“Spirit Lake (Washington)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Prior to 1980, Spirit Lake consisted of two arms that occupied what had been the valleys of the North Fork Toutle River and a tributary. About 4,000 years ago, these valleys were blocked by lahars and pyroclastic flow deposits from Mount St. Helens to form the pre-1980 Spirit Lake. The longest branch of Spirit Lake was about {{convert|2.1|mi|km}} long. A stable outlet channel flowed from the lake to the North Fork Toutle River across a natural dam composed of volcanic material. The level of Spirit Lake remained basically stable, at an altitude of about {{Convert|3198|ft|m|-1|abbr=on}}.^[2]^[4]^[5]

Climate

Pre-eruption weather data from the Spirit Lake Ranger Station indicates the area had the rare dry-summer variant of the subarctic climate (Köppen type Dsc), found in only in small areas across the world. Recent climate data for the area is not available to confirm whether the post-eruption site still has this rare climate type.

{{Weather box
|location = Spirit Lake Ranger Station, 1932-1956
|single line = Y
| Jan record high F = 53
| Feb record high F = 55
| Mar record high F = 58
| Apr record high F = 77
| May record high F = 83
| Jun record high F = 90
| Jul record high F = 97
| Aug record high F = 94
| Sep record high F = 88
| Oct record high F = 85
| Nov record high F = 63
| Dec record high F = 55
| year record high F = 97
| Jan high F = 32.9
| Feb high F = 35.3
| Mar high F = 38.1
| Apr high F = 46
| May high F = 52.4
| Jun high F = 59
| Jul high F = 71.2
| Aug high F = 70.5
| Sep high F = 63.6
| Oct high F = 52.4
| Nov high F = 41
| Dec high F = 36.2
| year high F = 49.9
| Jan low F = 24.4
| Feb low F = 24.6
| Mar low F = 26.1
| Apr low F = 29.7
| May low F = 33.1
| Jun low F = 37.6
| Jul low F = 44.7
| Aug low F = 45.2
| Sep low F = 41.8
| Oct low F = 37.1
| Nov low F = 31.2
| Dec low F = 27.9
| year low F = 33.6
| Jan record low F = -15
| Feb record low F = -15
| Mar record low F = -11
| Apr record low F = 6
| May record low F = 18
| Jun record low F = 27
| Jul record low F = 30
| Aug record low F = 32
| Sep record low F = 28
| Oct record low F = 14
| Nov record low F = -5
| Dec record low F = -1
| year record low F = -15 | precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation inch = 13.49
| Feb precipitation inch = 10.53
| Mar precipitation inch = 10.6
| Apr precipitation inch = 5.96
| May precipitation inch = 4.71
| Jun precipitation inch = 3.66
| Jul precipitation inch = 0.89
| Aug precipitation inch = 1.92
| Sep precipitation inch = 3.68
| Oct precipitation inch = 8.69
| Nov precipitation inch = 13.56
| Dec precipitation inch = 15.61
| year precipitation inch = 93.31
| Jan precipitation days = 21
| Feb precipitation days = 19
| Mar precipitation days = 20
| Apr precipitation days = 15
| May precipitation days = 14
| Jun precipitation days = 12
| Jul precipitation days = 5
| Aug precipitation days = 6
| Sep precipitation days = 9
| Oct precipitation days = 14
| Nov precipitation days = 17
| Dec precipitation days = 19
| Jan snow inch = 76.9
| Feb snow inch = 61.4
| Mar snow inch = 66.7
| Apr snow inch = 22.4
| May snow inch = 5.2
| Jun snow inch = 0
| Jul snow inch = 0
| Aug snow inch = 0
| Sep snow inch = 0.1
| Oct snow inch = 4.8
| Nov snow inch = 18.9
| Dec snow inch = 54.8
| year snow inch = 311.2
|source 1 = ^[6]
|date=November 2015
}}

Mount St. Helens eruption

During the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Spirit Lake received the full impact of the lateral blast from the volcano. The blast and the debris avalanche associated with this eruption temporarily displaced much of the lake from its bed and forced lake waters as a wave as much as {{Convert|850|ft|m|-1|abbr=on}} above lake level on the mountain slopes along the north shoreline of the lake. The debris avalanche deposited about {{convert|430000000|m3|acre-ft}} of pyrolized trees, other plant material, volcanic ash, and volcanic debris of various origins into Spirit Lake. The deposition of this volcanic material decreased the lake volume by approximately {{convert|56000000|m3|acre-ft}}. Lahar and pyroclastic flow deposits from the eruption blocked its natural pre-eruption outlet to the North Fork Toutle River valley at its outlet, raising the surface elevation of the lake by between {{Convert|197|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} and {{Convert|206|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}. The surface area of the lake was increased from 1,300 acres to about 2,200 acres and its maximum depth decreased from {{Convert|190|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} to {{Convert|110|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}. The eruption tore thousands of trees from the surrounding hillsides and swept them into Spirit Lake. These thousands of shattered trees formed a floating log raft on the lake surface that covered about 40% of the lake's surface after the eruption.^[2]^[7]

After the eruption, Spirit Lake contained highly toxic water with volcanic gases seeping up from the lake bed. A month after the eruption, the bacteria-carrying water was devoid of oxygen. Scientists predicted that the lake would not recover quickly, but the reemergence of phytoplankton starting in 1983 began to restore oxygen levels. Amphibians such as frogs and salamanders recolonized the lake, and fish (reintroduced by fishermen) thrived.^[8]^[9]

Current water level

Gallery

See also

References

1. ^¹Anonymous (2013) USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory: Spirit Lake. Mount St. Helens,Cascades Volcano Observatory.
2. ^¹²Meyer, W, and PJ Carpenter (1983) [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr82771 Filling of Spirit Lake, Washington.] Open-File Report no. 82-771. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
3. ^Anderson, DA (2013) Mount St. Helens. Arcadia Publishing, San Francisco, California. 126 pp. {{ISBN|9781467130554}}
4. ^Hopson, CA (2008) Geologic Map of Mount St. Helens, Washington Prior to the 1980 Eruption. Scale 1:62,500, Open-File Report no. 2002-468. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
5. ^Lipman, PW., and DR Mullineaux, eds. (1981) [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1250 The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington.] Professional Paper no. 1250. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. 844 pp.
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?wa7919 |title=SPIRIT LAKE RS, WA (457919) |accessdate=November 26, 2015 |publisher=Western Regional Climate Center }}
7. ^Lee DB (1993) [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wsp2438 Effects of the Eruptions of Mount St. Helens on Physical, Chemical, and Biological Characteristics of Surface Water, Ground Water, and Precipitation in the Western United States.] Water-Supply Paper no. 2438. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
8. ^Dale, VH, FJ Swanson, and CM Crisafulli, eds. (2005) [https://www.springer.com/life+sciences/ecology/book/978-0-387-23868-5 Ecological Responses to the 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens.] Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., New York, New York, 342 pp. {{ISBN|978-0387238500}}
9. ^¹Larson, D (1993) The Recovery of Spirit Lake. American Scientist. 81(2):166-177.
10. ^Swift, CH, and DL Kresch (1983) [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wri824125 Mudflow hazards along the Toutle and Cowlitz Rivers from a hypothetical failure of Spirit Lake blockage. ] Water-Resources Investigations Report no. 82-4125. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
11. ^Kresch, DL (1992) [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wri914028 Development and routing of mudflow resulting from hypothetical failure of Spirit Lake debris dam, Washington.] Water-Resources Investigations Report no. 91-4028. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
12. ^{{cite web|last1=Fredlund|first1=Diana|title=Mountain on the move Spirit Lake Outlet Tunnel team plans to repair movement to tunnel floor|url=http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fseprd489161.pdf|website=US Forest Service|publisher=US Army Corps of Engineers|accessdate=3 November 2016}}