| 词条 | Nicolai Anders von Hartwiss | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Nicolai Anhorn von Hartwiss |image = |image_size = |caption = |birth_name = Nikolaus Ernst Bartholomäus Anhorn von Hartwiss |birth_date = 24 May 1793 |birth_place = Kokenhof, Livonia |death_date = 6 December 1860 |death_place = Artek, Crimea |death_cause = |resting_place = |resting_place_coordinates = |residence = Artek near Ayu-Dag, Crimea |nationality = Russian |other_names = |known_for = |education = University of Dorpat (= Tartu) |employer = Nikita Imperial Botanic Garden, Yalta, Crimea |occupation = botanist and plant breeder |home_town = |title = Director of the Botanic Garden |salary = |networth = |height = |weight = |term = 1827–1860 |predecessor = H.H. Steven |successor = |party = |boards = |spouse = Elizabeth Feodorovna Baroness von Rosen |partner = |children = |parents = Heinrich Ernst Anhorn von Hartwiss of Livonia and Christiane Anhorn von Hartwiss (his first cousin) |relatives = |signature = |website = |footnotes = }} Nicolai Anhorn von Hartwiss (Николай Андерс фон Хартвис;[1] 1793–1860) was a Livonian-born Russian botanist, plant explorer and plant breeder. His education at the university in Tartu was interrupted by the Napoleonic Wars 1812–1818 when he served in the Russian army. Afterwards he worked on his father's estate and by 1824 was living in Riga and had a collection of 500 varieties of fruit trees and roses. He was then appointed to the Russian Imperial Botanical Garden at Nikita where he served as a director for the rest of his career. He is remembered for his plant collection explorations of Georgia and the Crimea, and for the breeding of roses. LifeVon Hartwiss was born Nikolaus Ernst Bartholomäus Anhorn von Hartwiss in 1793 at his father's estate at Kokenhof near Wolmar, Livonia (now Valmiera, Latvia).[2] The family Anhorn von Hartwiss (double name) comes from Switzerland. His grandfather Silvester Samuel (1708–1782) descended from Swiss Protestant pastors and emigrated to Russia. His father, Heinrich Ernst was a registered member of the Livonian nobility (reg. 1769). He married his first cousin Christina Louisa. Nikolaus was their tenth child.[3][4] By that time Livonia (roughly present day Latvia and the southern part of Estonia) had been absorbed (under the Governorate of Livonia) into the Russian Empire, but the nobility still retained its ancient Baltic German forms and spoke Low German.[5][6] Nikolaus was educated at German-speaking Dorpat (now Tartu) university (1809-1812), where his studies were interrupted by Napoleon.[3][4][7] He was an officer of the Russian Army in the Napoleonic Wars 1812–1818, discharged with wounds.[3] This implies that he was (and remained) a subject of the Tsar, not in any sense a Russian citizen.[7] Von Hartwiss at one time gained practical gardening experience laying out fields of flowers, fruit trees and both exotic and domestic trees on his father's estate.[3] In 1819–1824 he lived in Riga, gardening and fruit growing, with a collection of 500 varieties of fruit trees and roses.[4] In 1824 he was appointed by Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov, governor-general of New Russia, to the Russian Imperial Botanical Garden at Nikita in Yalta on the south coast of the Crimea. In 1827 he became its second director, which he remained until he died. He extended the Garden's collection of plant varieties from more than a thousand to about three thousand, including the largest collection of fruit varieties in Europe.[4] From Nikita he organised plant hunting expeditions into the surrounding territories, especially the Crimea and Abkhazia in the Caucasus.[3][4] He and his first wife, Elizabeth Feodorovna Baroness von Rosen, had a 500-acre estate[8] called Artek near Bear Mountain (Ayu-Dag) in the Crimea.[9] After the death of his first wife in 1855 he married a young girl from Riga in Simferopol on 2 Feb. 1858, Leontine Werther, who died at the end of the same year giving birth to a daughter.[4][10] ExplorationVon Hartwiss collected plants in Georgia and the Crimea. Some species were named by him, some named after him.[3] "Three long expeditions [were made] to the Caucasus in search of new ornamental plants for the Crimea … Caucasian fir, spruce, … Caucasian basswood, rhododendrons, azaleas and other flowering shrubs."[4] Eponyms
Plant breedingVon Hartwiss imported many plants for the Botanic Garden, including roses. In 1827 he began to breed roses. These were partly for the Garden itself, but also for the Alupka Palace of Count (later Prince) Michael Vorontsov. Some thirty of his roses were sold from the Alupka Palace nursery.[3][17] Roses bredVon Hartwiss bred more than 100 varieties of roses at the Nikita Garden.[3] Two are still growing at the Alupka Palace: 'Comtesse Elizabeth Woronzof' 1829 and 'Belle de Nikita' 1829. There may also be his rose 'Mignonette d'Alupka' 1829, thought by some to be the rose imported into France and sold as 'Maréchal Niel'.[9][18] Hartwiss's hand-written 1834 catalogue of roses at Nikita lists scores of roses bred there identified only by description.[17] The Crimean Rose Society – including roses bred after 1834 – lists 127 named varieties.[19] Sortable selection of Hartwiss-bred roses[17][20][21]
References1. ^ru.wikipedia.org/.../Список_ботаников_по_их_сокращениям Scientific abbreviations in botany 2. ^{{cite journal|last=Galichenko|first=Anna Abramovna|title=The Correspondence of N. Hartwiss with M.S. Vorontsov|journal=Nobility in the history of the Russian state: Proceedings of the third Vorontsov lectures|place=Simferopol|year=2001|url=http://www.kajuta.net/node/1326|accessdate=25 April 2012|language=Russian}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite journal|last=Galichenko|first=Anna Abramovna|title=Nicholas Hartwiss and the rose collection of the Imperial Botanic Garden at Nikita|journal=Bulletin of the State Botanic Garden Nikita|year=2001|url=http://www.kajuta.net/node/2114|volume=83|place=Yalta|accessdate=25 April 2012|language=Russian}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite journal|last=Klimenko|first=Zinaida Konstantinovna|title=Nikolai Andreyevich Hartwiss, second director of the Nikita Botanic Garden|journal=Bulletin of the Nikita State Botanic Garden|year=2006|volume=92|place=Yalta|url=http://kajuta.net/node/2116|accessdate=25 April 2012|language=Russian|display-authors=etal}} 5. ^{{cite book|last=Christiansen|first=Eric|title=The Northern Crusades|year=1997|publisher=Penguin|location=London|isbn=0140266534|page=92|edition=New}} 6. ^{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Norman|title=Vanished kingdoms : the history of half-forgotten Europe|year=2011|publisher=Allen Lane|location=London|isbn=978-1-846-14338-0}} Especially the chapter "Litva". 7. ^1 {{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Benedict|title=Imagined communities : reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism|date=1996|publisher=Verso|location=London [u.a.]|isbn=0860915468|page=87|edition=Rev. ed., 7. impr.}} 8. ^{{cite news|last1=McFarquar|first1=Neil|title=To Many in Crimea, Corruption Seems No Less at Home Under Russian Rule|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/14/world/europe/in-crimea-a-disputed-beach-is-a-symbol-of-corruption.html?_r=0|accessdate=24 August 2015|publisher=New York Times|date=13 August 2015}} 9. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Arbatskaya|first=Yu. and K. Vikhlyaeva|title=Rosa 'Alupka'. The detective on the botanical trail.|year=2011|url=http://kajuta.net/node/2710|accessdate=25 April 2012|language=Russian}} 10. ^{{cite journal|last=Arbatskaya|first=Yu.|title=Sad Ghost: the Hartwiss Park in Artek|year=2012|url=http://kajuta.net/node/2594|accessdate=25 April 2012|language=Russian}} 11. ^Gartenfl. (1857) 342. (IK) 12. ^Ueb. Pfl. Acclimat. in Russl. 6. (IK) 13. ^{{cite web|title=Stranzhda Natural Park|url=http://www.casadomingo.info/trips_park_en.html|accessdate=30 April 2013}} 14. ^Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou xxx. (1857) I. 387. (IK) 15. ^{{cite web|title=Quercus hartwissiana|url=http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Quercus_hartwissiana|accessdate=30 April 2013}} 16. ^Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada viii. (1883) 61, nomen. (IK) 17. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last=Galichenko|first=Anna Abramovna|title=Inhaling the scent of Roses|journal=World of Estate Culture. Eighth Crimean International Scientific Readings|url=http://kajuta.net/node/1266|accessdate=25 April 2012|language=Russian}} No date. 18. ^{{cite journal|last=Arbatskaya|first=Yu.|title=Old roses on the south coast of Crimea|date=c. 2011|url=http://kajuta.net/node/2624|accessdate=25 April 2012|language=Russian}} 19. ^{{cite web|title=Heritage Roses in Crimea (Ukraine)|url=http://roses-crimea.com/|publisher=Association Rose Amateurs of Crimea|accessdate=10 January 2014}} 20. ^{{cite journal|last=Klimenko|first=Zinaida Konstantinovna|title=Summary of Rose Breeding 1824–2010 in the Nikita Botanic Garden|journal=Bulletin of the Nikita Botanic Garden|volume=100|year=2010|pages=49–55|language=Russian}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.helpmefind.com/gardening/l.php?l=7.22639&tab=21|title='Gartvis / Anhorn von Hartwiss, Nikolaj Andreevič (Nikolaus)' plant lists|author=HelpMeFind|work=helpmefind.com}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.helpmefind.com/rose/l.php?l=2.66064.0|title='Baronessa Julija Berkheim' Rose|author=HelpMeFind|work=helpmefind.com}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.helpmefind.com/rose/l.php?l=2.66058.0|title='Prekrasnaja Livonija' Rose|author=HelpMeFind|work=helpmefind.com}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.helpmefind.com/rose/l.php?l=2.66055.0|title='Prekrasnaja Nikita' Rose|author=HelpMeFind|work=helpmefind.com}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.helpmefind.com/rose/l.php?l=2.66060.0|title='Prekrasnaja Riga' Rose|author=HelpMeFind|work=helpmefind.com}} 26. ^{{cite web|title='Blanche de Riga'|url=http://www.helpmefind.com/gardening/l.php?l=2.66623.1|work=Help Me Find|accessdate=22 April 2013}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.helpmefind.com/rose/l.php?l=2.66056.0|title='Buket Nikity' Rose|author=HelpMeFind|work=helpmefind.com}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.helpmefind.com/rose/l.php?l=2.43813.0|title='Comtesse de Woronzoff' Rose|author=HelpMeFind|work=helpmefind.com}} 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.helpmefind.com/rose/l.php?l=2.66063.1|title='Comtesse Natalie Tchernischoff' Rose|author=HelpMeFind|work=helpmefind.com}} 30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.helpmefind.com/rose/l.php?l=2.66059.0|title='Temno-brilliantovaja Livonija' Rose|author=HelpMeFind|work=helpmefind.com}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.helpmefind.com/rose/l.php?l=2.66057.0|title='Nesravnennaja Livonija' Rose|author=HelpMeFind|work=helpmefind.com}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.helpmefind.com/rose/l.php?l=2.25377.0|title='Alupka' Rose|author=HelpMeFind|work=helpmefind.com}} 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.helpmefind.com/rose/l.php?l=2.66061.0|title='Tenistaja Riga' Rose|author=HelpMeFind|work=helpmefind.com}} 34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.helpmefind.com/rose/l.php?l=2.66066.0|title='Knjaginja Anna Galitsyna' Rose|author=HelpMeFind|work=helpmefind.com}} External links
10 : Imperial Russian botanists|Rose breeders|1793 births|1860 deaths|Agronomists|Botanists with author abbreviations|University of Tartu alumni|People from the Governorate of Livonia|19th-century botanists|19th-century Russian scientists |
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