“Spivak pronoun”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Spivak pronouns are a set of gender-neutral pronouns in English promulgated on LambdaMOO based on pronouns used by Michael Spivak. Though not in widespread use, they have been employed in writing for gender-neutral language by those who dislike the standard terms "he/she" or singular they.

Three variants of the Spivak pronouns are in use, highlighted in the declension table below.

The original ey has been argued to be preferable to e, because the latter would be pronounced the same as he in those contexts where he, him, his loses its h sound.^[3]

History

The precise history of the Spivak pronouns is unclear, since they appear to have been independently created multiple times, each time likely without knowledge of the previous.

The first recorded^[4] use of the pronouns was in a January 1890 editorial by one James Rogers, who derives e, es, and em from he and them in response to the proposed "thon."^[5] Coincidentally, Scottish author David Lindsay used similar forms ae and aer in his novel A Voyage to Arcturus, referring, however, to non-terrestrial sapients "unmistakably of a third positive sex".

In 1975, Christine M. Elverson of Skokie, Illinois, won a contest by the Chicago Association of Business Communicators to find replacements for "she and he", "him and her", and "his and hers". Her "transgender pronouns" ey, em, and eir were formed by dropping the "th" from they, them, and their.^[6] (See 'em.) The article that first reported the pronouns treated them as something of a joke, concluding with the line, "A contestant from California entered the word 'uh' because 'if it isn't a he or a she, it's uh, something else.' So much of eir humor."^[7]

Writing in 1977, poet, playwright, and linguist Lillian Carlton submitted a letter to the journal American Speech reporting (and arguing against) the invention by "an American professor" (likely Dr. Donald MacKay^[8]) of pronouns based on "the long sound of the vowel e i." ^[9] Although her primary argument against the proposed word is her assertion that English "already [has] a perfectly good... word that refers to either sex," namely "one," she also raises the observations that "spoken fast, it comes uncomfortably close to the illiterate hisself... [Furthermore], ee sounds too much like he and would therefore be confusing."^[9] Similar arguments, along with the desire to distance themselves from the male-centric singular "he" and derivatives, are still a primary factor in the proliferation of constructed pronouns{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}.

Also in 1977, Jeffery J. Smith, Emeritus Professor of Philosophy and Humanities at Stanford University, writing under the pen name "Tintajl jefry," proposed "Em" as "a personal noun-pronoun which in itself gives no indication of sex, age, or number, though these may be shown by its context."^[10] He proposes a vast number of possible uses for "em," including but not limited to the replacement of "the formal Dear, because em is a thou word, a term of respect for all people, bar none... Dear Em Doe is redundant. Em Doe is enough, and, since it is brief; it makes room for given names: Em John Doe, Em Mary and John Doe, or, better, Em Doe John, Em Doe John and Mary."

The May 1980 issue of American Psychologist reported on another study by MacKay, testing rates at which subjects miscomprehended the gender of a subject in textbook paragraphs when written with he meaning he or she compared with three epicene pronoun sets: E, E, Es, Eself; e, e, es, eself; and tey, tem, ter, temself.^[11]

In 1983, a mathematician-educator, Michael Spivak, wrote an AMS-TeX manual, The Joy of TeX (1983), using E, Em, and Eir. His set was similar to Elverson's, but capitalized like one of MacKay's sets.

In May 1991, a MOO programmer, Roger Crew, added "spivak" as a gender setting for players on LambdaMOO, causing the game to refer to such players with the pronouns e, em, eir, eirs, emself. The setting was added along with several other "fake genders" in order to test changes to the software's pronoun code, and was left in place as a novelty. To Crew's surprise, the Spivak setting caught on among the game's players, while the other gender settings were mostly ignored.^[12]^[13]

Other writers applied Elverson's original “th”-dropping rule and revived “ey”, such as Eric Klein in his legal code for a planned micronation called Oceania.^[14] John Williams's Gender-neutral Pronoun FAQ (2004) promoted the original Elverson set (via Klein) as preferable to other major contenders popular on Usenet (singular they, sie/hir/hir/hirs/hirself, and zie/zir/zir/zirs/zirself).^[15]

Usage

Spivak is one of the allowable genders on many MUDs (multi-user dungeon) and MOOs (MUD object-oriented). Others might include some selection of: masculine, feminine, neuter, either, both, "splat" (asterisk), plural, egotistical, royal, and 2nd. The selected gender determines how the game engine refers to a player.

On LambdaMOO, they became standard practice for help texts ("The user may choose any description e likes"), referring to people of unknown gender ("Who was that guest yesterday, eir typing was terrible"), referring to people whose gender was known but without disclosing it ("Yes I've met Squiggle. E was nice."), or of course characters declaring themselves to be of gender Spivak. In recent years (2000 onwards), this usage has been declining.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}

The role-playing game Magical Diary uses spivak pronouns in spell descriptions to refer to the caster, and explains them in an event as a part of magical culture necessitated by interaction with nonhuman species.

Spivak pronouns and gender in virtual communities

In online anonymous situations, Spivak and other gender neutral pronouns can be motivated by avoiding gendered speech that would make divisions in the social group more likely and the group possibly less productive or enjoyable.^[17] This contact with genderless pronouns in virtual communities is sometimes a person's first experience and experimentation with presenting their gender in a genderqueer or transgender manner.^[18] Furthermore, the pronouns have been adopted by some to mean not only an unknown gendered hypothetical person as Spivak uses it,^[19] but a non-binary identity indicating a known person.

Publications employing Spivak pronouns

Elverson 1975 set (ey, eir, em)

"Spivak" 1991 set (e, eir, em)

See also

Notes

References

1. ^{{cite newsgroup | date = 1992-05-26 | newsgroup = rec.games.mud | title = Re: cross-gendered players | first = Judy | last = Anderson |message-id= 1992May26.192745.7155@lucid.com | url = https://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.mud/msg/cb352563ae2118ed }}
2. ^From 1998 through 2011, LambdaMOO's "help spivak" output described the spivak set as "E – subject", "Em – objective", "Eir – possessive (adjective)", "Eirs – possessive (noun)" and "Emself – reflexive".
3. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20140202215940/http://www.aetherlumina.com/gnp/technical.html#declensiongnp]
4. ^{{cite journal |last=Baron |first=Dennis E. |title=The Epicene Pronoun: The Word That Failed |journal=American Speech |volume=56 |issue=2 |year=1981 |pages=83–97 |jstor=455007 }}
5. ^¹Rogers, James "That Impersonal Pronoun." Editorial. Comp. William Henry Hills The Writer Boston. Jan. 1890, 4th ed.: 12-13. Google Books. Google. Web. Accessed 31 July 2014. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QQQ-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA312#v=onepage&q&f=false].
6. ^Scanned clipping from {{cite news | date = 1975-08-23 | title = Ey has a word for it | newspaper = Chicago Tribune | first = Judie | last = Black | section = 1 | page = 12 }}, published in {{cite journal | date = 2011-07-02 | title= The Rise of "Transgender" | author = "Guest Blogger" | journal = The Bilerico Project | url = http://www.bilerico.com/2011/07/the_rise_of_transgender.php | accessdate = 2011-10-27 }}
7. ^¹Black, Judie. "Ey Has a Word for It." Chicago Tribune 23 Aug. 1975, sec. 1: 12.
8. ^{{cite journal |last=Martyna |first=Wendy |title=Beyond the ‘He/Man’ Approach: The Case for Nonsexist Language |journal=Signs |volume=5 |issue=3 |year=1980 |pages=492 |jstor=3173588 }} Citing Donald G. MacKay, "Birth of a Word," manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles. However, if MacKay ever wrote this manuscript, it does not appear on his CV or anywhere else easily discernable.
9. ^¹²{{cite journal |last=Carlton |first=Lillian E. |title=An Epicene Suggestion |journal=American Speech |volume=54 |issue=2 |year=1979 |pages=156–57 |jstor=455219 }}
10. ^¹jefry [sic.], Tintajl. "Una: The Emerging Language of the World". (Em Institute 1997), pp. 1-4., cited in Lockheed, Marlaine E. Curriculum and Research for Equity: A Training Manual for Promoting Sex Equity in the Clasroom. Rep. no. Classroom Guide. Washington, DC.: Women's Educational Equity Act Program (ED), 1982. pp. 110-113
11. ^{{cite journal |date=May 1980 | first = Donald G. | last = MacKay | title = Psychology, Prescriptive Grammar, and the Pronoun Problem | journal = American Psychologist | volume = 35 | issue = 5 | url = http://mackay.bol.ucla.edu/1980%20pronoun%20problem%20ap%201980.pdf | doi = 10.1037/0003-066x.35.5.444}}
12. ^{{cite book | title = CyberSociety 2.0: revisiting computer-mediated communication and community | first = Steve | last = Jones | date = 1998-07-15 | publisher = Sage Publications | isbn = 978-0-7619-1461-7 }}
13. ^Moomail from Rog to Lig, 2001-08-26, quoted in {{cite journal | title = Spivak | first = Sue | last = Thomas | journal = The Barcelona Review | issue = 35 |date=March–April 2003 | url = http://barcelonareview.com/35/e_st.htm | accessdate = 2011-10-27 }}
14. ^{{cite web | year = 1993 | title = Laws of Oceania | first = Eric | last = Klein | work = Oceania — The Atlantis Project | url = http://oceania.org/laws.html }}
15. ^{{cite web|year=2004 |title=Gender-neutral Pronoun FAQ |first=John |last=Williams |url=http://www.aetherlumina.com/gnp/ |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209103126/http://www.aetherlumina.com/gnp/ |archivedate=February 9, 2014 }}
16. ^Martin, W. Eric. Meta-Gaming 101. Games. Issue 193 (Vol. 27, No. 7). Pg.7. September 2003.
17. ^Herring, Susan. "Gender Differences in Computer-Mediated Communication: Bringing Familiar Baggage to the New Frontier." Making the Net*Work: Is There a Z39.50 in Gender Communication? American Library Association Annual Convention, Miami. 27 June 1994. Web. 1 Aug. 2014.
18. ^Jones, Steven, Cybersociety 2.0: Revisiting Computer-Mediated Community and Technology, Sage Publications, Inc., United Kingdom, 1998
19. ^Spivak, Michael. "Personal Pronoun Pronouncement." Preface. The Joy of TEX: A Gourmet Guide to Typesetting with the AMS-TEX Macro Package. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, 1990. Xv. Print.
20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.orionsarm.com/eg-article/495360fba7a46 |title=Pronouns, Anglish |last= |first= |date=2001-03-06 |website=orionsarm.com |publisher= |access-date=2017-07-26 |quote=}}