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词条 Space Age
释义

  1. Beginning

  2. Origins

      Robert Goddard    Wernher von Braun    V-2 Rocket  

  3. Current period

  4. Chronology

  5. Earlier spaceflights

  6. Arts and architecture

  7. See also

  8. References

  9. External links

     Interactive media 
{{about |the era|the fire protection company|Space Age Electronics}}

The Space Age is a time period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events. The Space Age is generally considered to have begun with Sputnik 1 in 1957.

Beginning

The Space Age began with the development of several technologies that converged with the October 4, 1957 launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union. This was the world's first artificial satellite, orbiting the Earth in 98.1 minutes and weighing {{convert|83|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. The launch of Sputnik 1 ushered in a new era of political, scientific and technological achievements that became known as the Space Age.[2]

The Space Age was characterized by rapid development of new technology in a close race mostly between the United States and the Soviet Union. Rapid advances were made in rocketry, materials science, computers and other areas. Much of the technology originally developed for space applications has been spun off and found additional uses, memory foam is an example of this.

The Space Age reached its peak with the Apollo program, that captured the imagination of much of the world's population. The landing of Apollo 11 was watched by over 500 million people around the world and is widely recognized as one of the defining moments of the 20th century. Since then, public attention has largely moved to other areas.[3]

In the United States, the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986 marked a significant decline in manned Shuttle launches. Following the disaster, NASA grounded all Shuttles for safety concerns until 1988.[4] During the 1990s funding for space related programs fell sharply as the remaining structures of the now dissolved Soviet Union disintegrated and NASA no longer had any direct competition.

Since then participation in space launches has increasingly widened to more governments and commercial interests. Since the 1990s, space exploration and space-related technologies gained a perception by many people of being commonplace.

NASA permanently grounded all U.S. Space Shuttles in 2011. NASA has since relied on Russia to take American astronauts to and from the International Space Station.[5]

Origins

Although commonly referred to beginning on October 4, 1957 with the launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union, the technology behind the space age and subsequent space race began back in the 1920s and 1930s. With the technological advancements, innovations, and inventions common in Nazis Germany related to war, their creation of a missile capable of striking London became their primary goal and would lay the groundwork for future space technologies and exploration. [6]

Robert Goddard

On March 1926 Robert H. Goddard launched the world's first liquid fuel rocket which was considered as one of the earliest precursors in modern rocket technology and even by some as the beginning of the space age, although his rocket did not reach the Kármán line.[7]

Wernher von Braun

Referred to as the most important rocket developer during the twentieth century, Dr. Wernher von Braun worked first for Germany, and later the United States. He first joined the German Society for Space Travel in 1928 and later joined the German army in 1932 to develop liquid-fuel rockets. He and his teams’ work on the V-2 rocket became the basis for both the United States’ and the Soviet Unions’ intercontinental ballistic missiles and later space programs. [8]

V-2 Rocket

Also referred to as the A-4 rocket in Germany, the V-2 rocket was introduced by the German army nearing the end of the war. Fueled by burning a mixture of liquid oxygen and alcohol, the V-2 was capable of 3,500 miles per hour.[9] With an effective range of 200 miles with an approximate arch of 60 miles, the V-2 missile was capable of striking at Southern England from bases in the low land countries. Roughly 3,200 – 3,600 V-2 missiles were deployed against Allied targets during the course of the war, with about 25% of all missiles launched failing due to air bursts. [10]

Current period

In the early 21st century, the Ansari X Prize competition was set up to help jump start private spaceflight, which was won by Space Ship One in 2004, becoming the first spaceship not funded by a government agency.[11]

Several countries now have space programs; from related technology ventures to full-fledged space programs with launch facilities.[12] There are many scientific and commercial satellites in use today, with thousands of satellites in orbit,[13] and several countries have plans to send humans into space.[14][15] Some of the countries joining this new race are France, India, China and Israel all of which have employed surveillance satellites. There are several other countries with space agencies although not as extensive to include the United Kingdom, Brazil, Germany, Ukraine and Spain.[16]

As for the United States space program, NASA is currently constructing a deep-space crew capsule named the Orion. NASA’s goal with this new space capsule is to carry humans to Mars. The Orion spacecraft is due to be completed in the early 2020s. NASA is hoping that this mission will be a kick starter that will “usher in a new era of space exploration.”[17]

Another major factor that is affecting the current Space Age is the privatization of space flight. There are two major companies, Boeing and SpaceX, that are taking a large part in research and innovation. Elon Musk, the owner of SpaceX, has stated an ultimate goal of putting a colony of 1 million people on Mars and in 2018 they launched their largest rocket, bringing this goal closer to reality.[18]

Chronology

{{see also |Timeline of space exploration}}
Date First ... Mission Person(s) Country
June 20, 1944 Artificial object in outer space, i.e. beyond the Kármán line V-2 rocket, test flight – N/A Germany
October 24, 1946 Pictures from space (105 km)[19][20][21] U.S.-launched V-2 rocket from White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. – N/A United States
February 20, 1947 Animals in space U.S.-launched V-2 rocket on 20 February 1947 from White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico.[22][23][24] - fruit flies United States
October 4, 1957 Artificial satellite Sputnik 1 – N/A Soviet Union
November 3, 1957 Animal in orbit Sputnik 2 Laika the dog Soviet Union
January 2, 1959 Lunar flyby, and first spacecraft to achieve a heliocentric orbit Luna 1 – N/A Soviet Union
September 12, 1959 Impacted on the Lunar surface; thereby becoming the first human object to reach another celestial body Luna 2 – N/A Soviet Union
October 7, 1959 Pictures of the far side of the Moon Luna 3 – N/A Soviet Union
April 12, 1961 Human in space Vostok 1 Yuri Gagarin Soviet Union
May 5, 1961 Manual orientation of manned spacecraft and first human space mission that landed with pilot still in spacecraft, thus the first complete human spaceflight by FAI definitions[25][26] Freedom 7 Alan Shepard United States
December 14, 1962 Successful flyby of another planet (Venus closest approach 34,773 kilometers) Mariner 2 – N/A United States
March 18, 1965 Spacewalk Voskhod 2 Alexei Leonov Soviet Union
December 15, 1965 Space rendezvous Gemini 6A and Gemini 7 Schirra, Stafford, Borman, Lovell United States
February 3, 1966Soft landing on the Moon by a spacecraftLuna 9– N/ASoviet Union
March 1, 1966First human-made object to impact another planetVenera 3– N/ASoviet Union
March 16, 1966 Orbital docking between two spacecraft Gemini 8 & Agena Target Vehicle Neil Armstrong, David Scott United States
April 3, 1966 Artificial satellite of another celestial body (other than the Sun) Luna 10 – N/A Soviet Union
October 18, 1967First spacecraft to perform transmit data from the atmosphere of another planetVenera 4– N/ASoviet Union
December 21–27, 1968 First humans to enter the gravitational influence of another celestial body (the Moon) and orbit it Apollo 8 Borman, Lovell, Anders United States
July 20, 1969 Humans land and walk on another celestial body (Moon) Apollo 11 Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin United States
December 15, 1970First telemetry from the surface of another planetVenera 7– N/ASoviet Union
April 19, 1971 Operational space station Salyut 1 – N/A Soviet Union
June 7, 1971 Resident crew Salyut 1}}) Georgy Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov, Viktor Patsayev Soviet Union
July 20, 1976 Pictures from the surface of Mars Viking 1 – N/A United States
April 12, 1981 Reusable orbital spaceship STS-1 Young, Crippen United States
February 19, 1986 Long-duration space station Mir – N/A Soviet Union
February 14, 1990 Photograph of the whole Solar System[27] Voyager 1– N/A United States
November 20, 1998 Current space station International Space Station – N/A United States
August 25, 2012 Artificial space probe in interstellar space Voyager 1– N/A United States
November 12, 2014 Artificial probe to make a planned and soft landing on a comet (67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko)[28]Rosetta – N/A European Space Agency
July 14, 2015 Nation to have its space probes to explore all of the nine major planets recognized in 1981[29] New Horizons– N/AUnited States
December 20, 2015 Vertical landing of an orbital rocket booster on a ground pad.[30] Falcon 9 flight 20– N/AUnited States
April 8, 2016 Vertical landing of an orbital rocket booster on a floating platform at sea.[31] SpaceX CRS-8 – N/AUnited States
March 30, 2017 Relaunch and second landing of a used orbital rocket booster.[32] SES-10– N/AUnited States
January 3, 2019 Soft landing on the lunar far side by a spacecraft. Chang'e 4– N/A China

Earlier spaceflights

Since the aforementioned V-2 rocket flight was undertaken in secrecy, it was not public knowledge for many years afterward. Further, the German launches, as well as the subsequent sounding rocket tests performed in both the United States and the Soviet Union during the late 1940s and early 1950s, were not considered significant enough to start a new age because they did not reach orbit. Having a rocket powerful enough to reach orbit meant that a nation had the ability to place a payload anywhere on the planet, or to use another term, possessed an intercontinental ballistic missile. The fact that after such a development nowhere on Earth was safe from a nuclear warhead is why the orbital standard is commonly used to define when the space age began.[33]

Arts and architecture

The Space Age is considered to have influenced:

  • Automotive design
  • Googie architecture
  • Amusement park attraction including TWA Moonliner and Mission to Mars.
  • Cold War playground equipment

See also

{{portal|Spaceflight|Space|Solar system}}{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
  • Space exploration
  • Space Race
  • Spacecraft
  • Human spaceflight
  • Space probe
  • Information Age
  • Jet Age
  • Atomic Age
  • Googie architecture (space age design movement)
  • Space tourism
{{div col end}}

References

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4. ^{{cite web|last1=Howell|first1=Elizabeth|title=Challenger: Shuttle Disaster That Changed NASA|url=https://www.space.com/18084-space-shuttle-challenger.html|website=Space.com|accessdate=17 March 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504154616/https://www.space.com/18084-space-shuttle-challenger.html|archivedate=4 May 2018|df=}}
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11. ^{{Cite web|title = SpaceShipOne: The First Private Spacecraft {{!}} The Most Amazing Flying Machines Ever|url = http://www.space.com/16769-spaceshipone-first-private-spacecraft.html|website = Space.com|accessdate = 2015-11-27|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151115053931/http://www.space.com/16769-spaceshipone-first-private-spacecraft.html|archivedate = 2015-11-15|df = }}
12. ^{{Cite web|title = Global Space Programs {{!}} Space Foundation|url = http://www.spacefoundation.org/programs/public-policy-and-government-affairs/introduction-space/global-space-programs|website = www.spacefoundation.org|accessdate = 2015-11-27|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151114150917/http://www.spacefoundation.org/programs/public-policy-and-government-affairs/introduction-space/global-space-programs|archivedate = 2015-11-14|df = }}
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14. ^{{Cite web|title = Japan Wants Space Plane or Capsule by 2022|url = http://www.space.com/18198-japan-plans-manned-capsule-space-plane.html|website = Space.com|accessdate = 2015-11-27|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151224020505/http://www.space.com/18198-japan-plans-manned-capsule-space-plane.html|archivedate = 2015-12-24|df = }}
15. ^{{Cite web|title = India takes giant step to manned space mission|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/11305062/India-takes-giant-step-to-manned-space-mission.html|website = Telegraph.co.uk|accessdate = 2015-11-27|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151126152907/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/11305062/India-takes-giant-step-to-manned-space-mission.html|archivedate = 2015-11-26|df = }}
16. ^{{Cite web|url=https://rcg.org/realtruth/articles/100709-003-international.html|title=The New Space Race – Who Will Take the Lead?|website=rcg.org|access-date=2018-05-08}}
17. ^{{Cite web|url=https://rcg.org/realtruth/articles/100709-003-international.html|title=The New Space Race – Who Will Take the Lead?|website=rcg.org|access-date=2018-05-08}}
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19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wsmr.army.mil/PAO/WSHist/Pages/ChronologyCowboystoV2stotheSpaceShuttletolasers.aspx|title=Chronology: Cowboys to V-2s to the Space Shuttle to lasers|author=|date=|website=www.wsmr.army.mil|accessdate=4 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013081400/http://www.wsmr.army.mil/PAO/WSHist/Pages/ChronologyCowboystoV2stotheSpaceShuttletolasers.aspx|archivedate=13 October 2014|df=}}
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27. ^See {{cite web |url=http://filer.case.edu/sjr16/advanced/20th_far_voyagers.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-07-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331174421/http://filer.case.edu/sjr16/advanced/20th_far_voyagers.html |archivedate=2009-03-31 |df= }} under "Extended Mission"
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29. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/overview/index.html|title=New Horizons: The First Mission to the Pluto System and the Kuiper Belt|first=Tricia|last=Talbert|date=25 March 2015|website=nasa.gov|accessdate=4 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015000814/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/overview/index.html|archivedate=15 October 2017|df=}}
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31. ^{{cite news |url=http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2016/04/08/spacex-rocket-makes-spectacular-landing-on-drone-ship/ |title=SpaceX Rocket Makes Spectacular Landing on Drone Ship |magazine=National Geographic |first=Nadia |last=Drake |date=April 8, 2016 |accessdate=April 8, 2016 |quote=To space and back, in less than nine minutes? Hello, future. |deadurl=no |archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20160408141642/http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2016/04/08/spacex-rocket-makes-spectacular-landing-on-drone-ship/ |archivedate=April 8, 2016 |df= }}
32. ^{{cite news |last=Grush |first=Loren |title=SpaceX makes aerospace history with successful landing of a used rocket |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/3/30/15117096/spacex-launch-reusable-rocket-success-falcon-9-landing |work=The Verge |date=March 30, 2017 |accessdate=March 30, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330232640/http://www.theverge.com/2017/3/30/15117096/spacex-launch-reusable-rocket-success-falcon-9-landing |archivedate=March 30, 2017 |df= }}
33. ^{{Citation | last =Schefter | first = James | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The Race: The Uncensored Story of How America Beat Russia to the Moon | publisher = Doubleday | year = 1999 | location =New York, New York | pages = 3–49 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-385-49253-7 }}

External links

{{wiktionary}}
  • {{Citation | url = http://www.spacechronology.com/ | title = Space Chronology}}

Interactive media

  • {{Citation | url = http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/SpaceAge/ | publisher = NASA | title = 50th Anniversary of the Space Age & Sputnik | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071027141415/http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/SpaceAge/ | archivedate = 2007-10-27 | df = }}.
{{Spaceflight}}

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