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词条 Speedball (drug)
释义

  1. Physiological response

  2. Notable deaths attributed to speedball use

  3. Other notable users

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

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Speedball (or powerball) is a mixture of cocaine (a stimulant) with heroin or morphine (a depressant), taken intravenously or by insufflation.[1] Speedball is a dangerous mixture, often more potent than the sum of the parts due to drug synergy. The original speedball used cocaine hydrochloride mixed with morphine sulfate, as opposed to heroin.[2] Speedball may also use pharmaceutical opioids, benzodiazepines, or barbiturates along with stimulants. However, since opioids and sedative-hypnotics have different objective and subjective effects, stimulant-depressant mixtures are known by the slang term "set up".[3] A cocktail of drugs containing an opioid can cause a strong physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms.

Physiological response

{{Refimprove|date=September 2013}}

Cocaine acts as a stimulant, whereas heroin/morphine acts as a depressant. Co-administration is meant to provide an intense rush of euphoria with a high that is supposed to combine the effects of both drugs, while hoping to reduce the negative effects, such as anxiety, hypertension, palpitations and other common side effects of stimulants and sedation/drowsiness from the depressant. While this is somewhat effective, as one drug (the CNS stimulant) triggers the sympathetic nervous system and the other (the CNS depressant) triggers the parasympathetic nervous system, the two systems that regulate the fight-or-flight and rest-and-digest responses, respectively, and simultaneous activity of the two pathways is what normally keeps one's body in natural homeostasis, there is an imperfect overlap in the effects of stimulants and depressants. Additionally, by suppressing the typical negative side-effects of the two drugs, the user may falsely believe they have a higher tolerance, or that they are less intoxicated than they actually are. This can cause users to misjudge the intake of one or both of the drugs, sometimes fatally.

Because the stimulant effects of cocaine wear off far more quickly than the depressant effects of heroin or morphine, fatal respiratory depression often occurs when the full effects of a heroin or morphine overdosage are felt in isolation. Due to the countering effect of the cocaine, a fatally high opioid dose can be unwittingly administered without immediate incapacitation, thus providing a false sense of tolerance until it is too late. This form of delayed opioid overdose is believed to be the most common mechanism of death in speedball overdoses.

Notable deaths attributed to speedball use

  • Jean-Michel Basquiat,[4] though some sources list his death as heroin overdose only.[5]
  • John Belushi[4]
  • Ken Caminiti[6]
  • Chris Farley,[4] died of cocaine and morphine sulfate overdose.[7]
  • Pete Farndon[8]
  • Zac Foley[9]
  • Trevor Goddard[10]
  • Mitch Hedberg[11]
  • Philip Seymour Hoffman,[12] died of cocaine, heroin, benzodiazepines, and amphetamines overdose.[4][13][14]
  • Sebastian Horsley[15]
  • Chris Kelly[16]
  • Brent Mydland[17]
  • River Phoenix[18]
  • DJ Rashad[19]
  • Eric Show[20]
  • Judee Sill[21]
  • Layne Staley[22]
  • Joey Stefano,[23] died of cocaine, morphine, heroin and ketamine overdose.

Other notable users

Other notable users of the speedball drug combination have included:

  • Circa 1900, Harry Kendall Thaw, a mentally ill and profligate wealthy heir who was adjudicated not guilty of murder by reason of insanity[24]
  • Cream bassist Jack Bruce (as stated in an interview with the Daily Record in 2009)
  • Nikki Sixx (in A Year in the Life of a Shattered Rock Star and The Dirt)
  • Anthony Kiedis (in his autobiography Scar Tissue)
  • Kurt Cobain (in his biography Heavier Than Heaven)
  • David Crosby (in his autobiography Long Time Gone)
  • Jerry Garcia (who died of a heart attack for which his prior use of the drug may have been a contributing factor)
  • Miles Davis[25]
  • Ryan Adams[26]
  • Slash (discussed in his autobiography Slash, he experienced cardiac arrest for eight minutes, but was revived)[27]
  • Comedian Craig Ferguson (admitted in Season 9, episode 207 of The Late Late Show)[28]
  • Dave Gahan of the band Depeche Mode (who suffered a heart attack following a speedball overdose, but survived)[29]
  • Steven Adler (who had a stroke after taking a speedball, leaving him with a permanent speech impediment).[30]

See also

  • Brompton's mixture
  • Combined drug intoxication
  • Drug abuse
  • List of deaths from drug overdose and intoxication
  • Poly drug use

References

1. ^{{cite book |title=Healing Addiction: An Integrated Pharmacopsychosocial Approach to Treatment |first1=Peter R. |last1=Martin |first2=Bennett Alan |last2=Weinberg |first3=Bonnie K. |last3=Bealer |location=Hoboken, New Jersey |publisher=Wiley-Interscience |date=2007 |page=122 |isbn=978-0-47165-630-2}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://opioids.com/speedballs/ |title=Combined Cocaine and Opioid Abuse: From Neurobiology to the Clinic |last1=Rowlett |first1=K. |last2=Negus |first2=S. S. |last3=Shippenberg |first3=T. S. |last4=Mello |first4=N. K. |last5=Walsh |first5=S. L. |last6=Spealman |first6=R. D. |lastauthoramp=yes |website=Opioids.com |access-date=19 November 2018}}
3. ^{{cite book |last=Spears |first=Richard |date=1981 |title=Slang and Euphemism : A Dictionary of Oaths, Curses, Insults, Sexual Slang and Metaphor, Racial Slurs, Drug Talk, Homosexual Lingo, and Related Matters |location=Middle Village, New York |publisher=Jonathan David |isbn=978-0-82460-259-8}}
4. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.gatehouseacademy.com/research/articles/celebrity-drug-and-alcohol-addictions |title=Death by Drugs: Fatal Celebrity Drug and Alcohol Addictions |website=Gatehouse Academy |accessdate=27 March 2010 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314151239/http://www.gatehouseacademy.com/research/articles/celebrity-drug-and-alcohol-addictions |archive-date=14 March 2011}}
5. ^{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Carole Boyce |authorlink=Carole Boyce Davies |chapter=Basquiat, Jean-Michel (1960-1988) |title=Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9ORpnGJh_IC&pg=PA150&dq=%22Jean-Michel+Basquiat%22+dead+OR+death+OR+died&lr=&cd=11#v=onepage&q=%22Jean-Michel%20Basquiat%22%20dead%20OR%20death%20OR%20died&f=false |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-700-5 |page=150}}
6. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/02/sports/baseball/report-says-overdose-killed-caminiti.html |title=Report Says Overdose Killed Caminiti |last=Litsky |first=Frank |date=2 November 2004 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=19 November 2018}}
7. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/03/us/chris-farley-s-death-laid-to-drug-overdose.html |title=Chris Farley's Death Laid to Drug Overdose |date=3 January 1998 |newspaper=The New York Times |accessdate=24 June 2010}}
8. ^{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/chrissie-hynde-without-tears-19840426 |title=Chrissie Hynde Without Tears |magazine=Rolling Stone |first=James |last=Henke |date=26 April 1984}}
9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.whisperinandhollerin.com/incoming/item.asp?id=4 |title=Obituary: Zac Foley |last=Peacock |first=Tim |date=1 October 2002 |website=Whisperin' and Hollerin' |accessdate=5 May 2010}}
10. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/08/05/1060064185517.html |title=JAG star died from drug overdose, coroner rules |date=6 August 2003 |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=19 November 2018}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.today.com/id/10619222 |title=Report: Mitch Hedberg died of drug overdose |agency=Associated Press |date=27 December 2005 |website=Today |access-date=19 November 2018}}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tmz.com/2014/02/28/philip-seymour-hoffman-cause-of-death-heroin-benzodiazepine-amphetamine/ |title=Philip Seymour Hoffman Killed By Massive OD Heroin, Coke, Rx Meds |date=28 February 2014 |website=TMZ |access-date=19 November 2018}}
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/02/28/showbiz/philip-seymour-hoffman-autopsy/ |title=Coroner: Philip Seymour Hoffman died of acute mixed drug intoxication |last=Sanchez |first=Ray |date=28 February 2014 |website=CNN |access-date=12 May 2014}}
14. ^{{cite news |url=https://nypost.com/2014/02/28/philip-seymour-hoffman-died-from-speedball-drug-mixture/ |title=Hoffman Died from Toxic Drug Mixture |first=Andy |last=Soltis |date=28 February 2014 |newspaper=New York Post |access-date=19 November 2018}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=1072541 |title=UK artist Sebastian Horsley dies of overdose |date=18 June 2010 |website=NineMSN |accessdate=16 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120714212603/http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=1072541 |archivedate=14 July 2012 |df=dmy-all}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1706734/kris-kross-chris-kelly-autopsy.jhtml |title=Report: Kris Kross' Chris Kelly Autopsy Complete |first=Rob |last=Markman |date=2 May 2013 |website=MTV |accessdate=3 May 2013}}
17. ^{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-08-11/news/mn-236_1_grateful-dead-member |title=Grateful Dead Member Died of Drug Overdose |agency=United Press International |date=11 August 1990 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=19 November 2018}}
18. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/13/us/death-of-river-phoenix-is-linked-to-use-of-cocaine-and-morphine.html |title=Death of River Phoenix Is Linked To Use of Cocaine and Morphine |first=Seth |last=Mydans |date=13 November 1993 |newspaper=The New York Times |accessdate=19 March 2013}}
19. ^{{cite web |url=http://pitchfork.com/news/56222-dj-rashad-died-of-drug-overdose-autopsy-confirms/ |title=DJ Rashad Died of Drug Overdose, Autopsy Confirms |last=Gordon |first=Jeremy |date=7 August 2014 |website=Pitchfork |accessdate=7 August 2014}}
20. ^{{cite news |url=http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20080524/news_lz1ed24middle.html |title=Rules of abuse: MLB should include street drugs in testing |date=24 May 2008 |newspaper=The San Diego Union-Tribune |accessdate=29 April 2010}}
21. ^{{cite book |last=Alfonso |first=Barry |title=The Billboard Guide to Contemporary Christian Music |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VzFZZ4yi3DMC&pg=PA243&dq=%22Judee+Sill%22++dead+OR+death+OR+died&cd=2#v=onepage&q=%22Judee%20Sill%22%20dead%20OR%20death%20OR%20died&f=false |year=2002 |publisher=Billboard Books |isbn=978-0-8230-7718-2 |page=243}}
22. ^{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/75852/report-staley-died-of-heroincocaine-overdose |title=Report: Staley Died Of Heroin/Cocaine Overdose |date=8 May 2002 |magazine=Billboard |accessdate=29 April 2010}}
23. ^{{cite book |last1=Aldrich |first1=Robert |last2=Wotherspoon |first2=Garry |title=Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History Vol.2: From World War II to the Present Day |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCpMNSGhXy0C&pg=PA387 |date=23 November 2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-99408-5 |page=387}} Based on information from Charles Isherwood's Wonder Bread and Ecstasy.
24. ^{{cite book |first=Sarah L. |last=Law |title=Pittsburgh's Point Breeze |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9bOBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |year=2014 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-1-4671-2233-7 |page=18}}
25. ^{{cite book |title=Miles: The Autobiography |last1=Davis |first1=Miles |last2=Troupe |first2=Quincy |authorlink2=Quincy Troupe |year=1990 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-671-72582-2 |page=335}}
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.vulture.com/2017/05/the-strokes-an-oral-history.html |title=The Last Moments Of The Last Great Rock Band |last=Goodman |first=Lizzy |date=15 May 2017 |website=Vulture.com |access-date=17 May 2017}}
27. ^{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=Saul |title=Slash |year=2007 |publisher=HarperEntertainment |location=United States |isbn=978-0-06-135142-6 |page=480}}
28. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZaJ1D90nQM |title=The Late Late Show Craig Ferguson Courtney Love Interview July 29, 2013 |author=2K13TvShow1 |date=31 July 2013 |website=YouTube |access-date=28 July 2015}}
29. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2007/oct/28/magazine.features7 |title=This Much I Know: Dave Gahan, singer, 45, London |last=Davis |first=Johnny |date=28 October 2007 |newspaper=The Observer |accessdate=12 May 2016}}
30. ^{{cite news |last=Himmelsbach |first=Eric |title=Little Drummer Boy Lost |newspaper=LA CityBeat |publisher=Southland Publishing |date=8 July 2004}}

External links

  • {{cite web |url=http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/drugfact/pulsechk/summer98/speed.html |title=National Trends in Drug Abuse, Summer 1998, Special Section: Speedballing |website=U.S. Office of National Drug Policy |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010713123346/http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/drugfact/pulsechk/summer98/speed.html |archive-date=13 July 2001}}

4 : Cocaine|Euphoriants|Stimulants|Heroin
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