词条 | Squaliformes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
| name = Squaliformes | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Late Jurassic|Recent|ref=[1]}} | image = Spiny dogfish.jpg | image_caption = Spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias | display_parents = 3 | taxon = Squaliformes | authority = Goodrich, 1909 }}{{Portal|Sharks}} The Squaliformes are an order of sharks that includes about 126 species in seven families. Members of the order have two dorsal fins, which usually possess spines,they usually have a sharp head, no anal fin or nictitating membrane, and five to seven gill slits. In most other respects, however, they are quite variable in form and size. Most species of the squaliform order live in a saltwater or brackish waters, They are found worldwide, from northern to tropical waters, and from shallow coastal seas to the open ocean.[2] All members of the family Eptomeridae and Dalatiidae and Zameus squamulosus possess photophores, luminous organs, and exhibit intrinsic bioluminescence [3]. Bioluminescence evolved once in Squaliformes, approximately 111-153 million years ago, and helped the Squaliformes radiate and adapt to the deep sea[3][4]. The common ancestor of Dalatiidae, Etmopteridae, Somniosidae, and Oxynotidae possessed a luminous organ and used bioluminescence for camouflage by counterillumination [3][5]. Counterillumination is an active form of camouflage in which an organism emits light to match the intensity of downwelling light to hide from predators below[6]. Currently, bioluminescence provides different functions for Squaliformes based on the family. Dalatiidae and Zameus squamulosus possess simple photophores and use bioluminescence for ventral counter-illumination[5]. Etmopteridae possess more complex photophores [7]and utilize bioluminescence for ventral counter illumination as well as species recognition [8]. ClassificationFamily Centrophoridae Bleeker, 1859 (gulper sharks)
Family Dalatiidae (J. E. Gray, 1851) (kitefin sharks)
Family Echinorhinidae Theodore Gill, 1862 (bramble sharks)
Family Etmopteridae Fowler, 1934 (lantern sharks)
Family Oxynotidae Gill, 1872 (rough sharks)
Family Somniosidae D. S. Jordan, 1888 (sleeper sharks)
Family Squalidae Blainville, 1816 (dogfish sharks)
References1. ^{{FishBase order|order=Squaliformes|year=2009|month=January}} 2. ^{{cite book |editor=Paxton, J.R. |editor2=Eschmeyer, W.N.|author1=Stevens, J. |author2=Last, P.R. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|page= 64|isbn= 978-0-12-547665-2}} 3. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Flammesbeck, C. K., J. Pollerspöck, F. D. B. Schedel, N. J. Matzke, and N. Straube|date=2018|title=Of teeth and trees: a fossil tip dating approach to infer divergence times of extinct and extant squaliform sharks|url=|journal=2dh Annual Conference of the European Elasmobranch Association|volume=|pages=57|via=}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Davis, M. P., J. S. Sparks, and W. L. Smith|date=2016|title=Repeated and widespread evolution of bioluminescence in marine fishes|url=|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=11|issue=6|pages=e0155154|via=|pmid=27276229|pmc=4898709|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0155154}} 5. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Straube, N., C. Li, J. M. Claes, S. Corrigan, and G. J. P. Naylor|date=2015|title=Molecular phylogeny of squaliformes and first occurrence of bioluminescence in sharks|url=|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=15|pages=62|via=|pmid=25880916|pmc=4434831|doi=10.1186/s12862-015-0318-0}} 6. ^{{Cite journal|last=Hastings, J. W.|date=1971|title=Light to hide by: ventral luminescence to camouflage the silhouette|url=|journal=Science|volume=173|pages=1016–1017|via=}} 7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Claes, J. M., and J. Mallefet.|date=2009|title=Bioluminescence of sharks: first synthesis|url=|journal=Kerala: Research Signpost|volume=|pages=51–65|via=}} 8. ^{{Cite journal|last=Claes, J. M., D. E. Nilsson, J. Mallefet, and N. Straube|date=2015|title=The presence of lateral photophores correlates with increased speciation in deep-sea bioluminescent sharks|url=|journal=Royal Society Open Science|volume=2|issue=7|pages=150219|via=|pmid=26587280|pmc=4632593|doi=10.1098/rsos.150219}} 9. ^{{FishBase_family| family=Centrophoridae | year=2009 | month=January}} 10. ^{{cite book |editor=Hamlett, W.C. |title=Sharks, Skates, and Rays: The Biology of Elasmobranch Fishes |publisher=JHU Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8018-6048-5 |pages=16–17}} 11. ^{{FishBase_family| family=Echinorhinidae 12. ^{{FishBase family |family=Etmopteridae |month=February |year=2011}} 13. ^{{FishBase_family| family=Oxynotidae | year=2009 | month=January}} 14. ^{{cite journal|title=Abstract|journal=Marine Biology|volume=153|issue=6|pages=1015–1022|doi=10.1007/s00227-007-0871-1|year=2008|last1=Murray|first1=Brent William|last2=Wang|first2=John Y.|last3=Yang|first3=Shih-Chu|last4=Stevens|first4=John D.|last5=Fisk|first5=Aaron|last6=Svavarsson|first6=Jörundur}} 15. ^{{cite web|title=Family Somniosidae - Sleeper sharks|url=http://www.fishbase.us/summary/FamilySummary.php?ID=658|publisher=Fish Base|accessdate=29 December 2012}} 16. ^{{cite journal|last=Simon |first=Matt |url=https://www.wired.com/opinion/2012/07/footnotes-lazy-sharks-humiliated-seals-and-googlers-eating-dogfood/ |title=Footnotes: Lazy Sharks, Humiliated Seals, and Googlers Eating Dog Food | Wired Opinion |journal=Wired |date= 2012-07-05|accessdate=2012-07-05}} 17. ^{{FishBase_family|family=Squalidae|year=2009|month=January}} 18. ^National Geographic June 1998 Further reading
4 : Squaliformes|Extant Late Jurassic first appearances|Taxa named by Edwin Stephen Goodrich|Cartilaginous fish orders |
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