| 词条 | Spencer Fullerton Baird |
| 释义 |
|name = Spencer Fullerton Baird |image = Portrait of Spencer Fullerton Baird - 1867.jpg |image_size = 200px |caption = Spencer Fullerton Baird, as photographed by William Bell, 1867 |order1 = 2nd Secretary of the |office1 = Smithsonian Institution |term_start1 = 1878 |term_end1 = 1887 |predecessor1 = Joseph Henry |order2 = |office2 = |term_start2 = |term_end2 = |predecessor2 = |successor2 = Samuel Pierpont Langley |birth_date = {{birth date|1823|2|3}} |birth_place = Reading, Pennsylvania, U.S.[1] |death_date = {{death date and age|1887|8|19|1823|3|2}} |death_place = Woods Hole, Massachusetts, U.S.[2] |residence = |citizenship = |nationality = American |ethnicity = |known_for = Naturalist Ornithologist Ichthyologist Herpetologist Curator |work_institutions = Smithsonian Institution |alma_mater = |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = William Baird John James Audubon[3] Charles Darwin |influenced = Clinton Hart Merriam[1] Robert Kennicott William Stimpson William H. Dall Robert Ridgway[2] |prizes = Order of St. Olav Henry Draper Medal (1910) Rumford Prize (1915) |religion = |footnotes = |signature = }}Spencer Fullerton Baird ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɛər|d}}; February 3, 1823 – August 19, 1887) was an American naturalist, ornithologist, ichthyologist, herpetologist, and museum curator. Baird was the first curator to be named at the Smithsonian Institution. He would eventually serve as assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian from 1850 to 1878, and as Secretary from 1878 until 1887. He was dedicated to expanding the natural history collections of the Smithsonian which he increased from 6,000 specimens in 1850 to over 2 million by the time of his death.[2] He published over 1,000 works during his lifetime.[2] Early life and educationSpencer Fullerton Baird was born in Reading, Pennsylvania in 1823.[3] He became a self-trained naturalist as a young man, learning about the field from his brother, William, who was a birder,[2] and the likes of John James Audubon, who instructed Baird on how to draw scientific illustrations of birds.[2][3] His father was also a big influence on Baird's interest in nature, taking Baird on walks and gardening with him. He died of cholera[2] when Baird was ten years old.[4] As a young boy he attended Nottingham Academy in Port Deposit, Maryland and public school in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.[2] Baird attended Dickinson College and earned his bachelor's and master's degrees, finishing the former in 1840.[2][3] After graduation he moved to New York City with an interest in studying medicine at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons.[5] He returned to Carlisle two years later.[6] He taught natural history at Dickinson starting in 1845.[3] While at Dickinson, he did research, participated in collecting trips, did specimen exchanges with other naturalists, and traveled frequently.[2] He married Mary Helen Churchill in 1846. In 1848, their daughter, Lucy Hunter Baird, was born.[6] He was awarded a grant, in 1848, from the Smithsonian Institution to explore bone caves and the natural history of southeastern Pennsylvania.[3] In 1849 he was given $75 by the Smithsonian Institution to collect, pack and transport specimens for them.[7] It was during this time that he met Smithsonian Secretary Joseph Henry. The two would become close friends and colleagues.[3] Throughout the 1840s Baird traveled extensively throughout the northeastern and central United States. Often traveling by foot, Baird hiked more than 2,100 miles in 1842 alone.[5] Professional careerStarting at the SmithsonianIn 1850, Baird became the first curator at the Smithsonian Institution[2] and the Permanent Secretary for the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the latter which he served for three years.[8] Upon his arrival in Washington, he brought two railroad box cars worth of his personal collection. Baird would create a museum program for the Smithstonian, requesting that the organization focus on natural history in the United States.[9] His program also allowed him to create a network of collectors through an exchange system.[2] He would ask that members of the Army and Navy collect rare animals and plant specimens from west of the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico.[10] In order to balance the collection, Baird sent duplicate specimens to other museums around the country, often exchanging the duplicates for specimens the Smithsonian needed.[11] During the 1850s he described over 50 new species of reptiles, some by himself, and others with his student Charles Frédéric Girard.[12] Their 1853 catalog of the Smithsonian's snake collection is a benchmark work in North American herpetology. Baird also was a mentor to herpetologist Robert Kennicott who died prematurely, at which point Baird left the field of herpetology to focus on larger projects.[13] Eventually, he became the Assistant Secretary, serving under Joseph Henry. As Assistant, Baird would help develop a publication and journal exchange, that provided scientists around the world with publications they would have a hard time accessing. He supported the work of William Stimpson, Robert Kennicott, Henry Ulke and Henry Bryant.[2] Between his start as Assistant Secretary and 1855, he worked with Joseph Henry to provide scientific equipment and needs to the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey.[14] He received his Ph.D. in physical science in 1856 from Dickinson College.[2] In 1857 and 1852 he acquired the collection of the National Institute for the Promotion of Science. However, the objects wouldn't join the permanent collection of the Smithsonian until 1858.[2] Baird would attend the funeral of Abraham Lincoln in 1865, alongside Joseph Henry.[15] In 1870, Baird was vacationing in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, where he developed an interest in maritime research. He would go on to lead expeditions in Nova Scotia and New England.[16] United States Fish Commission and United States National MuseumOn February 25, 1871, Ulysses S. Grant appointed Baird as the first Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries for the United States Fish Commission. He would serve in this position until his death. With Baird as Commissioner, the commission sought opportunities to restock rivers with salmon[17] and lakes with other food fish and the depletion of food fish in coastal waters.[18] Baird reported that humans were the reason for the decline of food fish in these coastal areas.[3] Individuals with access to shoreline property used weirs, or nets, to capture large amounts of fish on the coast, which threatened the supply of fish on the coast. Baird used the U.S. Fish Commission to limit human impact through a compromise by prohibiting the capture of fish in traps from 6pm on Fridays until 6pm on Mondays.[19][20] The Albatross research vessel would be launched during his tenure, in 1882.[21] He was highly active in developing fishing and fishery policies for the United States, and was instrumental in making Wood's Hole the research venue it is today.[46] Baird became the manager of the United States National Museum in 1872.[2] Baird told George Perkins Marsh that he sought to be the director of the National Museum and that he had intentions to expand on the collections within the museum en masse.[2] He was the primary writer of A History of North American Birds, which was published in 1874 and continues to be an important publication in ornithology today.[6] He created all of the United States federal exhibits in the Centennial Exposition,[18] many of which won awards. When the exposition ended, Baird was successful in persuading other exhibitors to contribute the objects from their exhibits to the Smithsonian.[2] In total, Baird left with sixty-two boxcars filled with 4,000 cartons of objects.[22] Owing to the large number of objects collected, in 1879, Congress approved construction for the first National Museum building, which is now the Arts and Industries Building.[2] Second Secretary at the SmithsonianJoseph Henry died on May 13, 1878[18] and on May 17, Baird became the second Secretary of the Smithsonian.[2] Baird was allowed to live, rent free, in the Smithsonian Institution Building, but declined and had the east wing converted into workspace. He also had telephones installed throughout the building.[23] That year, he was made a member of the Order of St. Olav by the King of Sweden.[24] In 1880 Baird was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society[25] He oversaw the building of the new National Museum building, which opened in 1881.[2] In September 1883, he was unanimously declared a founding member of the American Ornithologists' Union even though his duties prevented him from attending their first convention.[26] During the February 1887, Baird went on leave due to "intellectual exertion".[3] Samuel P. Langley would serve as Acting Secretary.[27]Death and legacy{{see also|:Category:Taxa named by Spencer Fullerton Baird}}Spencer Fullerton Baird died on August 19, 1887.[27] Upon Baird's death, the Arts and Industries building was draped with a mourning cloth.[28] John Wesley Powell spoke at Baird's funeral.[29] Baird is buried at Oak Hill Cemetery.[30] Baird's sparrow, a migratory bird native to Canada, Mexico and the United States, is named after him. A medium-sized shorebird known as Baird's sandpiper is also named after him. Baird Auditorium in the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History is named in his honor. It is located on the National Mall side of the first floor of the museum.[31] Baird's wife, Mary, donated his stamp collection to the National Museum.[32] His papers are held in the Smithsonian Institution Archives.[33] In 1946, Baird was one of four Smithsonian Secretaries featured in an exhibition about their lives and work curated by United States National Museum curator Theodore T. Belote.[34] In 1922, the Baird Ornithological Club was founded and named after Baird.[35] Spencer Baird Road in Woods Hole is named for him.[36] EponymyNatural world
Sea vessel
Locations
Further reading
References1. ^{{cite web|last=Merriam|first=Clinton Hart|title=Baird the Naturalist|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_2780?back=%2Fcollections%2Fsearch%3Ffacets%3DSEC_2%26page%3D9%26perpage%3D10%26sort%3Drelevancy%26view%3Dlist|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Archives|accessdate=May 4, 2012|date=June 1924}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 {{cite web|title=Spencer Fullerton Baird, 1823-1887|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/history/spencer-fullerton-baird|work=Smithsonian History|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Archives|accessdate=April 24, 2012}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|last=Taylor|first=William Bower|title=Professor Baird as Administrator|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_3563|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Archives|accessdate=May 4, 2012}} 4. ^{{cite web|last=Deiss|first=William A.|title=The Making of a Naturalist: Spencer F. Baird, The Early Years|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_3071|work=From Linnaeus to Darwin: Commentaries on the History of Biology and Geology, Papers from the Fifth Easter Meeting of the Society for the History of Natural History, 28–31 March 1983.|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Archives|accessdate=May 4, 2012}} 5. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Spencer Fullerton Baird|url=http://www.history.noaa.gov/giants/baird.html|work=Giants of Science|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)|accessdate=May 4, 2012}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite web|last=Allard|first=Dean C.|title=Baird, Spencer Fullerton|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_11682|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Archives|accessdate=May 4, 2012}} 7. ^{{cite book|last=Goode|first=George Brown|title=The History of Its First Half Century|year=1897|publisher=De Vinne Press|location=New York|pages=834|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_10}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=Baird Elected Permanent Secretary of AAAS|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_327|work=Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Archives|accessdate=May 4, 2012}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=Baird's Collecting Policies|url=http://siris-sihistory.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=133N09C3105D0.73&profile=sicall&source=~!sichronology&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!16~!7&ri=1&aspect=power&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Spencer+Baird&index=.GW&uindex=&aspect=power&menu=search&ri=1&limitbox_1=LO01+=+sch|work=Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for the year 1850|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=May 4, 2012}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=Special Desiderata Circular Issued by Baird|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_340|work=Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 65, p. V 1, p. 7|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Archives|accessdate=May 4, 2012}} 11. ^{{cite web|title=Duplicate Specimens Distributed Within USA|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_501|work=Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for the year 1853|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Archives|accessdate=May 4, 2012}} 12. ^"Baird". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org. 13. ^Schmidt KP, Davis DD (1941). Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. ("History of the Study of Snakes in the United States", pp. 11-16). 14. ^{{cite book|last=Kazar|first=John Dryden|title=Baird Provide Instructions for Mexican Boundary Survey|year=1973|publisher=University of Massachusetts|location=Amherst|pages=125|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_13218}} 15. ^{{cite web|last=Rothenberg|first=Marc|title=Joseph Henry Attends Lincoln's Funeral|url=http://siris-sihistory.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=133N09C3105D0.73&profile=sicall&source=~!sichronology&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!12561~!19&ri=1&aspect=power&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Spencer+Baird&index=.GW&uindex=&aspect=power&menu=search&ri=1&limitbox_1=LO01+=+sch|work=The Papers of Joseph Henry, Volume 10, January 1858-December 1865: The Smithsonian Years|publisher=Science History Publications|accessdate=May 4, 2012}} 16. ^{{cite book|last=Allard|first=Dean C.|title=Spencer Baird and the Scientific Investigation of the Northwest Atlantic, 1871-1887|year=1997|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_3637}} 17. ^{{cite web|last=Black|first=Michael|title=Tragic Remedies: A Century of Failed Fishery Policy on California's Sacramento River|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_3645|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Archives|accessdate=May 4, 2012|year=1995}} 18. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Goode|first=George Brown|title=The Smithsonian Institution, 1846-1896, The History of Its First Half Century|year=1897|publisher=De Vinne Press|location=New York|pages=838|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_530}} 19. ^Anderson, Byron (2002). "Biographical Portrait: Spencer Fullerton Baird." Forest History Today: 31-33. 20. ^Allard, Dean C. (1984). "Spencer Fullerton Baird and the Foundations of American Marine Sciences". Annapolis, Maryland: U.S. Naval Historical Center. pp. 237-239. 21. ^{{cite book|last=Damkaer|first=David M.|title=A Century of Copepods: The U.S. Fisheries Steamer Albatross|year=1999|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_3746}} 22. ^{{cite book|last=Rydell|first=Robert W.|title=All the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions|year=1984|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=0226732401|pages=10|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_2351}} 23. ^{{cite book|last=Goode|first=George Brown|title=The Smithsonian Institution, 1846-1896, The History of Its First Half Century|year=1897|publisher=De Vinne Press|location=New York|pages=839|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_544}} 24. ^{{cite book|last=Rhees|first=William Jones|title=The Smithsonian Institution: Documents Relative to Its Origin and History: 1835-1899, Vol. 1, 1835-1887|year=1901|publisher=Government Printing Office|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=789|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_610}} 25. ^American Antiquarian Society Members Directory 26. ^{{Citation | title = The American Ornithologists' Union | journal = Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club | volume = VIII | issue = 4 | pages = 221–226 |date=October 1883}} 27. ^1 {{cite book|title=Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for the year 1887|year=1889|publisher=Government Printing Office|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=3|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_323}} 28. ^{{cite web|title=A&I Draped in Mourning for Secretary Baird|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_249|work=Record Unit 198, Annual Report of Superintendent of Buildings, USNM, ending December 31, 1887|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Archives|accessdate=May 4, 2012}} 29. ^1 {{cite web|last=Powell|first=John Wesley|title=The Personal Characteristics of Professor Baird|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_3423|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Archives|accessdate=May 4, 2012}} 30. ^{{cite web|last=Herndon|first=Michael C.|title=Momento Mori|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_3815|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Archives|accessdate=May 4, 2012|year=1994}} 31. ^http://naturalhistory.si.edu/visit/museum_map/floor_plans/index.html 32. ^{{cite journal|last=Rivinus|first=Edward F.|title=Spencer Fullerton Baird: the collector of collectors|journal=American Philatelist|year=1989|volume=103|issue=11|pages=1061–1065|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_3489|accessdate=May 4, 2012}} 33. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web|title=Spencer Fullerton Baird Papers|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_217202|work=Record Unit 7002, Baird|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Archives|accessdate=May 4, 2012}} 34. ^{{cite web|last=Belote|first=Theodore T.|title=The Secretarial Cases|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_2961|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Archives|accessdate=May 4, 2012}} 35. ^{{cite web|title=108th Meeting of the Baird Ornithological Club|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_9569|work=80-2474|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Archives|accessdate=May 23, 2012}} 36. ^{{cite book|title=The Names of Cape Cod | first1 = Eugene | last1 = Green | first2 = William | last2 = Sachse | first3 = Brian | last3 = McCaulley | year = 2006 | publisher = Arcadia Press | isbn = 978-1-933212-84-5 | page = 188 }} 37. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.bemon.loven.gu.se/petymol.b.html | title = Biographical Etymology of Marine Organism Names. B | accessdate = 22 April 2018 | publisher = Hans.G.Hansson}} 38. ^1 Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Baird, S.F.", pp. 14-15). 39. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.lakeshastacaverns.com/history.html |title=Lake Shasta Caverns |accessdate=2009-03-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324062903/http://lakeshastacaverns.com/history.html |archivedate=March 24, 2009 |df=mdy-all }} External links{{Wikisource author-inline}}
16 : American naturalists|American taxonomists|1823 births|1887 deaths|American ichthyologists|American ornithologists|Dickinson College alumni|Secretaries of the Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian Institution people|Members of the American Antiquarian Society|United States Fish Commission personnel|People from Carlisle, Pennsylvania|People from Reading, Pennsylvania|Burials at Oak Hill Cemetery|West Nottingham Academy alumni|19th-century American zoologists |
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