018}}
41. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-11-15/claims-of-blowout-in-disability-insurance-scheme/4374722 |title=Claims of blowout in disability insurance scheme |first=Lisa|last= Whitehead |accessdate=3 December 2012 |date=16 November 2012 |website=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation }}
42. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/national/states-react-to-federal-ndis-draft-bill/story-e6frfku9-1226521450394 |title=States react to federal NDIS draft bill |first=Lisa|last=Martin|website=News.com.au |accessdate=3 December 2012 |date=21 November 2012 |publisher=News Limited |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121192439/http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/national/states-react-to-federal-ndis-draft-bill/story-e6frfku9-1226521450394|archivedate=21 November 2012}}
43. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-12-06/feds-nsw-strike-deal-on-disability-scheme/4412754 |title=Feds, NSW strike deal on disability scheme |first=Simon |last=Cullen |accessdate=7 December 2012 |date=7 December 2012 |website=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031005808/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-12-06/feds-nsw-strike-deal-on-disability-scheme/4412754|archivedate=31 October 2016 }}
44. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/national/gillard-urges-queenslanders-to-sign-up-state-for-disability-reforms/story-fndo45r1-1226529256119 |title=Gillard urges Queenslanders to sign up state for disability reforms |author=Koren Helbig |accessdate=7 December 2012 |date=4 December 2012 |newspaper=Herald Sun |publisher=News Limited }}
45. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.sunshinecoastdaily.com.au/news/qld-joins-other-states-support-gillard-govts-ndis/1860055/?ref=hs |title=Qld joins other states in support of Gillard Govt's NDIS |first=Ava|last=Benny-Morrison |accessdate=8 May 2013 |date=8 May 2013 |newspaper=Sunshine Coast Daily |publisher=APN News & Media }}
46. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-05-02/tasmania-to-join-disabilty-scheme/4664384?section=tas |title=Tasmania signs on to disability scheme |date=2 May 2013 |website=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|archivedate=3 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603100104/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-05-02/tasmania-to-join-disabilty-scheme/4664384?section=tas }}
47. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/politics-news/wa-last-holdout-on-ndis-as-nt-signs-up/story-fn59nqld-1226639916023 |title=WA last holdout on NDIS as NT signs up |accessdate=11 May 2013 |date=11 May 2013 |newspaper=The Australian |publisher=News Limited }}
48. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-07-01/budget-hole-as-savings-measures-delayed-by-senate/5561118 |title=Federal budget feels pain as savings measures slated for July 1 delayed by Senate |first=Emma |last=Griffiths |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101010831/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-07-01/budget-hole-as-savings-measures-delayed-by-senate/5561118|archivedate=1 November 2016 |date=1 July 2014 |work=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation }}
49. ^{{cite web|last1=Dickinson|first1=Helen|title=Explainer: how much does the NDIS cost and where does this money come from?|url=https://theconversation.com/explainer-how-much-does-the-ndis-cost-and-where-does-this-money-come-from-95924|website=The Conversation|accessdate=17 May 2018|language=en}}
50. ^{{cite news |last1=Willingham |first1=Richard |title=Guide Dogs charity fears the impact of NDIS on donations |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/guide-dogs-charity-fears-the-impact-of-ndis-on-donations-20160814-gqs2un.html |accessdate=9 September 2018 |work=The Age |date=14 August 2016 |language=en}}
51. ^{{cite news|title=Government announces independent review of NDIS|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-20/national-disability-insurance-scheme-government-announces-review/8198574|accessdate=20 January 2017|work=ABC News|date=20 January 2017|language=en-AU}}
52. ^{{cite news|title=Victorian man wins court appeal over NDIS payment of transport costs|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-28/federal-court-rules-in-favour-of-autistic-man-over-ndis-funding/8393532|accessdate=14 April 2017|work=ABC News|date=28 March 2017|language=en-AU}}
53. ^{{cite journal|last1=Marston|first1=Greg|last2=Cowling|first2=Sally|last3=Bielefeld|first3=Shelley|title=Tensions and contradictions in Australian social policy reform: compulsory Income Management and the National Disability Insurance Scheme|journal=Australian Journal of Social Issues|date=December 2016|volume=51|issue=4|pages=399–417|doi=10.1002/j.1839-4655.2016.tb01240.x}}
54. ^{{cite news|title=Medicare levy increase ditched, creating $8 billion NDIS shortfall|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-25/medicare-levy-increase-to-fund-ndis-scrapped/9696746|accessdate=26 April 2018|work=ABC News|date=25 April 2018|language=en-AU}}
55. ^{{cite news|title=Medicare levy turnaround 'a win' for everyone, Morrison claims|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-26/disability-advocates-cautious-new-ndis-funding/9697114|accessdate=26 April 2018|work=ABC News|date=26 April 2018|language=en-AU}}
56. ^{{cite news |last1=McCauley |first1=Dana |title=NDIS funds to be 'repurposed' for drought relief under Morrison plan |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/ndis-funds-to-be-repurposed-for-drought-relief-under-morrison-plan-20181026-p50c5k.html |accessdate=27 October 2018 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=26 October 2018 |language=en}}
57. ^{{cite news|title=Disability workforce won't keep up with demand, report warns|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-02-25/ndis-report-warns-major-cities-not-prepared-for-implementation/8303276|accessdate=24 February 2017|work=ABC News|date=25 February 2017|language=en-AU}}
58. ^{{cite news|last1=Knaus|first1=Christopher|title=National Disability Insurance Agency paid $5m to one contractor|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/may/02/national-disability-insurance-agency-paid-5m-to-one-contractor|accessdate=8 May 2018|work=the Guardian|date=1 May 2018|language=en}}
59. ^https://www.sprc.unsw.edu.au/media/SPRCFile/NDIS_Pricing_Report.pdf p.12
60. ^{{cite web|title=Sign-in - myGov|url=https://my.gov.au/LoginServices/main/login?execution=e1s1|website=my.gov.au|accessdate=20 November 2017|language=en}}
61. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.ndis.gov.au/medias/documents/myplace-participant-steps-pdf/Participant-Portal-Step-by-Step-Guide.pdf |accessdate=4 September 2018}}
62. ^{{cite news |title=NDIS architect says there's 'no excuse' for Government-imposed staffing caps |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-06-26/ndis-architect-says-no-excuse-for-ndia-staffing-caps/9908494 |accessdate=9 July 2018 |work=ABC News |date=26 June 2018 |language=en-AU}}
63. ^{{cite news |title=NDIS architect calls on bipartisan support for funding overhaul |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-06-04/ndis-architect-calls-on-bipartisan-support-for-funding-overhaul/9830126 |accessdate=3 June 2018 |work=ABC News |date=4 June 2018 |language=en-AU}}
64. ^{{cite journal|last1=O’Connor|first1=Morrie|title=The National Disability Insurance Scheme and People with Mild Intellectual Disability: Potential Pitfalls for Consideration|journal=Research and Practice in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities|date=27 May 2014|volume=1|issue=1|pages=17–23|doi=10.1080/23297018.2014.908815}}
65. ^https://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/ndis-costs/report/ndis-costs.pdf
66. ^https://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/ndis-costs/report/ndis-costs.pdf p. 6
67. ^{{cite news|title=Fighting for access to disability support a 'nightmare' for some|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-02-24/fighting-for-access-to-disability-support-a-nightmare-ndis/8297138|accessdate=24 February 2017|work=ABC News|date=24 February 2017|language=en-AU}}
68. ^{{cite news|title=Terminally ill woman fears NDIS 'writing off' people with neurological conditions|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-15/terminally-ill-mother-fears-ndis-writes-off-people/8445228|accessdate=14 April 2017|work=ABC News|date=15 April 2017|language=en-AU}}
69. ^{{cite news|title=Concerns motor neurone patients slipping through cracks|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-03-10/concerns-about-motor-neurone-disease-ndis/9533350|accessdate=11 March 2018|work=ABC News|date=10 March 2018|language=en-AU}}
70. ^{{cite news |title='We're going to fight': Family's pain over NDIS treatment of son |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-31/tim-rubenach-death-hastened-by-ndis-family-says/9821384 |accessdate=9 June 2018 |work=ABC News |date=31 May 2018 |language=en-AU}}
71. ^{{cite news|title=NDIS service plans process 'cut down from weeks to hours'|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-06-15/ndis-service-planning-process-cut-down-from-weeks-to-hours/8619866|accessdate=21 June 2017|work=ABC News|date=15 June 2017|language=en-AU}}
72. ^{{cite book|title=Choice, Control and the NDIS|publisher=University of Melbourne|location=Melbourne|isbn=9780994270955|url=http://socialequity.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/2364499/Choice-Control-and-the-NDIS-Report-Melbourne-Social-Equity-Institute.pdf}}
73. ^{{cite web|title=PRINCIPLES TO DETERMINE THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE NDIS AND OTHER SERVICE SYSTEMS|url=https://www.coag.gov.au/sites/default/files/communique/NDIS-Principles-to-Determine-Responsibilities-NDIS-and-Other-Service.pdf|website=coag.gov.au|accessdate=18 October 2017|date=27 November 2015}}
74. ^{{cite web|title=Coordinating the NDIS and the health care system - MJA InSight 37, 25 September 2017 {{!}} doctorportal|url=https://www.doctorportal.com.au/mjainsight/2017/37/coordinating-the-ndis-and-the-health-system/|website=www.doctorportal.com.au|accessdate=18 October 2017|language=en}}
75. ^{{cite web|last1=Marchbank|first1=Alison M|title=NDIS failing to catch children with late-onset difficulties|url=https://theconversation.com/ndis-failing-to-catch-children-with-late-onset-difficulties-83296|website=The Conversation|accessdate=24 January 2018|language=en}}
76. ^{{cite news|title=NDIS 'owes $300m' to service providers, industry leader says|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-02-28/ndis-owes-millions-to-service-providors-says-industry-expert/9490712|accessdate=28 February 2018|work=ABC News|date=28 February 2018|language=en-AU}}
77. ^{{cite news|last1=Knaus|first1=Christopher|title=NDIS: people with severe mental health problems being denied access on 'a daily basis'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/sep/18/ndis-people-with-severe-mental-health-problems-being-denied-access-on-a-daily-basis|accessdate=6 March 2018|work=Guardian Australia|date=17 September 2017|language=en}}
78. ^{{cite news |last1=Wahlquist |first1=Calla |title=Tennant Creek boy with cerebral palsy placed in care after NDIA pulls funding |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/jul/11/tennant-creek-boy-with-cerebral-palsy-placed-in-care-after-ndia-pulls-funding |accessdate=11 July 2018 |work=the Guardian |date=11 July 2018 |language=en}}
79. ^https://ndis.gov.au/medias/bin/documents/h3d/h6f/8801974190110/First-plan-transcript.docx
80. ^{{cite news |last1=Morton |first1=Rick |title=Fraud and reviews swamp NDIS operators |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/health/fraud-and-reviews-swamp-ndis-operators/news-story/86421db9baa6bf80abbda2a777ab30fc |accessdate=12 July 2018 |work=The Australian |date=16 May 2018 |language=en|subscription=yes}}
81. ^{{cite web |title=NDIS |url=https://www.ndis.gov.au/participants/safeguards.html |website=www.ndis.gov.au |language=en}}
82. ^{{cite web |last1=Laragy |first1=Carmel |title=The NDIS is delivering 'reasonable and necessary' supports for some, but others are missing out |url=https://theconversation.com/the-ndis-is-delivering-reasonable-and-necessary-supports-for-some-but-others-are-missing-out-97922 |website=The Conversation |accessdate=1 October 2018 |language=en}}
83. ^{{cite web |title=Information Linkages and Capacity Building |url=https://www.ndis.gov.au/communities/ilc-home.html |website=www.ndis.gov.au |accessdate=1 October 2018 |language=en}}
84. ^{{cite web |last1=Hamilton |first1=Myra |title=The NDIS hasn't made much difference to carers' opportunities for paid work |url=https://theconversation.com/the-ndis-hasnt-made-much-difference-to-carers-opportunities-for-paid-work-98157 |website=The Conversation |accessdate=11 October 2018 |language=en}}