| 词条 | Squirrel monkey | |||||
| 释义 |
| name = Squirrel monkeys[1] | fossil_range = Miocene (Laventan to recent {{fossil range|13.8|0}} | image = Saimiri sciureus-1 Luc Viatour.jpg | image_caption = Common squirrel monkey | parent_authority = Miller, 1912 (1900) | taxon = Saimiri | authority = Voigt, 1831 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision =
| type_species = Saimiri sciureus | type_species_authority = Linnaeus, 1758 | synonyms =
}}Squirrel monkeys are New World monkeys of the genus Saimiri. Saimiri is the only genus in the subfamily Saimirinae. The name of the genus is of Tupi origin (sai-mirim or gai-mbirin < sai 'monkey' and mirim 'small')[3][4] and was also used as an English name by early researchers.[5][6] Squirrel monkeys live in the tropical forests of Central and South America in the canopy layer. Most species have parapatric or allopatric ranges in the Amazon, while S. oerstedii is found disjunctly in Costa Rica and Panama. The common squirrel monkey is captured for the pet trade and for medical research[7] but it is not threatened. Two squirrel monkey species are threatened: the Central American squirrel monkey and the black squirrel monkey are listed as vulnerable by the IUCN.[8][9] Evolutionary historyTaxonomyUntil 1984, all South American squirrel monkeys were considered part of a single widespread species, and many zoologists considered the Central American squirrel monkey to be a member of that single species as well.[1][10] The two main groups currently recognized can be separated by the white above the eyes; it is shaped as a Gothic ("pointed") arch in the S. sciureus group, while it is shaped as a Roman ("rounded") arch in the S. boliviensis group.[11] Mammal Species of the World (2005) recognized the following 5 species:[1]
Subsequent taxonomic research has recognized Saimiri sciureus cassiquiarensis as a separate species Saimiri cassiquiarensis, and also recognized an additional species, Collins' squirrel monkey Saimiri collinsi that had previously been considered to be within S. sciureus.[12] Some more recent taxonomies also recognize Saimiri sciureus macrodon as a separate species Saimiri macrodon, but others recognize S. macrodon to be a synonym of Saimiri cassiquiarensis.[13][14][15][16] EvolutionThe crown lineage of the extant squirrel monkeys appears to have diverged around 1.5 million years ago.[17] S. boliviensis appears to be the first diverging species in the group. S. oerstedii and S. s. sciureus, are sister species. S. s. macrodon is the sister species to the S. oerstedii / S. s. sciureus clade.{{clarify|date=February 2016}} DescriptionSquirrel monkey fur is short and close, coloured black at the shoulders and yellowish orange on its back and extremities. The upper parts of their heads are hairy. This black-and-white face gives them the name "death's head monkey" in several Germanic languages (e.g., German Totenkopfaffen, Swedish dödskalleapor, Dutch doodshoofdaapjes) and Slovenian (smrtoglavka). Squirrel monkeys grow from {{convert|25|to|35|cm}} long, plus a {{convert|35|to|42|cm}} tail. Male squirrel monkeys weigh {{convert|750|to|1100|g}}. Females weigh {{convert|500|to|750|g}}. Both males and females are equipped with long and hairy tails, flat nails, and pointed claws.[18] Female squirrel monkeys have pseudo-penises, which they use to display dominance over smaller monkeys, in much the same way that the male squirrel monkeys display their dominance.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} Behaviour and ecologyLike most of their New World monkey relatives, squirrel monkeys are diurnal and arboreal. Unlike other New World monkeys, their tail is not used for climbing but as a kind of "balancing pole" and also as a tool. Their movements in the branches can be very rapid. Squirrel monkeys live together in multi-male/multi-female groups with up to 500 members. These large groups, however, can occasionally break into smaller troops. The groups have a number of vocal calls, including warning sounds to protect the group from large falcons, which are a natural threat. Their small body size also makes them susceptible to predators such as snakes and felids. For marking territory, squirrel monkeys rub their tail and their skin with their own urine. Squirrel monkeys are omnivores, eating primarily fruits and insects. Occasionally, they also eat seeds, leaves, flowers, buds, nuts, and eggs. Squirrel monkey mating is subject to seasonal influences. Females give birth to young during the rainy season, after a 150- to 170-day gestation. Only the mothers care for the young. Saimiri oerstedti are weaned by 4 months of age, while S. boliviensis are not fully weaned until 18 months old. Female squirrel monkeys reach sexual maturity at age 2–2.5 years, while males take until age 3.5–4 years. They live to about fifteen years old in the wild, and over twenty years in captivity. Menopause in females probably occurs in the mid-teens.[19] Colour vision{{See also|Evolution of colour vision in primates}}Colour vision in squirrel monkeys has been extensively studied as a stand-in for human ailments.[20] In humans, two genes for colour vision are found on the X chromosome. Typically, one gene (OPN1LW) produces a pigment that is most sensitive to the 564 nm wavelength, while the other gene (OPN1MW) produces a pigment most sensitive to 534 nm. In squirrel monkeys, there is only one gene on the X chromosome but it exists in three varieties: one is most sensitive to 538 nm, one to 551 nm, and one to 561 nm. Since males have only one X chromosome, they are dichromatic, although with different sensitivities. Females have two X chromosomes, so some of them can have copies of two different alleles. The three alleles seem to be equally common, leading to one-third of females being dichromatic, while two-thirds are trichromatic.[21] Recently, gene therapy has given the human OPN1LW gene to adult male squirrel monkeys, producing behaviour consistent with trichromatic colour vision.[20]GalleryReferences1. ^1 2 {{MSW3 Groves|pages=138–139|id=12100284}} 2. ^1 2 3 [https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=40847 Saimiri] - Paleobiology Database 3. ^Simpson, George Gaylord. 1941. "Vernacular Names of South American Mammals." In Journal of Mammalogy 22(1): 1-17. 4. ^Squirrel monkeys 5. ^Palmer, T. S. 1897. "Notes on the Nomenclature of Four Genera of Tropical American Mammals." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 11: 173–174. 6. ^Leclerc, Georges-Louis, Comte de Buffon. "The Saimiri." In: Barr's Buffon. Buffon's Natural History',' pp. 251-252. London: J. S. Barr. 7. ^Rhines, C. (2000). "Saimiri sciureus", Animal Diversity Web. Accessed November 26, 2007 8. ^{{Cite journal | author = Boubli, J.-P. | author2 = Rylands, A.B. | last-author-amp = yes | title = Saimiri vanzolinii | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2008 | page = e.T19839A9023022 | publisher = IUCN | date = 2008 | url = http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/19839/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T19839A9023022.en | access-date = 23 December 2017}} 9. ^{{Cite journal | author = Wong, G. | author2 = Cuarón, A.D. | author3 = Rodriguez-Luna, E. | author4 = de Grammont, P.C. | last-author-amp = yes | title = Saimiri oerstedii | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2008 | page = e.T19836A9022609 | publisher = IUCN | date = 2008 | url = http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/19836/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T19836A9022609.en | access-date = 23 December 2017}} 10. ^{{cite book|title=A Complete Guide to Monkeys, Apes and Other Primates|author=Michael Kavanagh|year=1983|page=84|isbn=978-0-224-02168-5}} 11. ^{{cite book |author=Rowe, N. |year=1996 |title=The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates |publisher=Pogonia Press, Charlestown, Rhode Island |isbn=978-0-9648825-0-8}} 12. ^{{cite journal|title=Morphology and mitochondrial phylogenetics reveal that the Amazon River separates two eastern squirrel monkey species: Saimiri sciureus and S. collinsi|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790314003406|author=Merces, Michelle P. |author2=Lynch Alfaro, Jessica W. |display-authors=etal |accessdate=2019-01-26|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=82|issue=B|date=January 2015|pages=426–435|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.020|pmid=25451802}} 13. ^{{cite journal|title=Biogeography of squirrel monkeys (genus Saimiri): South-central Amazon origin and rapid pan-Amazonian diversification of a lowland primate|author=Lynch Alfaro, J.W. |display-authors=etal |pages=436–454|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=82|year=2015|url=https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1055790314003169/1-s2.0-S1055790314003169-main.pdf?_tid=ba80f57e-dc0c-4c8c-b53e-a77a38f507c9&acdnat=1547342807_395fd11b94739afaf8debafa86f0f087|accessdate=2018-01-12|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.004|pmid=25305518 }} 14. ^{{cite web|title=Saimiri|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt|publisher=ITIS|accessdate=2019-01-12}} 15. ^{{cite web|title=Saimiri|url=https://mammaldiversity.org/#c2FpbWlyaSZnbG9iYWxfc2VhcmNoPXRydWUmbG9vc2U9dHJ1ZQ|publisher=Mammal Diversity Database|accessdate=2019-01-12}} 16. ^{{cite journal|title=The Taxonomy and Conservation Status of Saimiri sciureus albigena: A Squirrel Monkey Endemic to Colombia |author=Carretero-Pinzón, X. |author2=Ruiz-García, M. |author3=Defler, T.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228369497|journal=Primate Conservation|volume=24|pages=59–64|year=2009|accessdate=2019-01-13|doi=10.1896/052.024.0102 }} 17. ^Chiou KL, Pozzi L, Lynch Alfaro JW, Di Fiore A. (2011) Pleistocene diversification of living squirrel monkeys (Saimiri spp.) inferred from complete mitochondrial genome sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 18. ^{{cite book|title=Organic Evolution|year=1921|publisher=The Macmillan Company|location=New York|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/organicevolutio01lullgoog#page/n5/mode/2up|chapter=77}} 19. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Walker ML, Anderson DC, Herndon JG, Walker LC | title = Ovarian aging in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) | journal = Reproduction | volume = 138 | pages = 793–799 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19656956 | doi = 10.1530/REP-08-0449 | issue = 4}} 20. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Mancuso|first=Katherine|last2=Hauswirth|first2=William W.|last3=Li|first3=Qiuhong|last4=Connor|first4=Thomas B.|last5=Kuchenbecker|first5=James A.|last6=Mauck|first6=Matthew C.|last7=Neitz|first7=Jay|last8=Neitz|first8=Maureen|date=2009-09-16|title=Gene therapy for red–green colour blindness in adult primates|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7265/full/nature08401.html|journal=Nature|language=En|volume=461|issue=7265|pages=784–787|doi=10.1038/nature08401|pmid=19759534|issn=0028-0836|pmc=2782927}} 21. ^{{cite journal|pmc=304691 | pmid=3470811 | volume=84 | issue=8 | title=Inheritance of color vision in a New World monkey (Saimiri sciureus) |date=April 1987 | journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | pages=2545–9 |vauthors=Jacobs GH, Neitz J | doi=10.1073/pnas.84.8.2545}} External links{{Wikispecies|Saimiriinae}}{{Wikispecies|Saimiri}}{{Commons category multi|Saimiri|Saimiri_sciureus}}
1 : Squirrel monkeys |
|||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。