| 词条 | Specific phobia |
| 释义 |
|name = |synonym = |image = |image_size = |alt = |caption = |pronounce = |specialty = Psychiatry |symptoms = |complications = |onset = |duration = |types = |causes = |risks = |diagnosis = |differential = |prevention = |treatment = |medication = |prognosis = |frequency = |deaths = }} A specific phobia is any kind of anxiety disorder that amounts to an unreasonable or irrational fear related to exposure to specific objects or situations. As a result, the affected person tends to avoid contact with the objects or situations and, in severe cases, any mention or depiction of them. The fear can, in fact, be disabling to their daily lives.[1] The fear or anxiety may be triggered both by the presence and the anticipation of the specific object or situation. A person who encounters that of which they are phobic will often show signs of fear or express discomfort. In some cases, it can result in a panic attack. In most adults, the person may logically know the fear is unreasonable but still find it difficult to control the anxiety. Thus, this condition may significantly impair the person's functioning and even physical health. Specific phobia affects up to 12% of people at some point in their life.[2] DiagnosisMain features of diagnostic criteria for specific phobia in the DSM-IV-TR:
Specific Phobia – DSM 5 Criteria[3]
TypesAccording to the fourth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, phobias can be classified under the following general categories:
TreatmentThe following are two therapies normally used in treating specific phobia: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a short term, skills-focused therapy that aims to help people diffuse unhelpful emotional responses by helping people consider them differently or change their behavior, is effective in treating specific phobias.[6] Exposure therapy is a particularly effective form of CBT for specific phobias.[6] Medications to aid CBT have not been as encouraging with the exception of adjunctive D-clycoserine.[7][8]In general anxiolytic medication is not seen as helpful in specific phobia but benzodiazepines are sometimes used to help resolve acute episodes; as 2007 data were sparse for efficacy of any drug.[9] EpidemiologySpecific phobias have a one-year prevalence of 8.7% in the USA with 21.9% of the cases being severe, 30.0% moderate and 48.1% mild.[10][11] The usual age of onset is childhood to adolescence. Women are twice as likely to suffer from specific phobias than men.[12] See also
References1. ^"Phobias: Specific Phobias Types and Symptoms." WebMD. WebMD, n.d. {{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/anxiety-panic/specific-phobias |title=Learn More About Specific Phobias |accessdate=2013-02-26 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219062703/http://www.webmd.com/anxiety-panic/specific-phobias |archivedate=2013-02-19 |df= }} 2. ^{{cite journal|last1=Craske|first1=MG|last2=Stein|first2=MB|title=Anxiety.|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10063|pages=3048–3059|date=24 June 2016|pmid=27349358|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30381-6}} 3. ^American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. 4. ^^ a b c d e "Oxford Textbook of Psychopathology" by Theodore Millon, Paul H. Blaney, Roger D. Davis (1999) {{ISBN|0-19-510307-6}}, p. 82 5. ^DSM-IV-TR 300.29, p. 445. 6. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Kaczkurkin|first1=AN|last2=Foa|first2=EB|title=Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: an update on the empirical evidence.|journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience|date=September 2015|volume=17|issue=3|pages=337–46|pmid=26487814|pmc=4610618}} 7. ^{{cite journal |last=Choy, MD |first=Yujuan |last2=Fyer |first2=Abby J. |last3=Lipsitz |first3=Josh D. |title=Treatment of specific phobia in adults |journal= Clinical Psychology Review |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=266–286 |year=2007 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2006.10.002 |pmid=17112646}} 8. ^{{cite journal|last1=Ori|first1=R|last2=Amos|first2=T|last3=Bergman|first3=H|last4=Soares-Weiser|first4=K|last5=Ipser|first5=JC|last6=Stein|first6=DJ|title=Augmentation of cognitive and behavioural therapies (CBT) with d-cycloserine for anxiety and related disorders.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=10 May 2015|volume=5|issue=5|pages=CD007803|pmid=25957940|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007803.pub2}} 9. ^{{cite journal|last1=Choy|first1=Y|last2=Fyer|first2=AJ|last3=Lipsitz|first3=JD|title=Treatment of specific phobia in adults.|journal=Clinical Psychology Review|date=April 2007|volume=27|issue=3|pages=266–86|pmid=17112646|doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2006.10.002}} 10. ^{{cite journal |last=Kessler, PhD |first=Ronald |last2=Chiu, AM |first2=Wai Tat |last3=Demler |first3=Olga |last4=Walters |first4=Ellen |title=Prevalence, Severity and Comorbidity of 12-Month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication |journal= Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=62 | issue = 6 |pages=617–709 |year=2005 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617 |pmid=15939839 |pmc=2847357}} 11. ^{{cite journal | author = Narrow | year = 2002 | title = Revised prevalence estimates of mental disorders in the United States | journal = Archives of General Psychiatry | volume = 59 | pages = 115–123 | pmid = 11825131 | doi = 10.1001/archpsyc.59.2.115 | last2 = Rae | first2 = DS | last3 = Robins | first3 = LN | last4 = Regier | first4 = DA | issue = 2 | display-authors = 1 }} 12. ^{{cite book |title=Crash Course Psychiatry |last=Cameron |first=Alasdair |year=2004 |publisher=Elsevier Ltd |isbn=978-0-7234-3340-8}} External links{{Medical resources| ICD10 = {{ICD10|F40.2}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|300.29}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | DiseasesDB = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | MeSH = C562465 | GeneReviewsNBK = | GeneReviewsName = | Orphanet = }}
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