| 词条 | Speech disfluency |
| 释义 |
A speech disfluency, also spelled speech dysfluency, is any of various breaks, irregularities, or non-lexical vocables that occurs within the flow of otherwise fluent speech. These include false starts, i.e. words and sentences that are cut off mid-utterance; phrases that are restarted or repeated and repeated syllables; fillers, i.e. grunts or non-lexical utterances such as "huh", "uh", "erm", "um", "well", "so", "like", and "hmm"; and repaired utterances, i.e. instances of speakers correcting their own slips of the tongue or mispronunciations (before anyone else gets a chance to). "Huh" is claimed to be a universal syllable.[1] Fillers{{main|Filler (linguistics)}}Fillers are parts of speech which are not generally recognized as purposeful or containing formal meaning, usually expressed as pauses such as uh, like and er, but also extending to repairs ("He was wearing a black—uh, I mean a blue, a blue shirt"), and articulation problems such as stuttering. Use is normally frowned upon in mass media such as news reports or films, but they occur regularly in everyday conversation, sometimes representing upwards of 20% of "words" in conversation.[2] Fillers can also be used as a pause for thought ("I arrived at, um—3 o'clock"). Language-dependenceResearch in computational linguistics has revealed a correlation between native language and patterns of disfluencies in spontaneously uttered speech.[3] In addition to this research, there are other subjective accounts reported by individuals. According to one commentator,{{who|date=January 2014}} Americans use pauses such as "um" or "em", the British say "uh" or "eh", the French use "euh", the Germans say "äh" (pronounced eh or er), the Dutch use "eh", Japanese use "ā", "anō" or "ēto", and Spanish speakers say "ehhh" (also used in Hebrew), "como" (normally meaning 'like'), and, in Latin America but not Spain, "este" (normally meaning 'this'). Besides "er" and "uh", the Portuguese use "hã" or "é". In Mandarin, "那个(nà gè)" and "这个(zhè ge)" are used, meaning "that" or "this", respectively. In Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian, speakers vocalize an "ovaj", "onaj" or "to jest" ('this', 'that' and 'that is'.) Arabic speakers say "يعني", the pronunciation of which is close to "yaa'ni", {{IPA-ar|jæʕni|}} or {{IPA|[jaʕni]}}, (literally, "he means", there being no grammatically gender-neutral third person) and in Turkish, they say "şey" in addition to "yani" (without the {{IPAblink|ʕ}} found in Arabic) and "ııı".{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} A more complete list can be found on the fillers article. ResearchRecent linguistic research has suggested that non-pathological disfluencies may contain a variety of meaning; the frequency of "uh" and "um" in English is often reflective of a speaker's alertness or emotional state. Some have hypothesized that the time of an "uh" or "um" is used for the planning of future words; other researchers have suggested that they are actually to be understood as full-fledged function words rather than accidents, indicating a delay of variable time in which the speaker wishes to pause without voluntarily yielding control of the dialogue. There is some debate as to whether to consider them a form of noise or as a meaning-filled part of language. Speech disfluencies have also become important in recent years with the advent of speech-to-text programs and other attempts at enabling computers to make sense of human speech. "Hmm"Hmm is an exclamation (an emphatic interjection) typically used to express reflection, uncertainty, thoughtful absorption, or hesitation.[4] Hmm is technically categorized as an interjection, like um, huh, ouch, erm, and wow. The first h-sound is a mimic for breathing in, and the second m-sound, since the mouth is closed, is representing that the person is not currently sure what to say ("erm" and "um" are used similarly). The pause filler indicates that the person is temporarily speechless, but still engaged in thought. The variety of tones, pitches, and lengths used add nuances in meaning.[5]EtymologyThe expression is used in many different languages, however the origin of 'hmm' is difficult to find, mainly because 'the word is so natural that it may have arisen at any time' as highlighted by linguist at the University of Minnesota and an expert on word origins, Anatoly Liberman. It is possible the Neanderthals might have used 'hmm'. Nicholas Christenfeld, a psychologist at the University of California, San Diego, and an expert on filled pauses, attests hmm is popular largely since it's such a neutral sound and that "it's easier to say than anything else". [6] The earliest attestations of 'hmm' are from Shakespeare, 'I cried hum... But markt him not a word' (1598 Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 iii. i. 154). It may be a vocable that grew out of lexicalized throat-clearing.[7] Use as a filler word'Hmm' is a "filler" word, such as 'um' and 'er'. Use of 'hmm' for "filled pauses" has been considered by many as a stupidity and showing a lack of skill or competence, however many linguists attest this judgement is unjustified. Typically, 'hmm' is uttered when the person is being especially conscious about whom they are talking with, and as a result are thinking deeply about what to say. Moreover the use of 'hmm' is often interactional and cognitive. The interactional function is to do with politeness. Professor Michael Handford, a professor of applied linguistics and English language at Cardiff University gave the example of if one invited somebody to a party, and they said no without a filled pause, they will appear rude probably. However, if the person replied, ‘hmm, sorry, no’ it makes it much more polite.[8]They play a really important politeness function since it appears the person is giving the offer some thought, rather than abruptly declining the offer. Thoughtful absorptionThe use of 'hmm' is typically used during thoughtful absorption, which is when one is engrossed[9] in their flow of ideas and associations, that lead to a reality-oriented conclusion[10]. The utterance of 'hmm' is key for surrounding person/s to understand that the person is currently involved in thoughtful observation; if the person thinks silently, those surrounding may not be sure that the person is currently thinking. The use of 'um' and 'er' are also used during thoughtful absorption, however, typically the extent of the absorption of thought is limited when 'um' and 'er' are uttered since they usually spoken mid-sentence[11], and for shorter periods of time than 'hmm'. For this reason thoughtful absorption is typically associated with the utterance of 'hmm'.[12] "Huh" {{mdash}} the universal syllableResearch has shown that the word/syllable "huh" is perhaps the most recognized syllable throughout the world, including variations of "mama" and "papa."[13] It is an interrogative. This crosses geography, language, cultures and nationalities.[14] See also{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
References1. ^{{cite journal|last1=Dingemanse|first1=Mark|last2=Torreira|first2=Francisco|last3=Enfield|first3=N. J.|title=Is "Huh?" a Universal Word? Conversational Infrastructure and the Convergent Evolution of Linguistic Items|journal=PLOS ONE|date=2013|volume=8|issue=11|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0078273|pages=e78273|pmid=24260108|pmc=3832628}} 2. ^{{cite journal|last1=Fox Tree|first1=J. E.|title=The effects of false starts and repetitions on the processing of subsequent words in spontaneous speech|journal=Journal of Memory and Language|date=1995|volume=34|issue=6|pages=709–738|doi=10.1006/jmla.1995.1032}} 3. ^{{cite book|last1=Lamel| first1=L.|last2=Adda-Deckes|first2=M.| last3=Gauvain| first3=J.L.| last4=Adda|first4=G.|title=Spoken language processing in a multilingual context| volume=4| year=1996|pages=2203–2206| doi=10.1109/ICSLP.1996.607242| journal=Proceeding of Fourth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing. ICSLP 96| isbn=978-0-7803-3555-4| citeseerx=10.1.1.16.6488}} 4. ^Online Dictionary Definitions of "hmm"*[https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/hmm]*Cambridge Dictionary* *[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/hmm] 5. ^{{Cite web | url=https://www.livescience.com/20861-origin-hmm-thinking.html | title=Why do We Say 'Hmm' when Thinking?}} 6. ^{{Cite web | url=https://www.livescience.com/20861-origin-hmm-thinking.html | title=Why do We Say 'Hmm' when Thinking?}} 7. ^The etymology of "hmm"*[https://www.etymonline.com/word/hmm]*[https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/429332/the-origin-of-hmm] 8. ^{{Cite web | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/um-like-filler-words-discourse-markers-why-use-er-you-know-a7665721.html | title=Why you say 'um' 'like' and 'you know?' so much| date=2017-04-04}} 9. ^{{Cite web | url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/absorption | title=Absorption | Definition of absorption in English by Oxford Dictionaries}} 10. ^{{cite book |last=Marić |first=Jovan |date=2005 |title=Klinicka psihijatrija |url=http://www.datastatus.rs/proizvod/8040/klinicka-psihijatrija-11-izdanje |location=Belgrade |publisher=Naša knjiga |page=22 |isbn=9788690155910 |author-link=Jovan Maric}} 11. ^{{Cite web | url=https://www.fluentu.com/blog/english/english-filler-words/ | title=Fill in the Gaps: 15+ Common English Filler Words You Should Know | FluentU English}} 12. ^Online Contrasting Dictionary Definitions of "hmm", 'um', and 'er'* * * 13. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/09/arts/that-syllable-everyone-recognizes.html?smid=pl-share |first1=Jennifer |last1=Schuessler |date=November 9, 2013 |title=The Syllable that Everyone Understands |newspaper=The New York Times |accessdate=November 9, 2013}} 14. ^{{cite journal |last1=Dingemanse |first1=Mark |last2=Torreira |first2=Francisco |last3=Enfield |first3=N. J. |year=2013 |title=Is "Huh?" a Universal Word? Conversational Infrastructure and the Convergent Evolution of Linguistic Items PLoS ONE 8(11): e78273 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0078273 |volume=8 |issue=11 |journal=PLoS ONE |pages=e78273 |pmid=24260108 |pmc=3832628}} Further reading
External links
|date= January 3, 2004 |accessdate=November 10, 2013}}
2 : Oral communication|Speech and language pathology |
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