| 词条 | N-localizer |
| 释义 |
| name = N-localizer | acronym = | synonym = | image = Photograph of Stereotactic Frame With 3 N-localizers.jpg | caption = Three N-localizers attached to a stereotactic instrument.[1] | alt = | image_size = 300 | specialty = neurosurgery, radiation oncology | intervention = stereotactic surgery, radiosurgery | MedlinePlus = | eMedicine = | inventor = Russell A. Brown[2] | invention date = | manufacturer = | related = }} The N-localizer[3] or N-bar is a device that enables guidance of stereotactic surgery or radiosurgery using tomographic images that are obtained via computed tomography (CT),[4] magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),[5] or positron emission tomography (PET).[6] The N-localizer comprises a diagonal rod that spans two vertical rods to form an N-shape (Figure 1) that permits calculation of the point where a tomographic image plane intersects the diagonal rod. Attaching three N-localizers to a stereotactic instrument allows calculation of three points where a tomographic image plane intersects three diagonal rods (Figure 2). These points determine the spatial orientation of the tomographic image plane relative to the stereotactic instrument.[7] An alternative to the N-localizer is the Sturm-Pastyr localizer that comprises three rods wherein two diagonal rods form a V-shape and a vertical rod is positioned midway between the two diagonal rods.[8] Compared to the N-localizer, the Sturm-Pastyr localizer requires more elaborate calculations to determine the spatial orientation of the tomographic image plane;[9] and in contrast to the N-localizer, calculations for the Sturm-Pastyr localizer require accurate specification of the pixel size in the tomographic image.[10] Figures{{clear}}References1. ^{{cite book | last1 = Arle | first1 = J | editor1-last = Lozano | editor1-first = AM | editor2-last = Gildenberg | editor2-first = PL | editor3-last = Tasker | editor3-first = RR | title = Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery | chapter = Development of a Classic: The Todd-Wells Apparatus, the BRW, and the CRW Stereotactic Frames | pages = 456–460 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = Berlin | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-3-540-69959-0 | doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-69960-6}} 2. ^{{cite book | title = U.S. Patent 4608977 | chapter = System Using Computed Tomography as for Selective Body Treatment | year = 1986}} 3. ^{{cite book | last1 = Galloway | first1 = RL Jr. | editor1-last = Golby | editor1-first = AJ | title = Image-Guided Neurosurgery | chapter = Introduction and Historical Perspectives on Image-Guided Surgery | pages = 2–4 | publisher = Elsevier | location = Amsterdam | year = 2015 | isbn=978-0-12-800870-6|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-800870-6.00001-7}} 4. ^{{ cite journal |vauthors=Thomas DG, Anderson RE, du Boulay GH | title = CT-guided stereotactic neurosurgery: experience in 24 cases with a new stereotactic system | journal = Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry | volume = 47 | issue = 1 | pages = 9–16 | year = 1984 | pmid = 6363629 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp.47.1.9 | pmc=1027634}} 5. ^{{ cite journal |vauthors=Heilbrun MP, Sunderland PM, McDonald PR, Wells TH Jr, Cosman E, Ganz E | title = Brown-Roberts-Wells stereotactic frame modifications to accomplish magnetic resonance imaging guidance in three planes | journal = Applied Neurophysiology | volume = 50 | issue = 1-6 | pages = 143–152 | year = 1987 | pmid = 3329837 | doi = 10.1159/000100700}} 6. ^{{ cite journal |vauthors=Maciunas RJ, Kessler RM, Maurer C, Mandava V, Watt G, Smith G | title = Positron emission tomography imaging-directed stereotactic neurosurgery | journal = Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery | volume = 58 | issue = 1-4 | pages = 134–140 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1439330 | doi = 10.1159/000098986}} 7. ^{{cite book | last1 = Gildenberg | first1 = PL | last2 = Krauss | first2 = JK | editor1-last = Lozano | editor1-first = AM | editor2-last = Gildenberg | editor2-first = PL | editor3-last = Tasker | editor3-first = RR | title = Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery | chapter = History of Stereotactic Surgery | pages = 23 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = Berlin | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-3-540-69959-0 | doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-69960-6}} 8. ^{{ cite journal | vauthors = Sturm V, Pastyr O, Schlegel W, Scharfenberg H, Zabel HJ, Netzeband G, Schabbert S, Berberich W | title = Stereotactic computer tomography with a modified Riechert-Mundinger device as the basis for integrated stereotactic neuroradiological investigations | journal = Acta Neurochirurgica | volume = 68 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 11–17 | year = 1983 | pmid = 6344559 | doi = 10.1007/BF01406197 }} 9. ^{{ cite journal | vauthors = Dai J, Zhu Y, Qi H, Hu Y | title = An algorithm for stereotactic localization by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging | journal = Physics in Medicine and Biology | volume = 46 | issue = 1 | pages = N1-N7 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11197682 | doi = 10.1088/0031-9155/46/1/401 }} 10. ^{{ cite journal | vauthors = Weaver K, Smith V, Lewis JD, Lulu B, Barnett CM, Leibel SA, Gutin P, Larson D, Phillips T | title = A CT-based computerized treatment planning system for I-125 stereotactic brain implants | journal = International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | year = 1990 | pages = 445–454 | pmid = 2406230 | doi = 10.1016/0360-3016(90)90114-Y}} Further reading
3 : Neurosurgery|Computer-assisted surgery|Surgical oncology |
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