| 词条 | Nickel mining in Western Australia |
| 释义 |
Nickel mining in Western Australia has been an industry that has had many fluctuations of fortune in its history. Large fluctuations in the world nickel price[1] have seen mines close and reopen on several occasions. In 2004/05, the value of nickel production ($2.3 billion) exceeded that of gold ($2.2 billion).[2] In the 2011 calendar year, nickel contributed $3.9 billion or four per cent to the value of the State's resources.[3] Nickel production in the same year was 188,000 tonnes. Australia (predominantly Western Australia) holds one-third of the world's known reserves of nickel-producing laterites and sulfide deposits.[4] As of 2011, Australia was the world's fifth largest nickel producer. The only other significant Australian nickel production outside Western Australia is a refinery at Yabulu, Queensland which processes ore from New Caledonia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Early minesNickel mines were developed in the late 1960s in Kambalda,[5] Laverton and the Kimberley region of Western Australia. The price of nickel peaked at about ₤7,000 per pound in late 1969, driven by demand from the Vietnam War and the major Canadian producer, Inco (now Vale Limited), being embroiled in industrial action, creating a supply shortage. In November 1969, a prospector working for Poseidon NL made a promising nickel discovery at Mount Windara near Laverton. The discovery created a spectacular investment bubble when its shares moved from $0.50 to $280 in February 1970.[6] During the early 1970s, an exploration boom fueled by speculators followed, with new companies searching for new deposits. Western Mining Corporation (WMC) purchased Poseidon and developed the find into a major mining and processing operation which continued until 1989.[7] WMC had initially identified a total resource of 8.5 million tonnes of ore @ 2.02% Ni for 172,000 tonnes of nickel metal.[8] The first shipment of nickel concentrate was made in 1974, but by this time the nickel price had fallen significantly. By 1990 the company had mined 5 million tonnes of ore at an average grade of 1.59% Ni and had produced 80,000 tonnes of the metal. Operations at Windara re-commenced several times during the 1990s. Several of the Kambalda mines have since been sold and the remainder are known the Windarra Nickel Project which, as of 2012 is under care and maintenance. WMC was taken over by BHP Billiton and the company was delisted in 2005. In 1971 the movie Nickel Queen was able to reflect upon the Poseidon bubble.[9] {{anchor|Nickel West}}Nickel WestNickel West is a division of BHP Billiton. In Western Australia, BHP Billiton's nickel operations are combined under the Nickel West Operation[10] which includes Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Leinster Nickel Mine, Kambalda Nickel Concentrator, Kalgoorlie Nickel Smelter and Kwinana Nickel Refinery. Production figures published by the company at the end of 2008 are for the whole Nickel West Operations and not broken down to individual mines. In the calendar year 2008 Nickel West produced 85,800 tonnes of nickel. At the time, Nickel West also included the Ravensthorpe Nickel Mine.[11] In 2012 there were press reports suggesting the operations may be divested.[12][13] Current mining operationsAs of 2012, nickel prices had moved to as low as $7.30 per pound.[12] Nickel is not strip mined Several of the state's nickel mines are operated by junior producers:[14]
Other operations include:
Notes1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=nickel&months=360|title=Nickel Monthly Price - US Dollars per Metric Ton|work=Index Mundi|accessdate=2012-10-31}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rdage.com.au/uploaded/files/client_added/EconomicPerspectives_goldfieldEsp.pdf|title=An update on the economy of Western Australia’s Goldfields-Esperance Region|date=July 2006|work=Department of Local Government and Regional Development and the Goldfields-Esperance Development Commission}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dmp.wa.gov.au/1525.aspx|title=Western Australian resources industry delivers a record $107 billion in sales in 2011|work=Department of Mines and Petroleum|accessdate=26 October 2012}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/nickel/mcs-2012-nicke.pdf|work=U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries|title=Nickel|date=January 2012}} 5. ^{{Citation | author1=Western Mining Corporation | title=Kambalda nickel project : opening ceremony by the Honourable David Brand, M.L.A., Premier of Western Australia, Friday 15th September 1967 | publication-date=1967 | publisher=The Corporation | url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/157829778 | accessdate=26 October 2012 }} 6. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/most-ridiculous-bubbles-ever-2010|title=The 10 Most Ridiculous Price Bubbles In History|work=Business Insider|date=11 October 2010}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.poseidon-nickel.com.au/UserDir/Presentations/AIG_WindarraNickelProject_June2011_PDF%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D3.pdf|title=Windarra Nickel Project|work=Poseidon Nickel|date=June 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409225456/http://poseidon-nickel.com.au/UserDir/Presentations/AIG_WindarraNickelProject_June2011_PDF%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D3.pdf|archivedate=9 April 2013|df=dmy-all}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.poseidon-nickel.com.au/projects/mt-windarra|title=Mount Windara|work=Poseidon Nickel|accessdate=2012-10-26}} 9. ^{{Citation | author1=Verevis, Constantine | title=After the nickel boom | publication-date=2001 | publisher=British Australian Studies Association | url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/36997178 | accessdate=26 October 2012 }} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bhpbilliton.com/home/investors/reports/Pages/Roll%20up%20Pages/Nickel-West-Media-Tour.aspx|title=Nickel West Media Tour|date=19 September 2007|work=BHP Billiton}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bhpbilliton.com/bbContentRepository/docs/bhpBillitonProductionReportForTheHalfYearEnded31December2008.pdf|title=BHP Billiton Quarterly Production Report – December 2008|page=11|date=21 January 2009|accessdate=11 December 2009}} 12. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-10-26/bhp-considering-job-cuts-at-nickel-west/4335466?section=wa|work=ABC News|title=BHP may offload Nickel West: analyst|date=26 October 2012}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/newshome/14681929/bhp-takes-razor-to-wa-nickel/|title=BHP takes razor to WA nickel|author=Nick Evans|work=The West Australian|date=28 August 2012}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mincor.com.au/images/mincor-48--shohreixuc.pdf|title=Nickel's Wild Ride Leaves Investors Reeling|work=Business News|date=20 October 2011|author=Paul Garvey}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mincor.com.au/kambalda_nickel_operations/current_mining_operations___nickel_projects.phtml|title= Kambalda Nickel Operations / Current Mining Operations & Nickel Projects |work=Mincor|accessdate=2012-10-26}} 16. ^Western Areas NL Australian Shares. Retrieved on 2014-10-08. 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.panoramicresources.com/go/operations/savannah|title=Panoramic Resources|accessdate=2012-10-26|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708020327/http://www.panoramicresources.com/go/operations/savannah|archivedate=8 July 2012|df=dmy-all}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.panoramicresources.com/go/operations/lanfranchi|title=Lanfranchi|accessdate=2012-10-26|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619000034/http://www.panoramicresources.com/go/operations/lanfranchi|archivedate=19 June 2012|df=dmy-all}} 2 : Nickel mining in Western Australia|Economy of Western Australia |
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