| 词条 | Spinthariscope |
| 释义 |
A spinthariscope is a device for observing individual nuclear disintegrations caused by the interaction of ionizing radiation with a phosphor (see radioluminescence) or scintillator. InventionThe spinthariscope was invented by William Crookes in 1903.[1][2] While observing the apparently uniform fluorescence on a zinc sulfide screen created by the radioactive emissions (mostly alpha radiation) of a sample of radium bromide, he spilled some of the sample, and, owing to its extreme rarity and cost, he was eager to find and recover it.[3] Upon inspecting the zinc sulfide screen under a microscope, he noticed separate flashes of light created by individual alpha particle collisions with the screen. Crookes took his discovery a step further and invented a device specifically intended to view these scintillations. It consisted of a small screen coated with zinc sulfide affixed to the end of a tube, with a tiny amount of radium salt suspended a short distance from the screen and a lens on the other end of the tube for viewing the screen. Crookes named his device from Greek σπινθήρ (spinth´ēr) "spark". Toy spinthariscopesSpinthariscopes were quickly replaced with more accurate and quantitative devices for measuring radiation in scientific experiments, but enjoyed a modest revival in the mid 20th century as children's educational toys.[4] In 1947, Kix cereal offered a Lone Ranger atomic bomb ring in exchange for a box top and 0.15 USD that contained a small one.[5][6] Spinthariscopes can still be bought today as instructional novelties, but they now use americium or thorium. In popular cultureA spinthariscope plays a pivotal role in the Rick Brant book, The Blue Ghost Mystery. References1. ^Crookes, W. Certain Properties of the Emanations of Radium. Chemical News; Vol. 87:241; 1903. 2. ^{{Cite web | last = Frame | first = Paul W. | title = The Crookes Spinthariscope | url = http://www.orau.org/ptp/articlesstories/spinstory.htm | publisher = Oak Ridge Associated Universities | date = | accessdate = 2 May 2013 }} 3. ^{{cite book|author=Alfred Romer|title=The Restless Atom: The Awakening of Nuclear Physics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHsKAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=2 May 2013|year=1960|publisher=Anchor Books}} 4. ^{{cite book|author=Bonnier Corporation|title=Popular Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vUWZaX5aZpcC&pg=PA86|accessdate=2 May 2013|date=June 2007|publisher=Bonnier Corporation|pages=86–|issn=0161-7370}} 5. ^Reif, Rita. [https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/11/arts/arts-artifacts-trivia-long-ago-serious-treasures-now.html ARTS/ARTIFACTS; Trivia Long Ago, Serious Treasures Now.] The New York Times. 11 June 1995. 6. ^Lone Ranger Atom Bomb Ring Spinthariscope (1947 – early 1950s) External links
4 : Particle detectors|Radioactivity|1903 introductions|Ionising radiation detectors |
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