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词条 Spruance-class destroyer
释义

  1. History

     Design  Upgrades  Decommissioning 

  2. Ships in class

  3. Gallery

  4. References

  5. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2012}}Spruance-class destroyer}}>{{Infobox ship image
Ship image=020625-N-1056B-004 The U.S. Navy destroyer USS Fife (DD 991).jpgShip caption=USS Fife (DD-991) in June 2002, shown with VLS cells.
}}{{Infobox ship class overview		Name=Spruance classBuilders=Ingalls Shipbuilding, Pascagoula, MississippiOperators=United States NavyCharles F. Adams|destroyer|4}}Arleigh Burke|destroyer|4}}Kidd|destroyer|4}}Built range=1972–1983In commission range=1975–2005Total ships building=Total ships planned=Total ships completed=31Total ships cancelled=Paul F. Foster|DD-964|2}}) as SDTSTotal ships laid up=Total ships lost=Total ships retired=30Total ships preserved=
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics		Hide header=Header caption=Ship type=DestroyerShip displacement={{Spruance class destroyer displacement}}Ship length={{Spruance class destroyer length}}Ship beam={{Spruance class destroyer beam}}Ship draft={{Spruance class destroyer draft}}Ship propulsion={{Spruance class destroyer propulsion}}Ship speed={{Spruance class destroyer speed}}Ship range={{Spruance class destroyer range}}Ship complement={{Spruance class destroyer complement}}Ship sensors={{Spruance class destroyer sensors}}Ship EW={{Spruance class destroyer EW}}AN/WLR 1 in DD-971 & DD-975.Ship armament=* 2 × 5-inch (127mm) 54 calibre Mark 45 dual purpose guns
  • 2 × 20 mm Phalanx CIWS Mark 15 guns
  • 1 × 8 cell ASROC launcher
  • 1 × 8 cell NATO Sea Sparrow Mark 29 missile launcher
  • 2× quadruple Harpoon missile canisters
  • 2 × Mark 32 triple 12.75 in (324 mm) torpedo tubes (Mk 46 torpedoes)
  • 2 × quadruple ABL Mark 43 Tomahawk missile launchers (some ships of the class)
  • 1 × 21 cell Rolling Airframe Missile launcher in some ships.
  • 1 x 61-cell Mark 41 VLS launcher for Tomahawk/ASROC missiles was fitted to 24 ships in place of the 8-cell ASROC launcher.
Ship armor=Ship aircraft={{Spruance class destroyer aircraft}}Ship aircraft facilities=Flight deck and enclosed hangar for up to two medium-lift helicoptersShip notes=
}}

The Spruance-class destroyer was developed by the United States to replace a large number of World War II–built {{sclass-|Allen M. Sumner|destroyer|5}} and {{sclass-|Gearing|destroyer}}s and was the primary destroyer built for the U.S. Navy during the 1970s and 1980s.

First commissioned in 1975, the class was designed with gas-turbine propulsion, a flight deck and hangar for up to two medium-lift helicopters, all-digital weapons systems, and automated 127 mm (5-inch) guns. Serving for three decades, the Spruance class was originally designed to escort a carrier group with a primary ASW mission. In the 1990s, 24 members of the class were upgraded with the Mark 41 Vertical Launching System (VLS) for the Tomahawk surface-to-surface missile. Rather than extend the life of the class, the Navy accelerated its retirement. The last ship of the class was decommissioned in 2005, with most examples broken up or destroyed as targets.[1]

History

Design

The class was originally designed for anti-submarine warfare (ASW) with point defense anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) missiles; upgrades provided anti-ship and land attack capabilities.

The ships were initially controversial, especially among members of the United States Congress who believed that their unimposing looks, with only two guns and an ASROC or Armored Box Launcher (ABL) missile launcher per ship implied that the vessels were weak compared to Soviet designs which carried large numbers of anti-ship missiles. The Spruance-class was also unfavorable compared to earlier U.S. designs which had more visible guns or launchers for the Standard medium range missiles. Despite the criticism they were successful in their intended ASW role due to their seaworthiness, quiet operation, and ability to operate two helicopters.[2]

The Spruances were much larger than destroyers of that era, being comparable in size to contemporary guided-missile cruisers (CG and CGN) and U.S. Navy light cruisers (CL) in World War II. Their hull dimensions allowed them not only to accommodate a helicopter landing pad, a first for a U.S. Navy destroyer as flight decks were previously only found on frigates and cruisers, they were the first U.S. Navy destroyer/cruiser class to have an enclosed hangar (with space for up to two medium-lift helicopters) which was a considerable improvement over the basic aviation facilities of earlier cruisers.[3] The "Spru-cans" were the first large U.S. Navy ships to use gas turbine propulsion; they had four General Electric LM2500 gas turbines to generate about 80,000 horsepower (60 MW). This configuration (developed in the 1960s by the Royal Canadian Navy for the {{sclass-|Iroquois|destroyer|2}}s and known as COmbined Gas And Gas, or COGAG) was very successful and used on most subsequent U.S. warships. As of 2010, all U.S. Navy surface combatants (except nuclear-powered aircraft carriers and the LCS-1) use the LM2500 COGAG arrangement, usually with two such turbines per shaft.

The Spruance-class received the "DD" designation in the hull classification symbol system which was previously applied to gun destroyers, though their primary armament as designed was missiles. However their complement of anti-aircraft missiles only sufficient for point defense, compared to other American destroyers designated as DDG which were designed to provide anti-aircraft warfare screening to the fleet while some newer ships also added powerful surface-to-surface capabilities. A major update in the 1990s added a Vertical Launch Missile System (VLS) for the Tomahawk surface-to-surface missile which modernized 24 members of the class to a strike destroyer standard, although they still lacked the anti-aircraft capabilities of guided-missile cruisers (CG and CGN) and destroyers (DDG).

The entire class of 31 ships was contracted on 23 June 1970 to the Litton-Ingalls shipyard in Pascagoula, Mississippi, under the Total Package Procurement concept originated by the Whiz Kids of Robert McNamara's Pentagon. The idea was to reap the benefits of mass construction, but labor and technical problems caused cost overruns and delayed construction.[4][5]

One additional ship, {{USS|Hayler|DD-997|6}}, was ordered on 29 September 1979. Hayler was originally planned as a DDH (Destroyer, Helicopter) design, which would carry more anti-submarine helicopters than the standard design of the Spruance class. Eventually this plan to build a DDH was scrapped and a slightly modified DD-963 class hull was put in commission.

Four additional ships were built originally for the Iranian Navy with the Mark 26/Standard AAW missile system and commissioned as the {{sclass-|Kidd|destroyer|5}}s for the U.S. Navy. The Kidd-class destroyers used the same hull as the Spruances but they were more advanced general-purpose ships with significant anti-air warfare capabilities that the Spruance-class lacked. It was once planned to build all of the Spruance class up to this standard, but it was too expensive. A slightly lengthened version of the hull was also used for the {{sclass-|Ticonderoga|cruiser|2}}s, originally planned as DDG-47-class destroyers but redesignated as cruisers in 1980 to emphasize the additional capability provided by the ships' Aegis combat systems, and their flag facilities suitable for an admiral and his staff.

An air-capable mini V/STOL aircraft carrier with fighters and ASW helicopters based on the Spruance hull was seriously considered but not produced.[6][7]

Upgrades

The Spruance design is modular in nature, allowing for easy installation of entire subsystems within the ship. Although originally designed for anti-submarine warfare, 24 ships of this class were upgraded with the installation of a 61 cell Vertical Launch Missile System (VLS) capable of launching Tomahawk missiles. The remaining seven ships not upgraded were decommissioned early.

At least ten VLS ships, including Cushing, O'Bannon, and Thorn, had a 21 cell RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile launcher mounted on the starboard fantail.

  • David R. Ray tested the RAM system in the 1980s, but had the system removed after the tests.
  • Oldendorf was the test platform for the AN/SPQ-9B Anti-ship Missile Defense (ASMD) Firecontrol Radar to be outfitted on the {{sclass-|San Antonio|amphibious transport dock}}s. The AN/SPQ-9B is used to detect all known and projected sea skimming missiles.
  • Arthur W. Radford tested the Advanced Enclosed Mast/Sensor system which helped in the mast design of the San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock ships.
  • Merrill served as the Navy's test platform for the Tomahawk Cruise Missile Program receiving armored box launchers and test launching a Tomahawk 19 March 1980. Merrill carried two ABLs and an ASROC launcher into the 1990s until the ASROC launcher was removed.
Spruance-class destroyers fired 112 land attack Tomahawks during Operation Desert Storm.[8]

Decommissioning

In order to save $28 million a year, the Navy accelerated the decommissioning of the Spruance class, though they could have served to 2019 had they been maintained and updated.[9] Despite the recent modifications to the Spruance and Kidd classes, they were still considered expensive and manpower intensive to operate, while the succeeding Arleigh Burke-class were more capable and versatile due to their Aegis combat system while also being more cost-efficient, and by the end of the 1990s a large number of Arleigh Burke-class destroyers had entered the fleet. While the early Flight I Arleigh Burke ships only had a flight deck, Flight IIA and subsequent vessels added the enclosed hangar which made their aviation facilities comparable to the Spruance-class.

The US Navy planned to replace its current destroyers and cruisers with the new {{sclass-|Zumwalt|destroyer|0}} (DDG-1000) vessels, but the 2010 U.S. Defense budget funded the construction of only three DDG-1000s[10] and production of {{sclass-|Arleigh Burke|destroyer|4}} continued and it became the U.S. Navy's only operational class of destroyers after the {{USS|Cushing|DD-985|6}} was decommissioned on 21 September 2005.[11]

Rather than being preserved in storage like some older classes or offered up for sale to foreign navies, some were broken up and the remaining majority of the class finished their lives as targets in various fleet exercises. The last Spruance-class destroyer on active service, {{USS|Cushing|DD-985|6}}, was decommissioned on 21 September 2005. It was unsuccessfully offered to the Pakistan Navy before being sunk as a target 29 April 2009. The four Kidd-class destroyers were decommissioned in 1998 and were sold to Taiwan in 2005 and 2006.

One notable exception to this fate is the ex–{{USS|Paul F. Foster|DD-964|2}} which replaced the ex-{{USS|Decatur|DD-936|2}} in 2005 as the Self Defense Test Ship. The SDTS is remotely-controlled to tow a barge targeted by live weapons. This avoids the safety concerns and other problems associated with manned ship exposure to live weapons.[12][13]

Ships in class

Ship NameHull No.CrestLaid DownLaunchedCommissionedDecommissionedDispositionLink
Spruance|DD-963|2}}DD-963DD-963|100}}27 November 197210 November 197320 September 197523 March 2005Sunk as target during Fleet training exerciseid=DD963}}]
Paul F. Foster|DD-964|2}}DD-964DD-964|100}}6 February 197322 February 197421 February 197627 March 2003Struck 6 April 2004; in use as a Self Defense Test Shipid=DD964}}] [{{NVR url|id=EDD964}}]
Kinkaid|DD-965|2}}DD-965DD-965|100}}19 April 197325 May 197410 July 19767 January 2003Sunk as target during Fleet training exerciseid=DD965}}]
Hewitt|DD-966|2}}DD-966DD-966|100}}23 July 197324 August 197425 September 197619 July 2001Disposed of by scrapping, dismantlingid=DD966}}]
Elliot|DD-967|2}}DD-967DD-967|100}}15 October 197319 December 197422 January 19772 December 2003Sunk as target during Fleet training exerciseid=DD967}}]
Arthur W. Radford|DD-968|2}}DD-968DD-968|100}}31 January 19741 March 197516 April 197718 March 2003Disposed of as artificial reef on 10 August 2011 off coast of Delawareid=DD968}}]
Peterson|DD-969|2}}DD-969DD-969|100}}29 April 197421 June 19759 July 19774 October 2002Sunk as target during Fleet training exerciseid=DD969}}]
Caron|DD-970|2}}DD-970DD-970|100}}1 July 197424 June 19751 October 197715 October 2001Sunk as target during Fleet training exerciseid=DD970}}]
David R. Ray|DD-971|2}}DD-971DD-971|100}}23 September 197423 August 197519 November 197728 February 2002Sunk as target during Fleet training exerciseid=DD971}}]
Oldendorf|DD-972|2}}DD-972DD-972|100}}27 December 197421 October 19754 March 197820 June 2003Sunk as target during Fleet training exerciseid=DD972}}]
John Young|DD-973|2}}DD-973DD-973|100}}17 February 19756 January 197620 May 197830 September 2002Sunk as target during Fleet training exerciseid=DD973}}]
Comte de Grasse|DD-974|2}}DD-974DD-974|100}}4 April 197526 March 19765 August 19785 June 1998Sunk as target during Fleet training exerciseid=DD974}}]
O'Brien|DD-975|2}}DD-975DD-975|100}}9 May 19758 July 19763 December 197724 September 2004Sunk as target during Fleet training exerciseid=DD975}}]
Merrill|DD-976|2}}DD-976DD-976|100}}16 June 19751 September 197611 March 197826 March 1998Sunk as target during Fleet training exerciseid=DD976}}]
Briscoe|DD-977|2}}DD-977DD-977|100}}21 July 197528 December 19763 June 19782 October 2003Sunk as target during Fleet training exerciseid=DD977}}]
Stump|DD-978|2}}DD-978DD-978|100}}25 August 19751 January 197719 August 197822 October 2004Sunk as target during Fleet training exerciseid=DD978}}]
Conolly|DD-979|2}}DD-979DD-979|100}}29 September 19753 June 197714 October 197818 September 1998Sunk as target during Fleet training exerciseid=DD979}}]
Moosbrugger|DD-980|2}}DD-980DD-980|100}}3 November 197523 July 197716 December 197815 December 2000Disposed of by scrapping, dismantlingid=DD980}}]
John Hancock|DD-981|2}}DD-981DD-981|100}}16 January 197629 October 197710 March 197916 October 2000Disposed of by scrapping, dismantlingid=DD981}}]
Nicholson|DD-982|2}}DD-982DD-982|100}}20 February 197611 November 197712 May 197920 December 2002Sunk as target during Fleet training exerciseid=DD982}}]
John Rodgers|DD-983|2}}DD-983DD-983|100}}12 August 197625 February 197814 July 19794 September 1998Disposed of by scrapping, dismantlingid=DD983}}]
Leftwich|DD-984|2}}DD-984DD-984|100}}12 November 19768 April 197825 August 197927 March 1998Sunk as target during Fleet training exerciseid=DD984}}]
Cushing|DD-985|2}}DD-985DD-985|100}}2 February 197717 June 197821 September 197921 September 2005Sunk as target during Fleet training exerciseid=DD985}}]
Harry W. Hill|DD-986|2}}DD-986DD-986|100}}1 April 197710 August 197817 November 197929 May 1998Sunk as target during Fleet training exerciseid=DD986}}]
O'Bannon|DD-987|2}}DD-987DD-987|100}}21 February 197725 September 197815 December 197919 August 2005Sunk as target during Fleet training exerciseid=DD987}}]
Thorn|DD-988|2}}DD-988DD-988|100}}29 August 19773 February 197916 February 198025 August 2004Sunk as target during Fleet training exerciseid=DD988}}]
Deyo|DD-989|2}}DD-989DD-989|100}}14 October 197720 January 197922 March 19806 November 2003Sunk as target during Fleet training exerciseid=DD989}}]
Ingersoll|DD-990|2}}DD-990DD-990|100}}5 December 197710 March 197912 April 198024 July 1998Sunk as target during Fleet training exerciseid=DD990}}]
Fife|DD-991|2}}DD-991DD-991|100}}6 March 19781 May 197931 May 198028 February 2003Sunk as target during Fleet training exerciseid=DD991}}]
Fletcher|DD-992|2}}DD-992DD-992|100}}24 April 197816 June 197912 July 19801 October 2004Sunk as target during Fleet training exerciseid=DD992}}]
Hayler|DD-997|2}}DD-997DD-997|100}}20 October 19802 March 19825 March 198325 August 2003Sunk as target during Fleet training exerciseid=DD997}}]

Gallery

References

1. ^Military Officer Greyhounds of the Sea By Gina DiNicolo {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920002149/http://www.moaa.org/Magazine/October2005/f_greyhounds.asp |date=20 September 2010 }}
2. ^Bishop, Chris. Encyclopedia of World Sea Power. 1988. {{ISBN|0-517-65342-7}}. Page 94-95
3. ^{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2512&dat=19700715&id=IPhHAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7f8MAAAAIBAJ&pg=4781,1727912 |title= Bigger, Costlier Destroyers |newspaper= The Morning Record |location= Meriden, Connecticut |date= 15 July 1970 }}
4. ^{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19750918&id=oB4sAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_cgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3955,3273804 |title= Spruance Akin to Vacation Cruise |author= Associated Press |newspaper= Times Daily |location= Florence, Alabama |date= 18 September 1975 |quote= DD-963 ... is a year behind schedule due to a strike, a drydock accident and other instances of what Ingalls calls "excusable delays." }}
5. ^{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19751023&id=CAIsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LMgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1003,4667487 |title= Shipyard Begins Design Work on Sub for Saudis |author= Associated Press |newspaper= Times Daily |location= Florence, Alabama |date= 23 October 1975 |quote= The Litton-owned shipyard has come under heavy fire from the Navy and Congress for delays and cost overruns on U.S. destroyers and assault ships. }}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aandc.org/research/cruisers/cr_navsea.html |title=Historical Review of Cruiser Characteristics, Roles and Missions |publisher=Aandc.org }}
7. ^{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/cg-47-history.htm |title=CG-47 Ticonderoga-class |publisher=Globalsecurity.org }}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/dd-963.htm |title=DD-963 SPRUANCE-class – Navy Ships |publisher=Fas.org }}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/200882223335.asp |title=USN Abandons New Ship Designs |first= James F. |last= Dunnigan |authorlink= Jim Dunnigan |publisher=Strategypage.com |date=2 August 2008 }}
10. ^Bennett, John T. and Kris Osborn. "Gates Reveals DoD Program Overhaul"{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Defense News, 6 April 2009.
11. ^{{cite news |title=US guided missile destroyer to visit Subic Bay Tuesday |url=http://www.philstar.com/nation/2013/02/04/904806/us-guided-missile-destroyer-visit-subic-bay-tuesday |newspaper=Philippine Star |date=4 February 2013 |accessdate=4 March 2013}}
12. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.navsea.navy.mil/teamships/Inactiveships/Historic/pdf/EDD964-Paul-F.-Foster-Final-DOI.pdf |title= Paul F Foster EDD-964 Final DOI Naval Vessel Historical Evaluation |website= navsea.navy.mil |date= 5 March 2013 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150227075510/http://www.navsea.navy.mil/teamships/Inactiveships/Historic/pdf/EDD964-Paul-F.-Foster-Final-DOI.pdf |archivedate= 27 February 2015 |df= dmy-all }}
13. ^{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/ddg-31.htm |title=Global Security information |publisher=Globalsecurity.org }}

External links

{{commons category|Spruance class destroyers}}
  • Spruance-class destroyers at Destroyer History Foundation
  • News story: "Last Spruance-Class Destroyer Decommissioned"
{{Spruance class destroyer}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Spruance Class Destroyer}}

2 : Destroyer classes|Spruance-class destroyers
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