| 词条 | Nicolson pavement |
| 释义 |
Nicolson pavement, alternatively spelled "Nicholson" and denominated wooden block pavement and wood block pavement, is a road surface material consisting of wooden blocks. Samuel Nicolson invented it in the mid 19th century.[1] Wooden block pavement has since become unfavored because of its poor surface quality and high cost of maintenance. HistoryWood block pavement may have originated in Russia in the 14th century, but it gained prominence in the 1820s and 1830s as a road building alternative to the irregularly surfaced cobblestone streets common during that era.[2] Wood block was also favored because stone was scarce and wood was abundant.[3] Additionally, horse traffic reportedly made less noise on wood-surfaced streets.[4] However, the drawbacks of Nicolson pavement include slippery surfaces when wet or icy,[4][5] and the tendency of the blocks to rot, decay, and heave due to moisture seeping between the blocks.[6] When treated with creosote, wood block pavement would last longer, but the creosoted pavement had a noticeable unpleasant smell.[2] {{Quote box|quote = M. Gourieff introduced [to St. Petersburg] the hexagonal wooden pavement with which, in London, we are all acquainted. This, with continuous reparation, answers pretty well, taking into consideration that equality of surface seems utterly unattainable, that the knavish contractors supply blocks so rotten as to be worthless a few days after they are put down, and that the horses are continually slipping and frequently falling on the perilous highway. It is unpleasant, also, to be semi-asphyxiated each time you take your walks abroad, by the fumes of the infernal pitch-cauldrons, round which the moujik workmen gather, like witches. |source = Charles Dickens, A Journey Due North, 1856. |width = 50% |align = center }} Nicolson pavement was the focus of a Supreme Court case, City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co. which held that while the public use of an invention more than one year prior to the inventor's application for a patent normally causes the inventor to lose his right to a patent, there is an exception to this rule for public uses for experimental purposes. RemnantsRemnants of Nicolson pavement still exist in several cities across the US. Touted as the only remaining wooden street in the US, Roslyn Place in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is completely paved in wooden blocks.[4][5] In addition, patches of creosoted wooden block pavement are still visible in an alley along 10th street between Olive and Locust Streets in St. Louis, Missouri,[6] and at least three other alleys in Chicago, Illinois, still retain the use of wood block pavement, though some are in states of disrepair.[7] The 200 block of Camac Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is also paved with wooden blocks, and it is regularly maintained, having been listed in the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places.[8] Hessler Court in Cleveland, Ohio, known for its Hessler Street Fair, likewise maintains its Nicolson Pavement for historic reasons.[9] In 2009, a series of wood block pavers were installed in Wall Street in New York City from Broadway to William Street. The locations of the pavers follow the exact path of the Dutch wooden defense wall that gave the street its name. [10] See also
References1. ^{{cite web| title = The Nicolson pavement, invented by Samuel Nicolson, of Boston, Mass. | url = http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;idno=AJR3196.0001.001}} 2. ^1 {{cite web|title=Manhattan’s First Experiments with Wooden Streets|url=http://www.manhattanpast.com/2012/manhattans-first-experiments-with-wooden-streets/}} 3. ^{{cite web| title = Wood Block Alleys | url = http://forgottenchicago.com/articles/wood-block-alleys/}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite web| title = Shadyside's wooden street paves its way to greatness | url = http://www.post-gazette.com/life/lifestyle/2004/03/21/Shadyside-s-wooden-street-paves-its-way-to-greatness/stories/200403210204}} 5. ^1 {{cite web| title = I was told that there was a wooden street located in Shadyside or Squirrel Hill. Is this true? And if so, what is the history behind it? | url = http://www.pghcitypaper.com/pittsburgh/i-was-told-that-there-was-a-wooden-street-located-in-shadyside-or-squirrel-hill-is-this-true-and-if-so-what-is-the-history-behind-it/Content?oid=1340691}} 6. ^1 {{cite web| title = The Creosoted Wood Block: One Step in the Evolution of St. Louis Paving | url = http://www.landmarks-stl.org/news/the_creosoted_wood_block_one_step_in_the_evolution_of_st_louis-paving/}} 7. ^{{cite web| title = Wood Block Alleys | url = http://forgottenchicago.com/articles/wood-block-alleys/}} 8. ^{{cite web| title = Camac Street's wooden blocks repaired | url = http://planphilly.com/eyesonthestreet/2012/11/05/camac-streets-wooden-blocks-repaired}} 9. ^{{cite web| title = Walking a Cleveland street paved completely of wood is walking a pathway to the past| url = http://www.newsnet5.com/news/local-news/my-ohio/walking-a-cleveland-street-paved-completely-of-wood-is-walking-a-pathway-to-the-past| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140519203953/http://www.newsnet5.com/news/local-news/my-ohio/walking-a-cleveland-street-paved-completely-of-wood-is-walking-a-pathway-to-the-past| archivedate = 2014-05-19}} 10. ^{{cite web| title = Trace the Original Wall of Wall Street with Wooden Markers Hidden in Plain Sight | url = https://untappedcities.com/2017/01/26/trace-the-original-wall-of-wall-street-with-this-series-of-forgotten-wooden-markers/}} 5 : Pavements|Road construction|Pavement engineering|Road construction materials|Civil engineering |
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