| 词条 | Spanish Marine Infantry | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|unit_name= Marine Infantry Infantería de Marina |image= Emblem of the Spanish Navy Marines.svg |image_size= 150px |caption= Badge of the Spanish Marine Infantry |dates= February 27, 1537 – present ({{Age in years and months|1537|02|27}}) |country= {{Flag|Spain}} |allegiance= |branch= Spanish Navy |type= Marines |role= Amphibious Warfare |size= 4,680 Marines |command_structure= |current_commander= Divisional General Antonio Planells Palau |garrison= San Fernando |ceremonial_chief= |colonel_of_the_regiment= |nickname= |patron= |motto= "Per Terra et Mare" ("By Land and Sea!") |colors= |march= Marcha heroica de la Infantería de Marina |mascot= |battles= {{plainlist|
|notable_commanders= |anniversaries= February 27th }} The Spanish Marine Infantry ({{lang-es|Infantería de Marina}}; lit, Naval infantry) is the marine corps of the Spanish Navy (Armada Española) responsible for conducting amphibious warfare by utilizing naval platforms and resources. The Marine Corps is fully integrated into the Armada's structure. The Corps was formed in 1537 by Charles I of Spain (also known as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor), making it the oldest marine corps in existence in the world, drawing from the Compañías Viejas del Mar de Nápoles. MissionThe Spanish Marine Infantry is an elite corps, highly specialised in amphibious warfare, that is, to project an amphibious force onto a hostile, or potentially hostile, coast. Its ability to embark on a short term notice with (land, air and naval) Navy assets, makes it a unit with a high strategic value. Adding to this a high degree of training, and the capability to deploy swiftly in international waters, results in a potent dissuasive force available at a short notice in distant regions. One of the main characteristics of a marine is the uniform that he wears. On the sleeves of the Spanish Marines are the three "Sardinetas", which marks it as a member of the Royal House Corps. This was given in recognition for a heroic last stand in the Castillo del Morro of Havana, Cuba against a British expedition in 1762. The only other unit to wear the sardinetas and red trouser stripes is the Spanish Royal Guard. Spanish Marines have modern assets to comply with its mission, having personnel specialised in artillery, sapping, helicopters, special operations, communications, tanks, among others. Some vehicles form the Grupo Mecanizado Anfibio del Tercio de Armada (the Mechanized Amphibious Group of the Navy Tercio). The Marines of Spain are not only a fleet force, as the Spanish Royal Marine Guard Company are responsible for the defense and security forces of naval bases and facilities, naval schools and training units, and all facilities that support the Marines themselves. The most famous Spanish Marine is without a doubt Miguel de Cervantes, author of the novel Don Quixote, who was wounded in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. Another famous writer, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, also served with the marines. HistoryFirst periodThe Infantería de Armada (Navy Infantry) was created by Charles V in 1537, when he permanently assigned the Compañías Viejas del Mar de Nápoles (Naples Sea Old Companies) to the Escuadras de Galeras del Mediterráneo (Mediterranean Galley Squadrons). But it was Philip II who established today's concept of a landing force. This was a pure naval power projection ashore by forces deployed from ships that could maintain their ability to fight despite being based on board. This is the period of the famous Tercios (literally "One Third", due to its organisation: one third of musketeers, one third of spearmen and the final third of pikemen):[1][2]
Of the Tercios above, the first is considered the core of the Spanish Marine Infantry, and it bears in its coat of arms two crossed anchors that became the Corps' coat of arms until 1931.[1] In 1704, the Tercios became regiments: Regimiento de Bajeles (Vessel's Regiments), Regimiento de la Armada (Navy Regiment), R. del Mar de Nápoles (Naples' Sea Regiment), and R. de Marina de Sicilia (Sicily's Navy Regiment), detaching some small units to the Army, and the main body remained in the Navy becoming the Cuerpo de Batallones de Marina (Navy Battalions Corps).[1] The battles that the marines served in during this very busy period included:
Second periodIn 1717 the Cuerpo de Batallones de Marina was definitively settled and organized, reaching its full strength of twelve battalions. The first ones were named: Armada, Bajeles, Marina, Oceano, Mediterráneo and Barlovento. Their mission was to form the "Main body of landing columns and ship's soldiers tasks" in a time that boarding was still a critical part of battle at sea. They were also gun crews. In 1728 the battalion Mediterráneo and in 1731 the battalion Barlovento.[1] [3] In 1741 there were eight battalions and ten years later another was added. In 1740 a marine artillery corps was founded. At mid 18th century there were 12,000 marine infantry and 3,000 marine gunners. The infantry formed boarding parties while the gunners manned the ship cannons. As needed landing parties were formed. Both corps also garrisoned the navy's coastal fortresses. During the War of Spanish Independence both the marine infantry and the marine artillery was reorganized as seven regiments, mainly fighting on land as part of army divisions.[1]In a 1793, a woman, Ana Maria de Soto, disguised as a man, and answering to the name of Antonio Maria de Soto, enlisted in the 6th company of 11° Battalion of the Navy, being licensed with pension and honors in 1798, when she was discovered to be a woman. She was the first female marine in the world. The major actions they took part in during this period were:
Third periodThe increasing efficiency of the naval artillery made boarding obsolete after the Napoleonic Wars, the marine infantry and marine artillery was merged in 1827 into a brigade, Brigada Real de Marina with focus on artillery. The brigade that consisted of two battalions was renamed the Real Cuerpo de Artillería de Marina in 1833. In the First Carlist War 1834-39, three battalions of marine infantry were organized, serving as field infantry. In 1839 the corps was renamed Cuerpo de Artillería and Infanteriá de Marina.[1] In 1841 the infantry was transferred to the army.[4] The marine artillery remained in the navy under the name of Cuerpo de Artillería de Marina . However, in 1848, the naval infantry was re-established by the formation of a new Corps, Cuerpo de Infantería de Marina, of three battalions. The marine artillery was abolished in 1857. The five battalions of marine infantry were reorganized in 1869 to three regiments, one for each naval station. By this time, the mission of the marines changed from naval garrison troops, to a landing force serving mainly in the colonies.[1] During the Third Carlist War 1872–1876 the marines fought as field infantry. In 1879, the marine infantry academy, the Academia General Central de Infantería de Marina was founded. The colonial wars in the Philippines and on Cuba, with constant landing operations, lead to a reorganization of the marines into three brigades of two regiments each. In 1886 the marines contained four brigades, each with four tercios, while the reorganization of 1893 created three regiments of two battalions each. During the Philippine Revolution and the Spanish–American War the marines fought as part of army divisions.[1] Though Spain's empire was dismembered in the nineteenth century the marines continued to be active abroad. Its most important actions in this period were:
Fourth period{{See also|Spanish Republican Navy}}At the end of the World War I, the Battle of Gallipoli made almost all countries abandon the idea of amphibious assault. The world's marine corps fell into a deep crisis, with the Spanish Marine Infantry being no exception, though it enjoyed success during the Third Rif War in its innovative Alhucemas amphibious assault in 1925, when it employed coordinated air and naval gunfire to support the assault.[1] Owing to its high-profile action in the unpopular Rif Wars, the Spanish Navy Marine corps was branded as a leftover of the Spanish colonial era. After the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931, the reforms of the armed forces introduced by newly nominated Republican Minister of War Manuel Azaña within the first months of the new government sought to disband the corps.[1] Before it was officially disbanded, however, the Spanish Civil War intervened and the corps split and served both sides with the garrisons of Ferrol and Cádiz on the Nationalist side and the garrison of Cartagena, as well as a detachment in Madrid, on the Republican side. During the bitterly fought war the Marines performed garrison duties, led landing parties, and provided expert artillery and machine gun crews. The Republican 151 Brigada Mixta fought mostly inland battles far away from the sea.[1] Photographer Robert Capa took pictures of the Spanish Spanish Marine Infantry in the Battle of the Segre.[5] Republican Infantería de Marina Lieutenant Colonel Ambrosio Ristori de la Cuadra, killed in action during the Siege of Madrid, was posthumously awarded the Laureate Plate of Madrid.[6] Fifth periodAfter the civil war, during the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, the strength of the Infantería Marina was increased. In 1957, the Grupo Especial Anfibio (Amphibious Special Group) was created, and the Spanish Marine Infantry returned to its primary duty as a Landing Force Mission. In 1958 it established a beachhead in Spanish Sahara and Ifni during the Ifni War. The capabilities and strength of the Spanish Marine Infantry were increased: new amphibious vehicles, anti-tank weapons, individual equipment and artillery. The Tercio de Armada (TEAR) became the main amphibious unit and has experienced several restructures that led to the E-01 Plan, which defines the requirements and structures from the year 2000 for the Spanish Marine Infantry. The Spanish Marines have been present in Europe, Central America and Asia in an anonymous role as an "emergency force" ready to evacuate civilians in conflict areas, or as a deterrence force in providing cover for the actions of allied forces. The current base for the Spanish Marines is in San Fernando. Modern DayThe Spanish Marine Infantry have been deployed to various NATO operations such as Afghanistan.[7] {{Expand section|date=September 2018}}Special operations deployments{{See also|Fuerza de Guerra Naval Especial}}Since the 2009, the special operations units from the Spanish Navy (the Special Combat Divers Unit (UEBC), the Special Explosive Defusers Unit (UEDE) from the Navy Diving Center, and the Special Operations Unit (UOE) from the Marine Infantry) are merged into the Special Naval Warfare Force, that is organized inside the Marines. This unit has also taken part in several operations including Atalanta in Somalia, United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, Hispaniola in Haiti and the hijack of the fishing vessel Alakrana in Somali waters.[8] OrganizationThe main fighting Force of the Spanish Marine Infantry is the Marine Infantry Brigade, which includes the following units:
Other Infantry units of the Spanish Navy are:
Personnel structure
Ranks of the Spanish Marine InfantryEven though the ranks of the Marine Infantry are similar to Spanish Army ranks they wear also sleeve and cuff insignia to recognize them as part of the naval establishment, aside from shoulder rank insignia. Officer rank insigniaNon-commissioned officers rank insignia
Officer Cadets and NCO Candidates
Battledress officers rank insignia
Battledress non-commissioned officers rank insignia
The Spanish Marine's DecalogueOriginal Spanish
English
EquipmentInfantry weaponsPistols
Assault rifles
Grenade launchers
Sniper rifles
Submachine guns
Machine guns
Anti-tank weapons
Artillery
Guided missiles
Vehicles
UniformsSource:[13] See also
ReferencesNotes 1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 La Infantería de Marina Espanola. Sintesis histórica y Evolución Orgánica. Ministerio de Defensa, 2011. 2. ^Enrique Martínez Ruiz & al. Spain and Sweden: encounters throughout history. Madrid 2001, s. 86. 3. ^[https://losejercitosdelrey.es/1717-1740-batallones-de-marina/ "1717 – 1740. Batallones de Marina." Los Ejércitos del Rey.] 2018-06-28. 4. ^Colección de las leyes, Decretos y de Decaciones de La Cortes, y los Reales Decretos de 1841. Madrid 1842, p. 884. 5. ^Robert Capa picture of the 151 Brigada Mixta at the Battle of the Segre 6. ^Diario Oficial de la República, nº 47 (16 February 1938) 7. ^The Spanish Marine Corps concludes advising tasks for the National Afghan Army 8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.armada.mde.es/ArmadaPortal/page/Portal/ArmadaEspannola/buquesinfanteria/prefLang-es/03fuerza-guerra-naval-especial-fgne|title=¿CUÁLES SON LAS PRINCIPALES OPERACIONES Y EJERCICIOS EN LOS QUE HEMOS PARTICIPADO? - Fuerza de Guerra Naval Especial (FGNE)|last=|first=|date=|website=armada.mde.es|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=10 October 2018}} 9. ^"La Profecíon Militar." Fuerzas Armadas Españolas. 2018-07-29. 10. ^"Presentación Empleo y Formación." Armada Española. 2018-07-29. 11. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.defensa.com/espana/fuerza-guerra-naval-especial-armada-dota-fusiles-asalto-hk416|title=La Fuerza de Guerra Naval Especial de la Armada se dota con fusiles de asalto HK416|last=Maíz Sanz|first=Julio|date=17 October 2018|work=Defensa.com|access-date=10 November 2018}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.armada.mde.es/ArmadaPortal/page/Portal/ArmadaEspannola/buques_infanteria/05_material_IM--02_armamento--10_obus_m109_es |title=Spanish Navy – Defense Department – Spain Government – Armada Española |publisher=Armada.mde.es |date= |accessdate=2012-05-18}} 13. ^[https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2016-10303 "Orden DEF/1756/2016, de 28 de octubre, por la que se aprueban las normas de uniformidad de las Fuerzas Armadas." Agencia Estatal Boletín del Estado.] 2018-07-30 External links{{commons category|Spanish Navy Marines}}
5 : Spanish Navy|Military of Spain|Military units and formations of Spain|Marines|1537 establishments in Spain |
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