| 词条 | Special economic zone | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
A special economic zone (SEZ) is an area in which the business and trade laws are different from the rest of the country. SEZs are located within a country's national borders, and their aims include increased trade balance, employment, increased investment, job creation and effective administration. To encourage businesses to set up in the zone, financial policies are introduced. These policies typically encompass investing, taxation, trading, quotas, customs and labour regulations. Additionally, companies may be offered tax holidays, whereupon establishing themselves in a zone, they are granted a period of lower taxation. The creation of special economic zones by the host country may be motivated by the desire to attract foreign direct investment (FDI).[2] The benefits a company gains by being in a special economic zone may mean that it can produce and trade goods at a lower price, aimed at being globally competitive.[4] In some countries, the zones have been criticized for being little more than labor camps, with workers denied fundamental labor rights.[1][2] DefinitionThe definition of an SEZ is determined individually by each country. According to the World Bank in 2008, the modern day special economic zone typically includes a "geographically limited area, usually physically secured (fenced-in); single management or administration; eligibility for benefits based upon physical location within the zone; separate customs area (duty-free benefits) and streamlined procedures."[3] HistoryFree zones and Entrepôts have been used for centuries to guarantee free storage and exchange along trade routes.{{Citation needed|date=May 2016}} Modern SEZs appeared from the late 1950s in industrial countries. The first was in Shannon Airport in Clare, Ireland.[4] From the 1970s onward, zones providing labour-intensive manufacturing have been established, starting in Latin America and East Asia. The first in China following the opening of China in 1979 by Deng Xiaoping was the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, which encouraged foreign investment and simultaneously accelerated industrialization in this region. These zones attracted investment from multinational corporations. A recent trend has been for African countries to set up SEZs in partnership with China.[2] TypesThe term special economic zone can include:[5]
The World Bank created the following table to clarify distinctions between types of special economic zones:
Special economic zones by country{{main|List of special economic zones}}India{{main|List of special economic zones in India}}SEZs were introduced to India in 2000, following the already successful SEZ model used in China. Prior to their introduction, India relied on export processing zones (EPZs) which failed to make an impact on foreign investors. By 2005, all EPZs had been converted to SEZs. As of 2017, there are 221 SEZs in operation, with a further 194 approved for 2018. For developers to establish an SEZ in India, applications can be made to the Indian Board of Approval. Companies, partner firms, and individuals may also apply by completing Form-A which is available on the Department of Commerce's website. There are four types of SEZs in India, which are categorised according to size: Multi-sector (1,000+ hectares); Sector-specific (100+ hectares); Free Trade & Warehousing Zone (FTWZ) (40+ hectares); and Tech, handicraft, non-conventional energy, gems & jewellery (10+ hectares).[6] China{{main|Special economic zones of China}}See also
References1. ^Watson, Peggy (July 23, 2012). [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jul/23/sackings-poland-junk-jobs-chung-hong "Sackings expose the harsh reality of Poland's junk jobs"]. The Guardian. [7][9]2. ^Młodawska, Agata (March 8, 2012). "Maciejewska: Kobiety w strefie pracowniczego bezprawia". Nowe Peryferie. 3. ^1 {{citation |title=Special Economic Zone: Performance, Lessons Learned, and Implication for Zone Development |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington DC |year=2008 |chapter-url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/343901468330977533/Special-economic-zone-performance-lessons-learned-and-implication-for-zone-development |chapter=Zone Definition |pages=9–11 }} 4. ^[https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21647630-free-trade-zones-are-more-popular-everwith-politicians-if-not "Political priority, economic gamble"]. The Economist. April 4, 2015 5. ^{{citation |title=Economic Zones in the ASEAN |publisher= United Nations Industrial Development Organization |url=https://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media_upgrade/Resources/Publications/UCO_Viet_Nam_Study_FINAL.pdf |year=2015 |page=26}} 6. ^{{cite news |title=India’s Special Economic Zones: A Primer |url=https://www.india-briefing.com/news/guide-indias-special-economic-zones-9162.html/?hilite=%27special%27%2C%27economic%27%2C%27zones%27 |work=india-briefing.com |date=25 Apr 2018}} 7. ^1 {{cite web|title=Goldman Sachs says reforms to create 110 mn jobs for economy in 10 yrs|url=http://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/goldman-sachs-says-reforms-to-create-110-mn-jobs-for-economy-in-10-yrs/story/204721.html|newspaper=Business Today|date=March 29, 2014}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=Location|url=http://www.sidc.com.eg/English/Location/14|publisher=Suez Industrial Development Company|accessdate=25 May 2014}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite web|author=Woolfrey, Sean|title=Special economic zones and regional integration in Africa|url=http://www.tralac.org/files/2013/07/S13WP102013-Woolfrey-Special-economic-zones-regional-integration-in-Africa-20130710-fin.pdf|publisher=Trade Law Center|accessdate=25 May 2014|year=2013}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=CHINESE-LED SEZs IN AFRICA ARE THEY A DRIVING FORCE OF CHINA’s SOFT POWER?|url=http://www.meleszenawi.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/CCS_Discussion_Paper_Africa_SEZs_and_China_Soft_Power_YK_2013_Final.pdf|publisher=Stellenbosch University|accessdate=25 May 2014|author=Yejoo Kim|year=2013}} 11. ^{{cite web|title=Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in Africa: China’s economic development model comes to Mauritius|url=http://www.consultancyafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=490:special-economic-zones-sezs-in-africa-chinas-economic-development-model-comes-to-mauritius&catid=58:asia-dimension-discussion-papers&Itemid=264|publisher=Consultancy Africa Intelligence|accessdate=25 May 2014|date=2 August 2010}} 12. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14952240 | work=BBC News | title=China's stake in Zambia's election | date=19 September 2011}} 13. ^{{cite web|title=China’s Investment in African Special Economic Zones : Prospects, Challenges, and Opportunities|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPREMNET/Resources/EP5.pdf|work=Economic Premise|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=27 May 2014|date=March 2010}} }} Further reading
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4 : Special economic zones|Foreign direct investment|Commercial policy|Economic development policy |
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