| 词条 | Niggers in the White House |
| 释义 |
"Niggers in the White House" is a poem that was published in newspapers around the United States between 1901 and 1903.[1] The poem was written in reaction to an October 1901 White House dinner hosted by Republican President Theodore Roosevelt, who had invited Booker T. Washington, an African-American presidential adviser, as a guest. The poem reappeared in 1929 after First Lady Lou Hoover, wife of President Herbert Hoover, invited the wife of African-American congressman Oscar De Priest to a tea for congressmen's wives at the White House.[2] Both visits triggered widespread condemnation by many throughout the United States, particularly throughout the South. Elected representatives in Congress and state legislatures from southern states voiced objections to the presence of an African American as a guest of the First Family. The poem is composed of fourteen four-line stanzas, in each of which the second and fourth lines rhyme. The poem also frequently uses the titular epithet "nigger" (over 20 times) as a term to represent African Americans. Republican Senator Hiram Bingham of Connecticut described the poem as "indecent, obscene doggerel."[3] The identity of the author, who used the byline "unchained poet", remains unknown. {{TOC limit|2}}History{{double image|right|Booker T Washington retouched flattened-crop.jpg|150|Theodore Roosevelt c1902 mid crop.jpg|163|Left: Booker T. Washington; Right: Theodore Roosevelt}}The poem was written in 1901, appearing in the Missouri Sedalia Sentinel on 25 October.[4] It followed widespread news reports that President Theodore Roosevelt and his family had dinner with African-American presidential adviser Booker T. Washington at the White House on 16 October of that year.[4] Several journalists and politicians condemned Roosevelt's action, claiming, among other things, that such an act made the two men appear equal in terms of social status.[3][7][4] Democratic Senator Benjamin Tillman from South Carolina remarked, "The action of President Roosevelt in entertaining that nigger will necessitate our killing a thousand niggers in the South before they will learn their place again."[5] The poem was reprinted in the Greenwood Commonwealth in January 1903, after which it circulated in a number of newspapers during 1903, including in The Dispatch on 18 February 1903 and the Kentucky New Era on 10 March 1903. A card-mounted copy of the poem cut from the Sedalia Sentinel forms part of the Theodore Roosevelt papers preserved by the Library of Congress. A typed caption had been added, stating, "Publications like this show something of what is the matter with Missouri."[1] The poem resurfaced in June 1929 due to a public outcry triggered by another White House invitation. First Lady Lou Hoover, wife of President Herbert Hoover, invited the wife of Oscar DePriest to a tea event.[6] De Priest was a member in the House of Representatives and the only African-American member in Congress in 1929.[7] Mrs. Hoover had a series of teas with the wives of congressmen and Jessie De Priest was among the guests. Southern congressmen and newspapers reacted with public denouncements of the event. Democratic Senator Coleman Blease from South Carolina inserted the poem within a senate resolution entitled, "To request the Chief Executive to respect the White House" in the upper chamber of Congress, which was read aloud on the floor of the United States Senate. However, the resolution, including the poem, was by unanimous agreement excised from the Congressional Record due to protests from Republican senators Walter Edge (from New Jersey) and Hiram Bingham (from Connecticut).[8] Bingham described the poem as "indecent, obscene doggerel" which gave "offense to hundreds of thousands of our fellow citizens and [...] to the Declaration of Independence and our Constitution".[9] Blease withdrew the resolution, but stated he did so "because it gave offense to his friend, Senator Bingham and not because it might give any offense to the Negro race".[9] Scholar David S. Day argues that Blease's use of the poem may have been a populist gesture – "a normal Southern demagogic tactic" – but that Hoover's supporters saw it as something that went beyond even the "broad limits" of partisan political point-scoring.[10] CompositionThe poem is composed of 14 stanzas with four lines per stanza. Every stanza is written in the simple 4-line rhyme scheme (abcb). The term "nigger" is used in all the stanzas of the poem except two.[11] In Congressman Blease's version of the poem, the last four stanzas were omitted. The last three stanzas mention President Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt and Booker T. Washington by name and the names of their respective children.[12] Edward J. Robinson links the poem's comments about racial intermarriage to a "Southern rape complex", according to which racial purity was threatened by the possibility of segregation dispersing in society, and by African-American male interest in Caucasian women.[13] ExcerptThe final three stanzas of the poem: I see a way to settle it Let Mr. Booker Washington Or, if this does not overflow Then let Miss Dinah Washington But everything is settled, Niggers in the White House See also{{portal|Poetry}}
ReferencesNewspaper publications
Sources1. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Research/Digital-Library/Record.aspx?libID=o284393|publisher=Theodore Roosevelt Center, Dickinson State University|title=Niggers in the White House|accessdate=September 12, 2013}} 2. ^{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Stephen A.|last2=Freedman|first2=Eric|title=Presidents and Black America: A Documentary History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mBRKYgEACAAJ |year=2011|publisher=CQ Press|location=Los Angeles|isbn=9781608710089|page=349}} 3. ^{{cite book|author1=Bruce A. Glasrud|author2=Archie P. McDonald|title=Blacks in East Texas History: Selections from the East Texas Historical Journal; Edited by Bruce A. Glasrud and Archie P. McDonald; Foreword by Cary D. Wintz; with Contributions by Alwyn Barr ... [et Al.].|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8LuCDJIxgUC&pg=PA100|year=2008|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|isbn=978-1-60344-041-7|pages=100–}} 4. ^{{cite book|title=NAACP: Celebrating a Century, 100 years in Pictures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZHT444Ok_0C&pg=PA9|date=1 September 2009|publisher=Gibbs Smith|isbn=978-1-4236-0778-6|pages=9–}} 5. ^1 {{cite book|author=Randall Kennedy|title=Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VgVzXgUxFB4C&pg=PA8|date=18 December 2008|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-53891-8|pages=8–}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_shows/depriest-tea-incident/ |title='A Tempest in a Teapot' The Racial Politics of First Lady Lou Hoover's Invitation of Jessie DePriest to a White House Tea |publisher=The White House Historical Association |accessdate=21 September 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005213046/http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_shows/depriest-tea-incident/ |archivedate= 5 October 2013 |df= }} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/D/DE-PRIEST,-Oscar-Stanton-%28D000263%29/|title=De Priest, Oscar Stanton|publisher=History, Art & Archives, U.S. House of Representatives|accessdate=22 September 2013}} 8. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hO1gAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uWMNAAAAIBAJ&pg=3029,5898411|title=Offers 'Nigger' Poem |newspaper=Evening Tribune|location=Providence, RI|date=18 June 1929|page=7}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Blease Poetry is Expunged from Record|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2211&dat=19290622&id=4mNGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=feUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1235,7688059|accessdate=16 September 2013|newspaper=The Afro-American|location=Baltimore, MD|date=22 June 1929}} 10. ^David S. Day, "Herbert Hoover and Racial Politics: The DePriest Incident", The Journal of Negro History, 1980, p. 13. 11. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6RkcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9lAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7023,302118 |title=Niggers in the White House |page=7 |date=February 18, 1903 |newspaper=The Dispatch }} 12. ^{{cite news|newspaper=New York Times|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F15FD3D54157A93CAA8178DD85F4D8285F9|title=White House Tea Starts Senate Stir|date=June 18, 1929|pages=38–}} 13. ^1 Edward J. Robinson, To Save My Race from Abuse: The Life of Samuel Robert Cassius, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, 2007, p.183. 14. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Edward A. Berlin|title=King of Ragtime: Scott Joplin and His Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=akWdAVXFmAsC&pg=PA106|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535646-5|pages=106–}} 15. ^{{cite book|author=Ray Argyle|title=Scott Joplin and the Age of Ragtime|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=STq94Q-pzwoC&pg=PA56|year=2009|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-4376-5|pages=56–}} 16. ^Honolulu Evening Bulletin, Vol. XIIL No. 24., p.7. Further readingBooker T. Washington incident
Jessie De Priest incident
11 : American poems|1901 poems|Anti-black racism in the United States|Obscenity controversies in literature|English-language poems|Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt|Presidency of Herbert Hoover|History of racial segregation in the United States|White House|71st United States Congress|Works of unknown authorship |
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