| 词条 | Native headmen of Ceylon |
| 释义 |
HistoryMudaliyar is a South Indian and Tamil name for ‘first’ and a person endowed with wealth. It was created in the 17th century by the Portuguese function as a link between the colonial administration and the local populous, as they had done in South India. They received payment in form of land grants and use of tenured service (Rajakariya) of the local population which they extracted for their own estates.[2] With the on set of British rule, Governor North restructured the native headmen system. The system was transformed into a salaried system with land grants and tenured service abolished. They became the second tier of the civil administration of the island with appointments made by the Governor. Over the next century the headmen grew to be a powerful and affluent class consolidating economic power through land ownership and marriage. Gradually functions of headmen were transferred to various departments that were established by the British administration. Every district is subdivided into Pattus or Korales. These Pattus are divided into villages, hamlets etc. Pattus are presided over by Mudaliyars and Muhandirams in low country districts, Ratemahattayas and Korales in the kandyan provinces, Maniyars and Udayars in the tamil districts. The villages and hamlets are in the charge of Arachchies, Peace Officers and Vidanes [3] Following the Uva Rebellion in 1818 and changers to the administrative divisions of the island with the creation of Districts, British Government Agents (GA) took over the duties of the Dissava (with the remaining and newly appointed Dissavas being mere honorary titles), with Rate Mahatmaya becoming a subordinate to the local Government Agents and Assistant Government Agents. In the same way after 1818 the position of the remaining and newly appointed Adigar became mere honorary titles Following the formation of the State Council of Ceylon in 1931, one of its members, H. W. Amarasuriya, called for an inquiry into the headman system. A commission was formed made up of retired civil servants and lawyers headed by H.M. Wedderburn. The commission reported on reforming the headman system or replacing it with transferable District Revenue Officers. The headman system was abolished as an administrative system, with the titles of Mudaliyar (Mudali - මුදලි) and Muhandiram retained by government to be awarded as honors. This practice remained until suspension of Celonese honors in 1956. The minor headman positions where retained, surviving well into the 1970s when the post of Vidane was replaced with the transferable post of Grama Niladhari (Village Officer). During the British colonial administration of Ceylon, when uniformed policing by the Ceylon Police Force in rural areas of the island was limited, the local government agent would appoint individuals from wealthy influential families deemed loyal to the crown as a Peace Officer with police powers to keep the peace. This was an influential post, the holder had much control over the people of the area. Commonly a Native Headman (Muladaniya) was appointed as the Peace Officer to maintain law and order in rural villages.[4]. Classes of headmen in the up country
Following the Uva Rebellion in 1818 and changers to the administrative divisions of the island with the creation of Districts, British Government Agents (GA) took over the duties of the Dissava (with the remaining and newly appointed Dissavas being mere honorary titles), with Rate Mahatmaya becoming a subordinate to the local Government Agents and Assistant Government Agents. In the same way after 1818 the position of the remaining and newly appointed Adigar (Maha Adigar or 1st Adigar) became mere honorary titles Classes of headmen in the low country
Classes of headmen in Tamil areasThe Northern and Eastern provinces had the following classes of native headmen:[6]
See also
References1. ^The Mudaliyar Class of Ceylon 2. ^Ceylon Under British Rule, 1795-1932 By Lennox A. Mills 3. ^{{cite web|title=Twentieth Century Impressions of Ceylon: Its History, |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eUF_rS8FEoIC&pg=PA86 }} 4. ^{{cite web|title= Village notables in colonial Ceylon - The Village Headman was the uncrowned king of the village. He was appointed by the Government Agent from a traditional leading family in the area, in order to ensure that he received customary respect from villagers |url= http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=177002}} 5. ^Late Deshamanya E. L. B. Hurulle 6. ^{{cite book|editor1-last=Wright|editor1-first=Arnold|title=Twentieth Century Impressions of Ceylon|date=1907|publisher=Lloyd's Great Britain Publishing Company|page=639}} External links
3 : History of Sri Lanka|British Ceylon|Defunct government positions in Sri Lanka |
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