词条 | Split ergativity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
{{Hatnote|This article may contain information that is already published in another article on the same subject or may be repeating information already explained.}}{{Linguistic typology topics}} Split ergativity is a term used by comparative linguists to refer to languages where some constructions use ergative syntax and morphology, but other constructions show another pattern, usually nominative-accusative. The conditions in which ergative constructions are used varies from language to language. Nominative-accusative vs. ergative-absolutive{{main|Ergative-absolutive languages}}Nominative-accusative languages (including European languages, with the notable exception of Basque) treat both the actor in a clause with a transitive verb and the experiencer in a clause with an intransitive verb in the same way grammatically. If the language uses case markers, they take the same case. If it uses word order, it is parallel. For example, consider these two English sentences The grammatical role of "Jane" is identical. In both cases, "Jane" is the subject. In ergative-absolutive languages (including Basque language, Georgian language and Mayan language), there is a different pattern. The patient (or target) of a transitive verb and the experiencer of an intransitive verb are treated the same grammatically. If the two sentences above were expressed in an ergative language, "John" in the former and "Jane" in the latter would be parallel grammatically. Also, a different form (the ergative) would be used for "Jane" in the first sentence. (There is no easy way to represent that construction in English.) In split ergative languages, some constructions pattern with nominative-accusative, and others with ergative-absolutive. Split conditionsThe split is usually conditioned by one of the following:
ExamplesAn example of split ergativity, conditioned by tense and aspect, is found in Hindustani (Hindi/Urdu), which has an ergative case on subjects in the perfective aspect for transitive verbs in the active voice. However, in all other aspects (habitual, progressive), subjects appear in the direct case:
"The boy bought a book." In the first sentence, the verb in present tense has the masculine ending -ā, agreeing with laṛkā (boy), but in the second sentence, the verb in past tense has the feminine ending -ī, agreeing with the feminine noun kitāb (book). "Boy" now appears as laṛke-ne, literally "by the boy". In Columbia River Sahaptin, the split is determined by the person of both subject and object. The ergative suffix -nɨm occurs only for third-person subjects for which the direct object is in the first or the second person.
"And the man saw me."
"And the man saw you."
"And the man saw him." Another ergative suffix, -in, marks the subject in the inverse. Both subject and object are then always in the third-person. Direct (same as above example):
"And the man saw him." Inverse:
"And the man saw him." Notes1. ^https://www.academia.edu/3887136/_Optional_ergativity_in_Tibeto-Burman_languages 2. ^1 The morph-by-morph analysis has been simplified to show the features relevant to the topic of split ergativity. Bibliography{{refbegin}}
1 : Grammar |
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