| 词条 | Sphecidae |
| 释义 |
| image = Ammophila sabulosa01.jpg | image_caption = Podalonia sp. | name = Sphecidae | taxon = Sphecidae | authority = (Latreille, 1802) | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies | subdivision =Ammophilinae Chloriontinae Sceliphrinae Sphecinae }} The Sphecidae are a cosmopolitan family of wasps of the suborder Apocrita that includes sand wasps, mud daubers, and other thread-waisted wasps. The name Sphecidae was formerly given to a much larger grouping of wasps. This was found to be paraphyletic, so most of the old subfamilies have been moved to the Crabronidae. BiologyThe biology of the Sphecidae, even under the restricted definition, is still fairly diverse; some sceliphrines even display rudimentary forms of sociality, and some sphecines rear multiple larvae in a single large brood cell. Many nest in pre-existing cavities, or dig simple burrows in the soil, but some species construct free-standing nests of mud and even (in one genus) resin. All are predatory and parasitoidal, but the type of prey ranges from spiders to various dictyopterans, orthopteroids and larvae of either Lepidoptera or other Hymenoptera; the vast majority practice mass provisioning, providing all the prey items prior to laying the egg. PhylogenyThis cladogram is based on Debevic et al, 2012, which used molecular phylogeny to demonstrate that the bees (Anthophila) arose from deep within the Crabronidae, which is therefore paraphyletic. The placement of the Heterogynaidae is uncertain.[1] The small subfamily Mellininae was not included in their analysis. {{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%|label1=Apoidea |1={{clade |1=Ampulicidae |2={{clade |1=Heterogynaidae (possible placement #1) |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Sphecidae (sensu stricto) |2=Crabroninae (part of "Crabronidae") |label2=(rest of "Crabronidae") |2={{clade |1=Bembicini |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Nyssonini, Astatinae |2=Heterogynaidae (possible placement #2) |2={{clade |1=Pemphredoninae, Philanthinae |2=Anthophila (bees) }} }} }} }} }} }} }} Family Sphecidae (sensu stricto)The old digger wasp family Sphecidae (sensu lato) was paraphyletic and has been broken up. Only the following subfamilies remain in the new family Sphecidae (sensu stricto) which is (2014) presumed to be a clade.[2] {{anchor|Ammophilinae}}Subfamily Ammophilinae
Both of the traditional definitions of the Sphecidae (the conservative one, where all the sphecoid wasps other than ampulicids and heterogynaids were in a single large family, and the more refined one, where the seven large sphecid subfamilies were each elevated to family rank) have recently been shown to be paraphyletic, and the most recent classification is closer to the conservative scheme; the families Heterogynaidae and Ampulicidae are the sister taxa to what are now two families (instead of one), the Sphecidae and Crabronidae. Thus, the bulk of the sphecoid wasps are now placed in Crabronidae, and the Sphecidae per se are much more restricted in concept, equivalent to what used to be the subfamily Sphecinae. Family CrabronidaeAll the other digger wasp taxa that were formerly included in Sphecidae (sensu lato) are now placed in the family Crabronidae, which is however itself paraphyletic.[2] References1. ^{{cite journal |last1=Debevec |first1=Andrew H. |last2=Cardinal |first2=Sophie |last3=Danforth |first3=Bryan N. |title=Identifying the sister group to the bees: a molecular phylogeny of Aculeata with an emphasis on the superfamily Apoidea |journal=Zoologica Scripta |date=2012 |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=527–535 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00549.x |url=http://www.danforthlab.entomology.cornell.edu/files/all/debevec_etal_2012.pdf}} 2. ^1 {{cite web |last1=Pulawski |first1=Wojciech J. |title=Family Group Names and Classification [of the Sphecidae sensu lato] |url=http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/entomology/entomology_resources/hymenoptera/sphecidae/family_group_names_and_classification.pdf |accessdate=19 July 2015 |date=31 December 2014}} Sources
External links{{Commons category|Sphecidae}}
2 : Sphecidae|Apocrita families |
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