词条 | National War Correspondents Memorial |
释义 |
The National War Correspondents Memorial, part of Gathland State Park, is a memorial dedicated to journalists who died in war. It is located in Maryland, at Crampton's Gap at South Mountain.[1] Civil War correspondent George Alfred Townsend, or "Gath", built the arch in 1896,[2] and it was dedicated October 16, 1896.[1] It is claimed that the arch is the only monument in the world dedicated to journalists killed in combat.[3][4] However, a tree in Arlington National Cemetery was also dedicated as a war correspondents' memorial in 1986.[5] DescriptionThe book George Alfred Townsend describes the monument: In appearance the monument is quite odd. It is fifty feet high and forty feet broad. Above a Moorish arch sixteen feet high built of Hummelstown purple stone are super-imposed three Roman arches. These are flanked on one side with a square crenellated tower, producing a bizarre and picturesque effect. Niches in different places shelter the carving of two horses' heads, and symbolic terra cotta statuettes of Mercury, Electricity and Poetry. Tables under the horses' heads bear the suggestive words "Speed" and "Heed"; the heads are over the Roman arches. The three Roman arches are made of limestone from Creek Battlefield, Virginia, and each is nine feet high and six feet wide. These arches represent Description, Depiction and Photography. This account errs in that "Speed" and "Heed" appear under the heads of Electricity and Poetry, and the "statue of Pan" is actually a zinc copy of Bertel Thorvaldsen's Mercury About to Kill Argos created by the J.W. Fiske Company.[7] Monument Text: Although Townsend retained ownership of the property until his death in 1914, maintenance of the monument itself was entrusted to the National Park Service- then the War Department - in 1904.[9] The monument's plaques lists 157 names which are sometimes assumed to be all war correspondents. In the late 1990s, local historian Timothy J. Reese analyzed the list and asserted that only 135 can claim to be war correspondents or artists, and 33 of those are not identifiable in the historical record. Furthermore, many names are misstated and several important names are missing.[1][10] AdditionsUnchanged for over a century, the arch had four names added in 2003: David Bloom, Michael Kelly, Elizabeth Neuffer, and Daniel Pearl.[11] References1. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/anti/historyculture/mnt-arch.htm|title=War Correspondents Memorial Arch|publisher=National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior|accessdate=11 December 2012}} {{Coord|39.405776|-77.639312|display=title}}2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.civilwarhome.com/Gathland.htm|title=The Civil War Correspondents Memorial Arch: George Alfred Townsend|accessdate=11 December 2012}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.whilbr.org/itemdetail.aspx?idEntry=2559|title=Prelude to great struggle at Antietam|publisher=Western Maryland History Online (whilbr.org)|accessdate=January 9, 2007}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.md.us/MMMC/WarCorrespondents.htm|publisher=Office of the Maryland Secretary of State|title=War Correspondents Memorial Arch, Crampton's Gap, Maryland|accessdate=January 9, 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061013130315/http://www.sos.state.md.us/MMMC/WarCorrespondents.htm |archivedate = October 13, 2006}} 5. ^[https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0761327452&id=sm08cVJu0yEC&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&ots=sDJK7kSpN4&dq=war+correspondents+memorial+arlington&sig=i7EwnvLQtRLLtOUPteIrKj87j-Y Journalists At Risk: Reporting America's Wars], p9, George Sullivan, Twentieth Century Books, 2005. Also see http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/reporters.htm . In addition, there are at least two prominent US monuments more broadly commemorating journalists killed in combat or otherwise in the line of duty - the Overseas Press Club Memorial Press Center building in New York City which was dedicated in 1954 ; and the Freedom Forum Journalists Memorial in Freedom Park, Arlington, Virginia, dedicated in 1996 . The Journalists Memorial monument with a similar broad dedication and purportedly the first of its kind in Europe, was inaugurated by Reporters Without Borders in Bayeux, France in 2006 6. ^{{cite book|title=George Alfred Townsend: One of Delaware's outstanding writers|publisher=Hambleton Printing & Publishing Company|year=1946|author=Hindes, R.}} 7. ^Grissom, Carol A. Zinc Sculpture in America: 1850-1950, University of Delaware Press, Newark, 2009 pp. 224-224 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/anti/historyculture/mnt-arch.htm|title=Antietam Battlefield Monuments: War Correspondents Memorial Arch|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=June 6, 2013|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130606190831/http://www.nps.gov/anti/historyculture/mnt-arch.htm|archivedate=June 6, 2013|deadurl=yes|df=}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.civilwarhome.com/Gathland.htm|title=The Civil War Correspondents Memorial Arch|author=Weeks, R.|publisher=Civil War Home|accessdate=January 8, 2007}} 10. ^"War correspondents arch contains monumental errors", Associated Press, April 2, 1998, retrieved via Factiva; "The Truth About the War Memorial to Fallen Journalists", Timothy J. Reese, History News Network, George Mason University, posted October 6, 2003, accessed January 10, 2007 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dnr.state.md.us/naturalresource/fall2003/snapshot.html|title=DNR Snapshot: Gathland State Park War Correspondents Memorial|publisher=Maryland Dept. of Natural Resources|accessdate=11 December 2012}} 4 : Buildings and structures completed in 1896|Arches and vaults|Monuments and memorials in Maryland|Buildings and structures in Washington County, Maryland |
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。