| 词条 | Spanish Netherlands |
| 释义 |
|native_name = Spaanse Nederlanden Pays-Bas espagnols Países Bajos Españoles Spanische Niederlande |conventional_long_name = Spanish Netherlands |common_name = Spanish Netherlands |era = Early modern |status = Province |status_text = Province of the Spanish Empire States of the Holy Roman Empire | |government_type = Governorate |event_start = Habsburg Spain gained Habsburg Netherlands |date_start = |year_start = 1556 |event_end = Treaty of Rastatt |date_end = 7 March |year_end = 1714 |life_span = 1556–1714 |event1 = Eighty Years' War |date_event1 = 1568–1648 |event2 = Peace of Münster |date_event2 = 30 January 1648 |event3 = War of the Reunions |date_event3 = 1683–1684 |event4 = Truce of Ratisbon |date_event4 = 15 August 1684 |event5 = Nine Years' War |date_event5 = 1688–1697 |event6 = War of the Spanish Succession |date_event6 = 1701–1714 |p1 = Habsburg Netherlands |s1 = Dutch Republic |s2 = Austrian Netherlands | |image_flag = Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg |flag = Cross of Burgundy |flag_type = Flag |image_coat = Coat of Arms of Archduke Albert of Austria as Governor-Monarch of the Low Countries.svg |symbol = |symbol_type = Coat of arms of Archduke Albert VII of Austria |image_map = Low Countries 1700.png |image_map_caption = Spanish Netherlands (grey) in 1700 | |capital = Brussels |national_motto = Plus Ultra "Further Beyond" |national_anthem = |common_languages = Dutch, French, German, Latin, Spanish |religion = Roman Catholic Protestant |currency = Gulden | |representative1 = Alexander Farnese (first) |representative2 = Maximilian Emanuel (last) |year_representative1 = 1581–1592 |year_representative2 = 1692–1706 |title_representative = Governor | |legislature = |house1 = |type_house1 = |house2 = |type_house2 = | |stat_year1 = 1700 |stat_area1 = |stat_pop1 = 1794000[1] |today =Belgium France Germany Luxembourg Netherlands |footnotes = }} Spanish Netherlands ({{lang-es|Países Bajos Españoles}}; {{lang-nl|Spaanse Nederlanden}}; {{lang-fr|Pays-Bas espagnols}}, {{lang-de|Spanische Niederlande}}) was the collective name of States of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries, held in personal union by the Spanish Crown (also called Habsburg Spain) from 1556 to 1714. This region comprised most of the modern states of Belgium and Luxembourg, as well as parts of northern France, southern Netherlands, and western Germany with the capital being Brussels. The Imperial fiefs of the former Burgundian Netherlands had been inherited by the Austrian House of Habsburg from the extinct House of Valois-Burgundy upon the death of Mary of Burgundy in 1482. The Seventeen Provinces formed the core of the Habsburg Netherlands which passed to the Spanish Habsburgs upon the abdication of Emperor Charles V in 1556. When part of the Netherlands separated to form the autonomous Dutch Republic in 1581, the remainder of the area stayed under Spanish rule until the War of the Spanish Succession. HistoryA common administration of the Netherlandish fiefs, centred in the Duchy of Brabant, already existed under the rule of the Burgundian duke Philip the Good with the implementation of a stadtholder and the first convocation of the States General of the Netherlands in 1437. His granddaughter Mary had confirmed a number of privileges to the States by the Great Privilege signed in 1477. After the government takeover by her husband Archduke Maximilian I of Austria, the States insisted on their privileges, culminating in a Hook rebellion in Holland and Flemish revolts. Maximilian prevailed with the support of Duke Albert III of Saxony and his son Philip the Handsome, husband of Joanna of Castile, could assume the rule over the Habsburg Netherlands in 1493. Charles VPhilip as well as his son and successor Charles V retained the title of a "Duke of Burgundy" referring to their Burgundian inheritance, notably the Low Countries and the Free County of Burgundy in the Holy Roman Empire. The Habsburgs often used the term Burgundy to refer to their hereditary lands (e.g. in the name of the Imperial Burgundian Circle established in 1512), actually until 1795, when the Austrian Netherlands were lost to the French Republic. In 1522 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V concluded a partition treaty with his younger brother Archduke Ferdinand I of Habsburg, whereby the House of Habsburg split into an Austrian and a Spanish branch. By the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549, Charles declared the Seventeen Provinces a united and indivisible Habsburg dominion. The division was consummated when he announced his abdication in 1558 and left the Spanish branch heritage to his son Philip II of Spain, while his brother Ferdinand succeeded him as Holy Roman Emperor. The Seventeen Provinces, de jure still fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire, from that time on de facto were ruled by the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs as part of the Burgundian heritage. Eighty Years' War{{see also|Army of Flanders}}Philip's stern Counter-Reformation measures sparked the Dutch Revolt in the mainly Calvinist Netherlandish provinces, which led to the outbreak of the Eighty Years' War in 1568. In January 1579 the seven northern provinces formed the Protestant Union of Utrecht, which declared independence from the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands by the 1581 Act of Abjuration. The Spanish branch of the Hapsburgs could retain the rule only over the partly Catholic Southern Netherlands, completed after the Fall of Antwerp in 1585. Better times came, when in 1598 the Spanish Netherlands passed to Philip's daughter Isabella Clara Eugenia and her husband Archduke Albert VII of Austria.The couple's rule brought a period of much-needed peace and stability to the economy, which stimulated the growth of a separate South Netherlandish identity and consolidated the authority of the House of Habsburg reconciling previous anti-Spanish sentiments. In the early 17th century, there was a flourishing court at Brussels. Among the artists who emerged from the court of the "Archdukes", as they were known, was Peter Paul Rubens. Under Isabella and Albert, the Spanish Netherlands actually had formal independence from Spain, but always remained unofficially within the Spanish sphere of influence. With Albert's death in 1621 they returned to formal Spanish control, although the childless Isabella remained on as Governor until her death in 1633. The failing wars intended to regain the 'heretical' northern Netherlands meant significant loss of (still mainly Catholic) territories in the north, which was consolidated in 1648 in the Peace of Westphalia, and given the peculiar inferior status of Generality Lands (jointly ruled by the United Republic, not admitted as member provinces): Zeelandic Flanders (south of the river Scheldt), the present Dutch province of Noord-Brabant and Maastricht (in the present-day Dutch province of Limburg). French conquestsAs the power of the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs waned in the latter decades of the 17th century, the territory of the Netherlands under Habsburg rule was repeatedly invaded by the French and an increasing portion of the territory came under French control in successive wars. By the Treaty of the Pyrenees of 1659 the French annexed Artois and Cambrai, and Dunkirk was ceded to the English. By the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (ending the War of Devolution in 1668) and Nijmegen (ending the Franco-Dutch War in 1678), further territory up to the current Franco-Belgian border was ceded, including Walloon Flanders, as well as half of the county of Hainaut (including Valenciennes). Later, in the War of the Reunions and the Nine Years' War, France annexed other parts of the region. During the War of the Spanish Succession, in 1706 the Habsburg Netherlands became an Anglo-Dutch condominium for the remainder of the conflict.[2] By the peace treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt in 1713/14 ending the war, the Southern Netherlands returned to the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy forming the Austrian Netherlands. {{History of the Low Countries}}ProvincesFrom 1581 the Habsburg Netherlands consisted of the following territories, all part of modern Belgium unless otherwise stated:
See also
Notes1. ^Demographics of the Netherlands, Jan Lahmeyer. Retrieved on 20 February 2014. 2. ^Bromley, J.S. (editor) 1970, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OOgzAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA156&lpg=PA156&dq=%22condominium%22+William+III&source=bl&ots=CYFEBG4g93&sig=U5ebcD06VPjx4AvKOXln-bzTROM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=c2_GVICwKquR7AbwwIHAAQ&ved=0CEgQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=%22condominium%22%20William%20III&f=false The New Cambridge Modern History Volume 6: The Rise of Great Britain and Russia, 1688-1715/25], Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521075244}} (p. 428) 3. ^A seignory comes closest to the concept of a heerlijkheid; there is no equivalent in English for the Dutch-language term. In its earliest history, Mechelen was a heerlijkheid of the Bishopric (later Prince-Bishopric) of Liège that exercised its rights through the Chapter of Saint Rumbold though at the same time the Lords of Berthout and later the Dukes of Brabant also exercised or claimed separate feudal rights. References{{reflist}}{{Spanish Empire}}{{Belgium topics}}{{Luxembourg topics}}{{Netherlands topics}}{{coord missing|Europe}}{{authority control}} 16 : Spanish Netherlands|Former polities in the Netherlands|Habsburg Netherlands|Early Modern Luxembourg|16th century in the Habsburg Netherlands|17th century in the Habsburg Netherlands|18th century in the Southern Netherlands|16th century in the Netherlands|Belgium–Spain relations|Netherlands–Spain relations|1581 establishments in the Spanish Empire|1714 disestablishments in the Spanish Empire|1581 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire|1714 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire|States and territories established in 1581|States and territories disestablished in 1714 |
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