“New Zealand English phonology”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

This article covers the phonological system of New Zealand English. While New Zealanders speak differently depending on their level of cultivation (i.e. the closeness to Received Pronunciation), unless otherwise noted, this article covers the accent as it is spoken by educated speakers. The IPA transcription is one designed by {{Harvcoltxt|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007}} specifically to faithfully represent a New Zealand accent, which this article follows in most aspects (see the transcription systems table below).

Vowels

Gordon|Maclagan|2004|p=609}}

Lexical set

Phoneme

Phonetic realization

Cultivated

Broad

DRESS}}

/e/}}

e̞}}

e̝}}

TRAP}}

/ɛ/}}

æ}}

ɛ̝}}

KIT}}

ɪ̈}}

COMM{{underline|A}}}}

ə}}

NEAR}}

/iə/}}

[ɪə]}}

SQUARE}}

/eə/}}

[e̞ə]}}

FACE}}

/æe/}}

[æe]}}

[ɐe]}}

PRICE}}

/ɑe/}}

[ɑ̟e]}}

[ɒ̝ˑe ~ ɔe]}}

GOAT}}

/ɐʉ/}}

[ɵʊ]}}

[ɐʉ]}}

MOUTH}}

/æʊ/}}

[aʊ]}}

[e̞ə]}}

The vowels of New Zealand English are similar to that of other non-rhotic dialects such as Australian English and RP, but with some distinctive variations, which are indicated by the transcriptions for New Zealand vowels in the tables below:{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|pp=98–100}}

Monophthongs

Front

Central

Back

short

long

short

long

short

long

e̝|e}}

iː}}

ʉː}}

ʊ}}

oː}}

Mid

ɛ}}

ə}}

ɵː}}

ɔ|ɒ}}

Open

ɐ}}

ɐː}}

Closing

æe ɑe oe æʊ ɐʉ}}

Centring

iə eə ʊə}}

Sources differ in the way they transcribe New Zealand English. The differences are listed below. The traditional phonemic orthography for the Received Pronunciation as well as the reformed phonemic orthography for Australian English has been added for the sake of comparison.

Transcription systems}}

{{small|Help key

{{small|RP{{sfnp|Roach|2004

{{small|AuE{{sfnp|Cox|Fletcher|2017

New Zealand English

Lexical set

This article

{{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1982|pp=608–609

{{Harvcoltxt|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|pp=98–100

{{Harvcoltxt|Hay|Maclagan|Gordon|2008|pp=21–34

ɪ}}

KIT}}

ə}}

COMMA}}

ər}}

LETTER}}

iː}}

FLEECE}}

i}}

HAPPY}}

ɪər}}

ɪə}}

iə}}

NEAR}}

ʊ}}

FOOT}}

uː}}

ʉː}}

uː}}

ʉː}}

u}}

GOOSE}}

ʉːə}}

ʉː}}

oː}}

ɔː}}

ɛ}}

e}}

DRESS}}

ɜːr}}

ɜː}}

ɵː}}

ɜː}}

ɵː}}

ɜ}}

NURSE}}

ɔː}}

THOUGHT}}

NORTH}}

FORCE}}

æ}}

ɛ}}

æ}}

ɛ}}

æ}}

TRAP}}

ɑː}}

PALM}}

ɑːr}}

START}}

ʌ}}

ɐ}}

ʌ}}

ɐ}}

ʌ}}

STRUT}}

ɒ}}

ɔ}}

ɒ}}

LOT}}

eɪ}}

æɪ}}

æe}}

ʌɪ}}

æe}}

ei}}

FACE}}

ɛər}}

eə}}

eː}}

eə}}

SQUARE}}

oʊ}}

əʊ}}

əʉ}}

ɐʉ}}

ʌʊ}}

ɐʉ}}

oʊ}}

GOAT}}

ɔɪ}}

oɪ}}

oe}}

ɔɪ}}

oe}}

ɔi}}

CHOICE}}

aɪ}}

ɑɪ}}

ɑe}}

ɑɪ}}

ɑe}}

ai}}

PRICE}}

aʊ}}

æɔ}}

æʊ}}

æo}}

aʊ}}

MOUTH}}

Conditioned mergers

Consonants

Other features

Pronunciation of Māori place names

The pronunciations of many Māori place names were anglicised for most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, but since the 1980s increased consciousness of the Māori language has led to a shift towards using a Māori pronunciation. The anglicisations have persisted most among residents of the towns in question, so it has become something of a shibboleth, with correct Māori pronunciation marking someone as non-local.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

date=April 2018}}

Placename

English pronunciation

Te Reo Māori

Māori pronunciation

Cape Reinga

/ˌkæep ɹiˈɛŋə/}}

ray-i-nga

ˈɾɛːiŋa|}}

Hawera

/ˈhɐːweɹə, -wəɹ-, -ɐː/}}

ha-we-ra

ˈhaːwɛɾa|}}

Otahuhu

/ˌɐʉtəˈhʉːhʉː/}}

o-ta-hu-hu

ɔːˈtaːhʉhʉ|}}

Otorohanga

/ˌɐʉtɹəˈhɐŋə, -ˈhɒŋə/}}

o-to-ra-ha-nga

ˈɔːtɔɾɔhaŋa|}}

Paraparaumu

/ˌpɛɹəpɛˈɹæʊmʉː/}}

pa-ra-pa-rau-mu

paɾapaˈɾaumʉ|}}

Taumarunui

/ˌtæʊməɹəˈnʉːi/}}

tau-ma-ra-nu-i

ˈtaumaɾanʉi|}}

Te Awamutu

/ˌtiː əˈmʉːtʉː/}}

te a-wa-mu-tu

tɛ awaˈmʉtʉ|}}

Te Kauwhata

/ˌtiː kəˈhwɒtə/}}

te kau-fa-ta

tɛ ˈkaufata|}}

Waikouaiti

/ˈwɛkəwɑet, -wɒt/}}

wai-kou-ai-ti

ˈwaikɔuˌaːiti|}}

Some anglicised names are colloquially shortened, for example, Coke {{IPA|/kɐʉk/}} for Kohukohu, the Rapa {{IPA|/ˈɹɛpə/}} for the Wairarapa, Kura {{IPA|/ˈkʊəɹə/}} for Papakura, Papatoe {{IPA|/ˈpɛpətɐʉi/}} for Papatoetoe, Otahu {{IPA|/ˌɐʉtəˈhʉː/}} for Otahuhu, Paraparam {{IPA|/ˈpɛɹəpɛɹɛm/}} or Pram {{IPA|/pɹɛm/}} for Paraparaumu, the Naki {{IPA|/ˈnɛki/}} for Taranaki, Cow-cop {{IPA|/ˈkæʊkɒp/}} for Kaukapakapa and Pie-cock {{IPA|/ˈpɑekɒk/}} for Paekakariki.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

There is some confusion between these shortenings, especially in the southern South Island, and the natural variations of the southern dialect of Māori. Not only does this dialect sometimes feature apocope, but consonants also vary slightly from standard Māori. To compound matters, names were often initially transcribed by Scottish settlers, rather than the predominantly English settlers of other parts of the country; as such further alterations are not uncommon. Thus, while Lake Wakatipu is sometimes referred to as Wakatip,{{fix|text=English IPA needed|date=January 2017}} Oamaru as Om-a-roo {{Audio-IPA|En-nz-Oamaru.ogg|/ˌɒməˈɹʉː/|help=no}} and Waiwera South as Wy-vra {{IPA|/ˈwɑevɹə/}}, these differences may be as much caused by dialect differences – either in Māori or in the English used during transcription – as by the process of anglicisation.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} An extreme example is The Kilmog {{IPA|/ˈkəlmɒɡ/}}, the name of which is cognate with the standard Māori Kirimoko.^[9]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite journal | first1 = Zoë | last1 = Evans | first2 = Catherine I. | last2 = Watson | year = 2004 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.119.6227 | title = An acoustic comparison of Australian and New Zealand English vowel change }}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/speech-and-accent/page-3 |title=3. – Speech and accent – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand |website=Teara.govt.nz |date=2013-09-05 |accessdate=2017-01-15}}
3. ^The New Zealand accent: a clue to New Zealand identity? Pages 47-48 arts.canterbury.ac.nz
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/speech-and-accent/page-5 |title=5. – Speech and accent – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand |website=Teara.govt.nz |date=2013-09-05 |accessdate=2017-01-15}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/speech-and-accent/page-4 |title=4. Stickmen, New Zealand's pool movie – Speech and accent – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand |website=Teara.govt.nz |date=2013-09-05 |accessdate=2017-01-15}}
6. ^{{cite web |url= http://englishonline.tki.org.nz/English-Online/Exploring-language/Other-Forms-of-Variation |title=Other forms of variation in New Zealand English |work=Te Kete Ipurangi |publisher=Ministry of Education |accessdate=26 June 2013}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/speech-and-accent/page-5 |title=5. – Speech and accent – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand |website=Teara.govt.nz |date=2013-09-05 |accessdate=2017-01-15}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Worlds-Fastest-Indian-Anthony-Hopkins/dp/B000F8DBDK |title=The World's Fastest Indian: Anthony Hopkins, Diane Ladd, Iain Rea, Tessa Mitchell, Aaron Murphy, Tim Shadbolt, Annie Whittle, Greg Johnson, Antony Starr, Kate Sullivan, Craig Hall, Jim Bowman, Roger Donaldson, Barrie M. Osborne, Charles Hannah, Don Schain, Gary Hannam, John J. Kelly, Masaharu Inaba: Movies & TV |website=Amazon.com |date= |accessdate=2017-01-15}}
9. ^Goodall, M., & Griffiths, G. (1980) Maori Dunedin. Dunedin: Otago Heritage Books. p. 45: This hill [The Kilmog]...has a much debated name, but its origins are clear to Kaitahu and the word illustrates several major features of the southern dialect. First we must restore the truncated final vowel (in this case to both parts of the name, 'kilimogo'). Then substitute r for l, k for g, to obtain the northern pronunciation, 'kirimoko'.... Though final vowels existed in Kaitahu dialect, the elision was so nearly complete that pākehā recorders often omitted them entirely.

Vowels

Conditioned mergers

Consonants

Other features

Pronunciation of Māori place names

See also

References

Bibliography

Further reading