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词条 Space burial
释义

  1. History and typology

  2. Spaceflight history

      Orbital    Moon    Deep Space   Suborbital 

  3. Notable individuals buried in space

     Launched into Earth orbit  Buried on the Moon  Launched into outer space   Future space burials  

  4. References

  5. External links

{{Distinguish|Sky burial (disambiguation)}}{{Redirect|Space funeral|the video game|Space Funeral}}{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}{{Refimprove|date=June 2008}}

Samples of cremated remains are not scattered in space so do not contribute to space debris. Ashes remain sealed in their small capsules until the spacecrafts burn up upon re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere or reach their extraterrestrial destinations. Suborbital flights briefly fly ashes into space then return to Earth where they can be recovered. Small samples of remains are launched to minimize the cost of launching mass into space, thereby making such services more affordable.

History and typology

The concept of launching remains into space using conventional rockets was proposed by the science fiction author Neil R. Jones in the novella "The Jameson Satellite," which was published in the pulp magazine Amazing Stories in 1931.[1] It was later proposed as a commercial service in the 1965 movie, "The Loved One,"[2] and by Richard DeGroot in a Seattle Times newspaper article on April 3, 1977.[3] Since 1997, the private company Celestis has conducted numerous space burials flying as secondary payloads.[4]

First Flights

The first space burial occurred in 1992 when the NASA space shuttle Columbia (mission STS-52) carried a sample of Gene Roddenberry's cremated remains into space and returned them to Earth.[5]

The first private space burial, Celestis' Earthview 01: The Founders Flight, was launched on April 21, 1997. An aircraft departing from the Canary Islands carried a Pegasus rocket containing samples of the remains of 24 people to an altitude of 11 km (38,000 ft) above the Atlantic Ocean. The rocket then carried the remains into an elliptical orbit with an apogee of {{convert|578|km|mi|abbr=on}} and a perigee of {{convert|551|km|mi|abbr=on}}, orbiting the Earth once every 96 minutes until re-entry on May 20, 2002, northeast of Australia. Famous people on this flight included Gene Roddenberry and Timothy Leary.[6]

Suborbital flights

Short flights that cross the boundary of space without attempting to reach orbital velocity are a cost-effective method of space burial. The remains do not burn up and are either recovered or lost.

Moon Burials

The first moon burial was that of Dr. Eugene Shoemaker, a portion of whose cremated remains were flown to the Moon by NASA.[7] Shoemaker's former colleague Carolyn Porco, a University of Arizona professor, proposed and produced the tribute of having Shoemaker's ashes launched aboard the NASA's Lunar Prospector spacecraft.[8] Ten days after Shoemaker's passing, Porco had the go-ahead from NASA administrators and delivered the ashes to the Lunar Prospector Mission Director Scott Hubbard at the NASA Ames Research Center.[7][9] The ashes were accompanied by a piece of brass foil inscribed with an image of a Comet Hale-Bopp, an image of Meteor Crater in northern Arizona, and a passage from William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet.[7] The Lunar Prospector spacecraft was launched on January 6, 1998 and impacted the south polar region of the moon on July 31, 1999.[10]

Missions are proposed by both Elysium Space[11] and Celestis as part of a mission by Astrobotic Technology of Pittsburgh.

Pet Burials

In 2014, Celestis launched Celestis Pets, a pet memorial spaceflight service for animal cremated remains.[12] Prior to then, a Monroe, Washington police dog may have flown on a 2012 memorial spaceflight. When this news broke, Celestis' President said that if dog ashes were on the rocket, the person who supplied the cremated remains likely violated the contract they signed with Celestis.[13]

Dedicated Spacecraft

On May 17, 2017, Elysium Space announced the world's first memorial flight involving a dedicated spacecraft. The cubesat will be placed as a secondary payload on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket as part of a dedicated rideshare mission called SSO-A planned by Spaceflight. The launch will take place from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.

Private companies such as Celestis, Inc.,[14] Elysium Space,[15][16][17][18] Ascending Memories,[19][20], Orbital Memorials[21][22]and [https://www.auranova.space/ Aura Nova Space] Limited.

Spaceflight history

Orbital

Launch DateMission ProviderLaunch VehicleDestinationRemains SamplesResults
2010~
2018[23]Elysium SpaceFalcon 9Earth orbitRemains SamplesPlanned
November 3, 2015Elysium SpaceSPARKEarth orbitRemains SamplesFailure
December 5, 2014 NASA Delta IV Heavy Earth orbit Remains sample of NASA Orion engineer[24]Success
May 22, 2012 Celestis Falcon 9 Earth orbit Over 300 Remains Samples[25][26]Success
2000-2009
August 2, 2008 Celestis Falcon 1 Earth orbit Over 200 Remains Samples[27] Failure
September 21, 2001 Celestis Taurus rocket Earth orbit 43 Remains Samples[28] Failure
1990-1999
December 20, 1999 Celestis Taurus rocket Earth orbit 36 Remains Samples[29]Success
February 10, 1998 Celestis Taurus rocket Earth orbit 30 Remains Samples[30] Success
April 21, 1997 Celestis Pegasus rocket Earth orbit 24 Remains Samples[6] Success
October 22, 1992 NASA Space Shuttle Columbia Earth orbit Remains sample of Gene Roddenberry[5] Success

Moon

Launch DateMission ProviderLaunch VehicleDestinationRemains SamplesResults
2010~
2018[31]Elysium SpaceFalcon 9Lunar surfaceRemain SamplesPlanned
Not available[32]CelestisDetails not availableLunar surfaceRemain SamplesPlanned
1990-1999
January 6, 1998NASAAthena II/Lunar ProspectorLunar surfaceRemains sample of Eugene Shoemaker[7][10]Success

Deep Space

Launch DateMission ProviderLaunch VehicleDestinationRemains SamplesResults
2000~2009
January 19, 2006NASAAtlas V/New HorizonsDeep spaceRemains sample of Clyde Tombaugh[33]Success

Suborbital

Launch DateMission ProviderLaunch VehicleRemains SamplesResults
2010~
October 23, 2014 Celestis SpaceLoft XL 24 Remains Samples[34]Success
June 21, 2013 Celestis SpaceLoft XL 31 Remains Samples[35] Success
May 20, 2011 Celestis SpaceLoft XL Over 8 Remains Samples[36]Success
May 4, 2010 Celestis SpaceLoft XL Over 19 Remains Samples[37] Success
2000-2009
May 2, 2009 Celestis SpaceLoft XL 16 Remains Samples[38] Failure
April 28, 2007 Celestis SpaceLoft XLOver 200 Remains Samples[39] Success
September 29, 2004 Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne Remains sample of the mother of SpaceShipOne's designer, Burt Rutan.[40] Success

Notable individuals buried in space

Launched into Earth orbit

  • Gene Roddenberry (August 19, 1921 – October 24, 1991), creator of Star Trek.[6][41]
  • Gerard K. O'Neill (1927–1992), space physicist.[6][42]
  • Krafft Ehricke (1917–1984), rocket scientist.[6][43]
  • Timothy Leary (October 22, 1920 – May 31, 1996), American writer, psychologist, psychedelic drug advocate, and former Harvard professor.[6][44]
  • Charles Oren Bennett (January 21, 1928 – 1999), space illustrator.[29][45]
  • James Doohan, (March 3, 1920 – July 20, 2005), actor best known for his portrayal of Scotty in the television and film series Star Trek.[26][46] Celestis also launched him into space in 2007[47][48] and in 2008.[27][49]
  • L. Gordon "Gordo" Cooper, Jr. (March 6, 1927 – October 4, 2004), American astronaut. He was one of the original Mercury Seven pilots in the Project Mercury program, the first manned space effort by the United States.[48]

Buried on the Moon

  • Dr. Eugene Shoemaker, (April 28, 1928 – July 18, 1997), astronomer and co-discoverer of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9.[50][51]

Launched into outer space

  • Clyde Tombaugh (February 4, 1906 – January 17, 1997), American astronomer and discoverer of Pluto in 1930. A small sample of Tombaugh's ashes are aboard New Horizons, the first spacecraft to attempt to pass by and photograph Pluto. This is the first sample of human cremated remains which will escape the solar system to travel among the stars.[33]

Future space burials

  • Leiji Matsumoto (born 1938), Japanese creator of numerous celebrated anime and manga series including Galaxy Express 999, Space Battleship Yamato and Space Pirate Captain Harlock announced his intention to have a symbolic portion of his cremated remains to be launched into space on a future Elysium Space mission.[52]
  • Majel Barrett (1932–2008), American actress who played Christine Chapel in the original Star Trek series; wife of Gene Roddenberry. A symbolic portion of both her cremated remains and Roddenberry's cremated remains will be launched into space on a future Celestis mission.[53][54]
  • William R. Pogue (1930–2014), American astronaut.[53][55] and Luise Clayborn Kaish (1925–2013), American sculptor and painter.[53][56]

References

1. ^"The Jameson Satellite" (Amazing Stories, July 1931; Amazing Stories, April 1956 (reprint); Ace Books collection #1, 1967.
2. ^goodgoodbye.com/film-and-video-reviews/funeral-films-the-loved-one/
3. ^John Hinterberger: The Seattle Times Sunday Magazine, page 3, April 3, 1977.
4. ^{{cite web|title=Celetis Launch Manifest |url=http://celestis.com/manifest.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |accessdate=March 14, 2014}}
5. ^1 {{Cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=348&dat=19940429&id=bUMvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CjMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1725,8689414 |title=Shuttle bore Roddenberry's ashes |publisher=Rome News-Tribune|date=April 29, 1994 |accessdate=March 13, 2014}}
6. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|title=Celestis Memorial Spaceflights – The Founders Flight |url=http://celestis.com/foundersFlight.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |accessdate=March 14, 2014}}
7. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|last=Stiles|first=Lorie|title=Eugene Shoemaker Ashes Carried on Lunar Prospector|url=http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/sl9/news82.html|publisher=UA News Services, University of Arizona|accessdate=August 6, 2015}}
8. ^{{cite web|last=Porco|first=Carolyn|title=The Eugene M. Shoemaker Tribute|url=http://ciclops.org/public/tribute.html|publisher=Diamond Sky Productions|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}
9. ^{{cite news|last=Porco|first=Carolyn C.|title=Destination Moon|url=http://www.astronomy.com/~/media/Files/PDF/Magazine%20articles/Destination%20Moon.ashx|accessdate=June 8, 2013|newspaper=Astronomy|date=February 2000}}
10. ^1 {{cite web|last=Williams|first=David|title=Lunar Prospector|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunarprosp.html|publisher=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center|accessdate=August 6, 2015}}
11. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/elysium-space-lunar-memorial-service|title=This startup will send your loved one's ashes to the Moon|last=Clark|first=Liat|work=WIRED UK|access-date=2017-05-22|language=en-GB}}
12. ^http://www.celestispets.com/
13. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldnet.com/article/20120524/NEWS01/705249808|title=Dog's ashes may have been sneaked on to space flight|author=Rikki King|work=Everett Herald|date=May 24, 2012|accessdate=2012-06-02}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://celestis.com|title=Celestis Website}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://elysiumspace.com|title=Elysium Space Website}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://pandodaily.com/2013/08/09/the-real-elysium-send-your-dead-loved-one-into-space-for-2k/|title=The real Elysium: Send your dead loved one into space for $2K|author=Hamish McKenzie|date=August 9, 2013|work=Pando Daily|accessdate=2013-08-10}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/08/09/elysium/|title=Have A Space Burial As Elysium Sends Your Ashes into Orbit|author=Kim-Mai Cutler|date=August 9, 2013|work=TechCrunch|accessdate=2013-08-10}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=https://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/08/10/elysium-space-will-launch-your-loved-ones-ashes-into-orbit-for-2000/ |title=Elysium Space will launch your loved ones' ashes into orbit for $2,000|author=Josh Ong|date=August 9, 2013|work=TheNextWeb|accessdate=2013-08-10}}
19. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ascendingmemories.com|title=AscendingMemories|website=www.ascendingmemories.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070425152740/http://www.ascendingmemories.com/|archive-date=2007-04-25|dead-url=yes|access-date=2016-11-27}}
20. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.latercera.com/noticia/chilenos-crean-empresa-nanosatelites-enviara-cenizas-difuntos-al-espacio/|title=Chilenos crean empresa de nanosatélites que enviará cenizas de difuntos al espacio - LA TERCERA|newspaper=La Tercera|access-date=2016-11-27|language=es-ES}}
21. ^{{Cite web|url=https://orbitalmemorials.com/|title=Orbital Memorials {{!}} Memorial Spaceflights|website=Orbital Memorials|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-31}}
22. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytexanonline.com/2016/09/28/ut-startup-orbital-memorials-launches-your-ashes-into-space|title=UT startup Orbital Memorials launches your ashes into space - The Daily Texan|access-date=2017-01-31}}
23. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/05/17/elysium-space-spacex-rocket-funerla-ashes-orbit.html|title=You can send your loved one's ashes into space on Elon Musk's SpaceX rocket for $2,500|last=Kharpal|first=Arjun|date=2017-05-17|website=CNBC|access-date=2017-05-22}}
24. ^{{cite web|title=Man's remains travel to space with NASA's Orion |url=http://www.wtop.com/41/3757385/Local-mans-remains-travel-to-space |publisher=wtop.com |accessdate=December 7, 2014}}
25. ^{{cite news|last=Moskowitz|first=Clara|title=Ashes of Star Trek's 'Scotty' Ride Private Rocket into Space|url=http://www.space.com/15810-scotty-ashes-spacex-rocket-launch.html|accessdate=2012-05-31|publisher=Space.com|date=May 22, 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67qptmSTD?url=http://www.space.com/15810-scotty-ashes-spacex-rocket-launch.html|archivedate=May 22, 2012|location=New York|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}
26. ^1 {{cite web|title=The New Frontier Memorial Spaceflight |url=http://celestis.com/newfrontierFlight.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |accessdate=March 14, 2014}}
27. ^1 {{cite web|title=Celestis Memorial Spaceflights – The Explorers Flight |url=http://celestis.com/explorersFlight.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |accessdate=March 14, 2014}}
28. ^{{cite web|title=Celestis Memorial Spaceflights – The Odyssey Flight |url=http://celestis.com/odysseyFlight.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |accessdate=March 14, 2014}}
29. ^1 {{cite web|title=Celestis Memorial Spaceflights – The Millennial Flight |url=http://celestis.com/millennialFlight.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |accessdate=March 14, 2014}}
30. ^{{cite web|title=Celestis Memorial Spaceflights – The Ad Astra Flight |url=http://celestis.com/adastraFlight.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |accessdate=March 14, 2014}}
31. ^{{Cite web|url=http://elysiumspace.com/launch-schedule/|title=Elysium Space {{!}} Launch Schedule|website=elysiumspace.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-22}}
32. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.celestis.com/launch-schedule/luna-02-flight/|title=Luna 02 Flight {{!}} Memorial Spaceflights|website=www.celestis.com|language=en|access-date=2017-05-22}}
33. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/20/science/space/20pluto.html?_r=0|title=NASA Launches Spacecraft on the First Mission to Pluto – New York Times|publisher=NewYorkTimes|accessdate=March 14, 2014}}
34. ^{{cite web|title=Celestis Memorial Spaceflights – The Conestoga Flight |url=http://celestis.com/conestogaFlight.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |accessdate=October 29, 2014}}
35. ^{{cite web|title=Celestis Memorial Spaceflights – The Centennial Flight |url=http://celestis.com/centennialFlight.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |accessdate=March 14, 2014}}
36. ^{{cite web|title=Celestis Memorial Spaceflights – The Goddard Flight |url=http://celestis.com/goddardFlight.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |accessdate=March 14, 2014}}
37. ^{{cite web|title=Celestis Memorial Spaceflights – The Pioneer Flight |url=http://celestis.com/pioneerFlight.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |accessdate=March 14, 2014}}
38. ^{{cite web |title=Celestis Memorial Spaceflights – The Discovery Flight |url=http://www.celestis.com/discoveryFlight.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |accessdate=March 13, 2014}}
39. ^{{cite web |title=Celestis Memorial Spaceflights – Legacy Flight |url=http://www.celestis.com/legacyFlight.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |accessdate=March 13, 2014}}
40. ^{{cite web|title=SpaceShipOne takes wild suborbital flight |url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/ss1/040929x1launch.html |publisher=Spaceflight Now |accessdate=April 1, 2015}}
41. ^{{cite web|title=Gene Roddenberry – Participant on board The Founders Flight |url=http://www.celestis.com/memorial/founders/roddenberry.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |accessdate=March 14, 2014}}
42. ^{{cite web|title=Gerald K. O'Neil – Participant on board The Founders Flight |url=http://www.celestis.com/memorial/founders/oneil.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |accessdate=March 14, 2014}}
43. ^{{cite web|title=Krafft A. Ehricke – Participant on board The Founders Flight |url=http://www.celestis.com/memorial/founders/ehricke.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |accessdate=March 14, 2014}}
44. ^{{cite web|title=Timothy Francis Leary – Participant on board The Founders Flight |url=http://www.celestis.com/memorial/founders/leary.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |accessdate=March 14, 2014}}
45. ^{{cite web|title=Charles Oren Bennett – Participant on board The Millennial Flight |url=http://celestis.com/memorial/millennial/bennett.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |accessdate=March 14, 2014}}
46. ^{{cite web|title=James M. Doohan – Celestis New Frontier Flight Participant |url=http://www.celestis.com/memorial/newfrontier/doohan.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |accessdate=March 14, 2014}}
47. ^{{cite web|title=James M. Doohan – Participant on board The Legacy Flight |url=http://www.celestis.com/memorial/legacy/doohan.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |accessdate=March 14, 2014}}
48. ^1 Celestis – The Legacy flight
49. ^{{cite web|title=James M. Doohan – Participant on board The Explorers Flight |url=http://www.celestis.com/memorial/explorers/doohan.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |accessdate=March 14, 2014}}
50. ^{{cite web|title=Luna Flight 01 – Celestis Memorial Spaceflights |url=http://celestis.com/luna01Flight.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |accessdate=March 14, 2014}}
51. ^{{cite web|title=Launch of Eugene Shoemaker on First Celestis Luna Mission |url=http://www.celestis.com/memorial/luna01/lunar01.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |accessdate=March 14, 2014}}
52. ^http://elysiumspace.com/ja/product/shooting-star-memorial-jp/
53. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Celestis Memorial Spaceflights -- Participants in Future Flights|url=http://www.celestis.com/memorial/future/|publisher=CelestisInc|accessdate=May 19, 2015}}
54. ^{{cite web|title=Gene & Majel Roddenberry - Participants on board a Future Celestis Memorial Spaceflight | url = http://www.celestis.com/memorial/future/roddenberry.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |accessdate=May 19, 2015}}
55. ^{{cite web|title=William Reid Pogue - Participant on board a Future Celestis Memorial Spaceflight | url = http://www.celestis.com/memorial/future/pogue.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |accessdate=May 19, 2015}}
56. ^{{cite web|title=Luise Clayborn Kaish - Participant on board a Future Celestis Memorial Spaceflight | url = http://www.celestis.com/memorial/future/kaish.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |accessdate=May 19, 2015}}

External links

  • Aura Nova Space Website
  • Celestis Website
  • Celestis Pets Website
  • Elysium Space Website
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20070425152740/http://www.ascendingmemories.com/ Ascending Memories Website]
  • The Real Elysium – Send Your Loved One Into Space for $2k, Pando Daily, August 9, 2013
  • [https://techcrunch.com/2013/08/09/elysium/ Have A Space Burial As Elysium Sends Your Ashes Into Orbit], TechCrunch, August 9, 2013
  • Ash Scattering: Non-Traditional Ways To Be Memorialized, Huffington Post, May 25, 2012
  • [https://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,70252-0.html?tw=wn_index_7 The Ultimate One-Way Ticket], Wired Magazine, February 21, 2006
  • [https://www.wired.com/news/culture/0,72065-0.html?tw=wn_index_2 Death Is a Long, Strange Trip], Wired Magazine, November 7, 2006
  • http://www.argosfuneralservices.com/ Argos Funeral Services Website]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Space Burial}}

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