“Speech delay”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Speech delay, also known as alalia, refers to a delay in the development or use of the mechanisms that produce speech.^[1] Speech – as distinct from language – is the actual process of making sounds, using such organs and structures as the lungs, vocal cords, mouth, tongue, teeth, etc. Language delay refers to a delay in the development or use of the knowledge of language.

Because language and speech are two independent stages, they may be individually delayed. For example, a child may be delayed in speech (i.e., unable to produce intelligible speech sounds), but not delayed in language. In this case, the child would be attempting to produce an age appropriate amount of language, but that language would be difficult or impossible to understand. Conversely, since a child with a language delay typically has not yet had the opportunity to produce speech sounds, it is likely to have a delay in speech as well.

Signs and symptoms

The warning signs of early speech delay are categorized into age-related milestones, beginning at the age of 12 months and continuing through early adolescence.^[2]^[3]

At the age of 12 months, there is cause for concern if the child is not able to do the following:

Between the ages of 15 and 18 months children are at a higher risk for speech delay if they are displaying the following:

Additional signs of speech delay after the age of 2 years and up to the age of 4 include the following:

Effects

Studies show that children diagnosed with speech delay are more likely to present with behavioral and social emotional problems both in childhood and as adults. Decreased receptive language, reading, and learning skills are common side effects for children that suffer from a speech delay and do not receive adequate intervention.^[4] Similar studies suggest that children with speech delays are more likely to have a difficult time communicating and bonding with peers, which could have negative effects on their psychosocial health later in life.^[4]

Causes

At times, speech delay and impairment is caused by a physical disruption in the mouth such as a deformed frenulum, lips, or palate. If the motion or ability to form words and appropriate sounds is disrupted, the child may be slow to pick up words and lack the ability to shape their mouth and tongue in the formation of words.^[5]

Other more serious concerns are those that can be caused by oral-motor issues.^[3]^[30] Oral-motor dysfunction refers to a lack or delay in the area of the brain that speech is formed and created and communicated to the mouth and tongue.^[3] While speech may be the only concern, this disorder can be highlighted with feeding issues as well.^[6]

Children that are having speech delay disorders could have the following characteristics (Shriberg 1982):

The many other causes of speech delay include bilingual children with phonological disorders^[7] autism spectrum disorders, childhood apraxia,^[8] Auditory processing disorder, prematurity, cognitive impairment^[9] and hearing loss.^[3]^[5] In addition, when children are addicted to screens, they aren’t stimulated to be involved in conversations, causing speech delays.^[10] Broomfield and Dodd's (2004a) found out after survey that 6.4% of children who are perfectly normal showed speech difficulty while they lacked these disorders will often show early signs and are at times identified as "at risk" when the speech delay is diagnosed.

Therapies and treatments

After the initial diagnosis of speech delay, a hearing test will be administered to ensure that hearing loss or deafness is not an underlying cause of the delay.^[11] If a child has successfully completed the hearing test, the therapy or therapies used will be determined. There are many therapies available for children that have been diagnosed with a speech delay, and for every child, the treatment and therapies needed vary with the degree, severity, and cause of the delay. While speech therapy is the most common form of intervention, many children may benefit from additional help from occupational and physical therapies as well. Physical and occupational therapies can be used for a child that is suffering from speech delay due to physical malformations and children that have also been diagnosed with a developmental delay such as autism or a language processing delay. Music therapy has effective results in the fundamentals of speech development, including phonological memory, sentence understanding, sentence memory, and morphological rule generation.^[12] Children that have been identified with hearing loss can be taught simple sign language to build and improve their vocabulary in addition to attending speech therapy.

The parents of a delayed child are the first and most important tool in helping overcome the speech delay.^[2]^[4] The parent or caregiver of the child can provide the following activities at home, in addition to the techniques suggested by a speech therapist, to positively influence the growth of speech and vocabulary:

For children that are suffering from physical disorder that is causing difficulty forming and pronouncing words, parents and caregivers suggest using and introducing different food textures to exercise and build jaw muscles while promoting new movements of the jaw while chewing. Another less studied technique used to combat and treat speech delay is a form of therapy using music to promote and facilitate speech and language development.^[52] It is important to understand that music therapy is in its infancy and has yet to be thoroughly studied and practiced on children suffering from speech delays and impediments.^[13]

See also

References

1. ^¹{{Cite book|title = Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Children with Speech Disorder|last = Dodd|first = Barbara|publisher = John Wiley & Sons|year = 2013|isbn = 978-1118713341|location = |pages = 8}}
2. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³{{cite web|last=babycenter|title=Warning signs of a toddler's language delay|url=http://www.babycenter.com/0_warning-signs-of-a-toddlers-language-delay_12293.bc|accessdate=12 April 2012}}
3. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷{{cite web|last=Nelsen|first=Amy|title=Delayed Speech or Language Development|url=http://kidshealth.org/parent/emotions/behavior/not_talk.html#|accessdate=12 April 2012}}
4. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web|last=Mann|first=Denise|title=Speech Delay in Kids Linked to Later Emotional Problems|url=http://www.webmd.com/parenting/news/20100628/speech-delay-in-kids-linked-to-later-emotional-problems|accessdate=2012-04-22}}
5. ^¹²{{cite web|last=University of Michigan|title=Speech and Language Delay and Disorder|url=http://www.med.umich.edu/yourchild/topics/speech.htm|accessdate=2012-04-22}}
6. ^{{Cite book|title = |last = |first = |year = |isbn = |location = |pages = 8}}
7. ^{{Cite book|title = Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Children with Speech Disorder|last = Dodd|first = Barbara|publisher = Johan Wiley & Sons|year = 2013|isbn = 978-1118713341|location = |pages = 275}}
8. ^{{Cite book|title = Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Children with Speech Disorder|last = Dodd|first = Barbara|publisher = John Wiley & Sons|year = 2013|isbn = 978-1118713341|location = |pages = 211}}
9. ^{{Cite book|title = Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Children with Speech Disorder|last = Dodd|first = Barbara|publisher = John Wiley & Songs|year = 2013|isbn = 978-1118713341|location = |pages = 244}}
10. ^{{cite news |last1=Clarke |first1=Kelly |title=Your Wrong Parenting May Lead to Speech Delay in Children |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/uae-health/your-wrong-parenting-may-lead-to-speech-delay-in-children |publisher=Khaleej Times |date=2015}}
11. ^¹²{{cite web|last=Keep Kids Healthy|title=Speech Delay|url=http://www.keepkidshealthy.com/welcome/conditions/speechdelay.html|accessdate=2012-04-22}}
12. ^{{cite journal |last1=Gross |first1=Wibke |last2=Ostermann |first2=Thomas |last3=Linden |first3=Ulrike |title=Effects of music therapy in the treatment of children with delayed speech development - results of a pilot study |journal= BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine|volume=10 |pages=39 |date=2010 |doi=10.1186/1472-6882-10-39 |pmid=20663139 |pmc=2921108 }}
13. ^¹{{cite journal|last=Grob|first=Wibke|author2=Ulrike Linden |author3=Thomas Ostermann |title=Effects of music therapy in the treatment of children with delayed speech development - results of a pilot study|journal=BMC Complement Altern Med|date=21 July 2010|pmc=2921108|pmid=20663139|doi=10.1186/1472-6882-10-39|volume=10|pages=39}}