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词条 North American NA-64 Yale
释义

  1. Design and development

  2. Operational history

     France  Canada  Germany 

  3. Operators

  4. Survivors and aircraft on display

  5. Specifications

  6. See also

  7. References

     Notes  Bibliography 

  8. External links

name = NA-64/NA-64 P-2/Yaleimage = North American NA.64 Yale CWH Hamilton MDF 0350.jpgcaption = Restored North American NA-64 Yale at the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum in Hamilton, Ontario
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type		type = Trainermanufacturer = North American Aviationdesigner =first flight = 12 February 1940[1]introduced = 1940retired = 1 October 1946 (RCAF)[1][3]
1949 (Armee de l'air)		status = museum/warbirdprimary user =Royal Canadian Air Forcemore users = Armée de l'Air & Aeronavale
Luftwaffe		produced = 1940number built = 230unit cost =developed from = North American BT-14variants with their own articles =developed into = North American Harvard
}}

The North American NA-64 (NA-64 P-2 or NAA-64 P-2 in French service, Yale in Canadian service) is a low-wing single piston engine monoplane advanced trainer aircraft that was built for the French Armée de l'Air and Aeronavale and served with the Royal Canadian Air Force and Luftwaffe as a captured aircraft or Beuteflugzeug during World War II.

Design and development

Ordered as a follow-on to the NA-57 as a two-seat advanced trainer, the NA-64 P-2/NAA-64 P-2 represented a major structural improvement, with a longer all-metal fuselage replacing the fabric covered fuselage of the NA-57. As well as metal skin replacing the fabric on the fuselage, the fin was changed from having a corrugated skin to being a smooth stressed skin structure and was moved slightly aft, lengthening the rear fuselage while the engine was moved forward to maintain the center of gravity. The rudder was also changed from the rounded shape used previously to one with a roughly triangular shape with the broadest part being at the bottom to improve handling at high angles of attack. In one respect however, it was a step backwards from its immediate predecessor, the BT-14, with which it is often confused, in that the earlier straight wings were used with the result that in RCAF service, when compared to the later and more powerful Harvard II it was flown alongside, it had different handling characteristics and lower performance.[2]

Operational history

France

The NA-64 P-2 was built for the French Armée de l'Air and Aéronavale in 1939–1940, which ordered 200 and 30 respectively. Of these, 111 had been delivered before France surrendered to the Germans after the Battle of France.[3] In France, the NA-64, like the NA-57 before it, was known as the North,[4] and was designated as NAA-64 P-2 (abbreviated from North American Aviation modèle 64 perfectionnement, 2 places (North American Aviation model 64 advanced trainer, 2 seats)[4]) but were sometimes attached to reconnaissance units. A small number escaped the Germans to be used by the Vichy French Air Force. Two examples in North Africa survived into the postwar years, having been operated alongside NA-57s, the last only being retired in 1949.

Canada

The remaining 119 undelivered aircraft were bought up by the British Purchasing Commission and transferred to the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) for the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan between August and September 1940,[3] and all were operational by November[5] The type was named the Yale Mk.I[6] following British naming practice of naming trainers after education institutions and US-supplied aircraft after American locations, in this case, Yale University, and were used initially as intermediate pilot trainers taking pilots from the de Havilland Tiger Moth and Fleet Finch to the much faster and more complex North American Harvard,[4] until this category was dispensed with as being unnecessary. They were then relegated for use as airborne wireless radio trainers, along with the contemporary Fleet Fort intermediate trainer in 1943.[7][8] Prior to service entry, the throttle and engine mixture controls were modified from the system used by the French whereby the throttle was pulled back to increase power, and the mixture control pulled back to lean out the mixture, to the system used on the Harvard.[5] The Yale appeared in the movie Captains of the Clouds. The RCAF sold all surviving examples off as scrap in 1946 but over 30 survive today as a result of a large number of them being bought surplus by a single farmer, with about 15 currently in airworthy condition.

Germany

The NAA-64s captured from the French were used by the German Luftwaffe for all types of flight training, from basic flying to advanced fighter tactics. Dive bomber schools and target tug units and even combat squadrons all used the NAA-64, as they were designated by the Luftwaffe, from the tail markings of the French examples. At least one was used by the Zirkus Rosarius to familiarize German aircrew with the handling of American aircraft before they evaluated captured aircraft.[5]

Operators

{{flag|Canada|1921}}
  • Royal Canadian Air Force
    • No.1 Service Flying Training School (No. 1 SFTS) Borden[9]
    • No.2 Service Flying Training School (No. 2 SFTS) Uplands[9]
    • No.6 Service Flying Training School (No. 6 SFTS) Dunnville[7]
    • No.14 Service Flying Training School (No. 14 SFTS) Aylmer[10]
    • No.1 Training Command (1TC) Toronto, ON[11]
    • No.3 Training Command (3TC) Montreal[12]
    • No.4 Training Command (4TC) Regina[10]
    • No.1 Flying Instructor School (1FIS) Trenton[10]
    • No.1 Wireless School (1WS) Winnipeg, MB[8]
    • No.2 Wireless School (2WS) Calgary, AB[8]
    • No.3 Wireless School (3WS) Montreal, QC[8][13]
    • No.4 Wireless School (4WS), Guelph[8]
    • No.12 (Communications) Squadron[7]
    • No.118 (Fighter) Squadron[12]
{{FRA}}
  • Armée de l'Air (French Air Force)
    • Escadrille d'Outre Mer 82 Niger (post-WWII)[14]
  • Aéronavale (French Naval Aviation)
    • Section Liaison Port Lyautey 51 S squadron (Khouribga)
  • Armée de l'Air de Vichy (Vichy French Air Force)
    • Groupe de Chasse II/9 (fighter-trainer) – Aulnat
  • Forces Aériennes Françaises Libres (Free French Air Force)
{{flag|Germany|Nazi}}
  • Luftwaffe captured 93 aircraft and assigned 96 registrations,[15] and they published their own pilots manual for it
    • Fliegerzielgeschwader Fl.Z.G. 2 target towing wing[16][17]
  • Flugzeugführerschule A/B 9 pilot school[16][18][19]
  • Flugzeugführerschule A/B 16 pilot school[19]
  • Flugzeugführerschule A/B 42 pilot school[16]
  • Flugzeugführerschule A/B 43 pilot school[16][19]
  • Flugzeugführerschule A/B 71 pilot school[19]
  • Flugzeugführerschule A/B 82 pilot school[16]
  • Flugzeugführerschule A/B 110 pilot school[16][18][19]
  • Flugzeugführerschule A/B 111 pilot school[16]
  • Flugzeugführerschule A/B 116 Göppingen pilot school[5][16][18][20][21]
  • Flugzeugführerschule A/B 117 pilot school[16][19]
  • Jagdfliegerschule JFS 2 Neustadt Weinstraße/Speyerdorf advanced fighter pilot school[16]
  • Jagdfliegerschule JFS 6 advanced fighter pilot training school[16]
  • Jagdfliegervorschule JFVS 2 Lachen-Speyerdorf preliminary fighter pilot school[16][20]
  • Jagdgeschwader JG 103 fighter squadron[16][19]
  • Jagdgeschwader JG 106 fighter squadron[16]
  • Luftdienst-Kommando 7 air service command[16]
  • Luftkriegschule LKS 1 air war school[22]
  • Luftkriegschule LKS 5 air war school[16]
  • Nahaufklärungsgeschwader NAG 102 short-range reconnaissance wing[16]
  • Stukaschule StS 1 Wertheim dive bomber school[16]
  • Sturzkampffliegervorschule StVS 1 Bad Aibling preliminary dive bomber school[16][17][18][19][20][21][23]
  • Stukavorschule SVS 2 preliminary dive bomber school[16]
  • Zerstörerschule ZS 1 Neubiberg heavy fighter school[19]
  • Zieldarstellungsstaffel ZD-Stf 102 target towing squadron[16][18]
  • Zirkus Rosarius used to familiarize aircrew with U.S. aircraft.[5]
{{UK}}
  • Royal Navy
    • 31 SFTS Kingston, ON (Canada) – eight loaned from RCAF from March to April 1941 in exchange for eight Fairey Battle trainers.[24][25]

Survivors and aircraft on display

There are many surviving NA-64 Yales today because of Ernie Simmons, a farmer from near Tillsonburg, Ontario. Simmons bought 39 Yales in 1946,[26] along with seven Fairey Swordfish and a Westland Lysander[27] and kept them on his farm until he died in 1970.[28][29] Most were auctioned the same year, and many have been restored by museums and warbird enthusiasts. All surviving Yales are from the Simmons collection. Two examples have been subsequently lost, a major hangar fire took the Musée de l'air et de l'espace's NA-64 3415/64-2224, and 3454/64-2165 was destroyed as the result of a flying accident. Several Yales have been painted or partially modified as BT-14s

Additionally, over a dozen are privately owned in Canada, the US, and Europe or are not accessible, and additional airframes may be held by some museums as a source of spares.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

RCAF
Serial		NAA
Serial		Museum or organizationLocationStatusNotes
346464-2033Privately ownedFt Worth, TXoldest airworthy NAA trainer[30]
334964-2171Imperial War Museum DuxfordDuxford, Englandairworthy[31]
335064-2206Canadian Warplane Heritage MuseumHamilton, Ontarioairworthy[32]
336164-2183Milestones of Flight MuseumLancaster, Californiaairworthy – R-985 fitted[33]
336764-2175Privately ownedSherwood Park, Albertaairworthy[34]
337264-2186Privately ownedTillsonburg, Ontarioairworthy
338164-2194Commemorative Air ForceMidland, Texasstored
338364-3037Reevers WarbirdsNewcastle, New South Walesstored[35]
339064-3033Privately OwnedWoodstock, Ontariorestoration[36]
339664-2161Musée aéronautique de Presqu'île côte d'AmourLa Baule-Escoublac, Francerestoration[37]
339764-2150Pima Air & Space MuseumTucson, Arizonaon display[38]
339964-2160Canadian Harvard Aircraft AssociationTillsonburg, Ontarioairworthy[39]
340064-2149Canadian Warplane Heritage MuseumHamilton, Ontarioairworthy[40]
340464-2157Bomber Command Museum of CanadaNanton, Albertarestoration[41]
340664-2144Eric DowningMaryland Heights, Missouriairworthy
341164-2167National Air Force Museum of CanadaTrenton, Ontarioon display
341664-2169No. 6 RCAF Dunville MuseumDunnville, Ontarioon display[42]
341764-2168National Museum of the United States Air ForceDayton, Ohioon display as 'BT-14'[43]
343064-2223Royal Aviation Museum of Western CanadaWinnipeg, Manitobaon display[44]
345064-2214Musée aéronautique de Presqu'île côte d'AmourLa Baule-Escoublac, Francerestoration[37]
345664-2221Legend Of Aces AviationBrighton, Michiganrestoration
345864-3024Reynolds-Alberta MuseumWetaskiwin, Albertastored[45]
346264-2190Commonwealth Air Training Plan MuseumBrandon, Manitobastored awaiting restoration
346364-2207Privately OwnedCasa Grande, Arizonaairworthy – R-985 fitted[46]

Specifications

{{Aircraft specs
|ref=North American Aviation, Manuel de Pilotage de l'Avion NA-64 P-2 (Avion de Perfectionnement), 1940, pp.8–9
|prime units?=imp
|crew=two (instructor and student)
|length m=
|length ft=28
|length in=4
|length note=[47]
|span m=
|span ft=40
|span in=1.4
|height m=2.70
|height ft=8
|height in=10.5
|height note=[47]
|wing area sqm=22.42
|wing area sqft=241.67
|airfoil=
|empty weight kg=1,057
|empty weight lb=3,324
|empty weight note=[47]
|gross weight kg=2,040
|gross weight lb=4,500
|gross weight note=[47]
|max takeoff weight kg=1946
|max takeoff weight lb=4291
|max takeoff weight note=normal weight per NAA
|fuel capacity=104 gallons/394L including 16.5 US gallon/2.45L reserve tank
|more general=*Oil capacity 9.5 US gallon/36L[48]
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=Wright R-975-E3 Whirlwind[47][49]
|eng1 type=radial engine
|eng1 kw=
|eng1 hp=420
|prop blade number=2
|prop name=Hamilton Standard 2D30 hub & 6101A-12 blades
|prop dia m=2.74
|prop dia ft=
|prop dia in=
|prop dia note=[50]
|max speed kmh=267
|max speed mph=166
|max speed note=sea level
|cruise speed kmh=235
|cruise speed mph=146
|cruise speed note=64% power
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed mph=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=483
|never exceed speed mph=
|never exceed speed kts=
|never exceed speed note=[51]
|minimum control speed kmh=
|minimum control speed mph=
|minimum control speed kts=
|minimum control speed note=
|range km=1175
|range miles=730
|range note=cruising speed
|combat range km=765
|combat range miles=475
|combat range note=maximum speed
|endurance=5 hrs at cruising speed, 2 hours 48 minutes at maximum speed
|ceiling m=5350
|ceiling ft=17,500
|ceiling note=full load
|g limits=
|roll rate=
|glide ratio=
|climb rate ms=5.7
|climb rate ftmin=1120
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=11.36 min to 10,000 ft (3320 m)
|lift to drag=
|wing loading kg/m2=86.7
|wing loading lb/sqft=17.76
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|fuel consumption lb/mi=
|power/mass=10.22lbs/hp
|more performance=
|armament=*light bombs (French and German examples only)
}}

See also

{{aircontent|
|related=
  • North American NA-16 – initial design, with fabric covered fuselage
  • North American BT-14 – similar aside from outer wing panels and Pratt & Whitney R-985 engine.
  • North American T-6 Texan – ultimate development of design

|similar aircraft=
  • Arado Ar 96
  • Curtiss-Wright CW-19R
  • Fleet Fort
  • Kyushu K10W1
  • Vultee BT-13 Valiant

|lists=
  • North American T-6 Texan variants
  • List of aircraft of Canada's air forces
  • List of aircraft of the French Air Force during World War II
  • List of military aircraft of the German Third Reich

|see also=
}}

References

Notes

1. ^1 Smith, 2000, p.29
2. ^Fletcher, 1990, p.37
3. ^1 2 Hagedorn, 1997, p.48
4. ^1 2 Fletcher, 1990, p.36
5. ^1 2 3 4 Fletcher, 1990, p.38
6. ^As there was no Yale Mk.II, the Mk.I part of the designation was rarely used.
7. ^1 2 Fletcher, 1990, p.42
8. ^1 2 3 4 Fletcher, 1990, p.45
9. ^1 Fletcher, 1990, p.40
10. ^1 2 Fletcher, 1990, p.172
11. ^Fletcher, 1990, p.170
12. ^1 Fletcher, 1990, p.171
13. ^Fletcher, 1990, p.43
14. ^{{citation |url=http://www.traditions-air.fr/unit/escadrille/escadrilleoutremer.htm|title=EOM 82 Niger|work=www.traditions-air.fr |access-date=September 30, 2017 |language=French}}
15. ^{{citation |url=http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stammkennzeichen.html |work=The LEMB Stammkennzeichen Database Project |title=LEMB Stammkennzeichen Database |last=Peter D Evans |access-date=March 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805215423/http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stammkennzeichen.html |archive-date=5 August 2014}}
16. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 {{cite web|url=http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stam-d.html|title="stamm Dx+xx" The LEMB Stammkennzeichen Database Project|author=|date=|website=luftwaffe-experten.org|access-date=24 March 2019}}
17. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stam-n.html|title="stamm Nx+xx" The LEMB Stammkennzeichen Database Project|author=|date=|website=luftwaffe-experten.org|access-date=5 March 2019}}
18. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stam-r.html|title=stamm Rx+xx|author=|date=|website=luftwaffe-experten.org|access-date=5 March 2019}}
19. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web|url=http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stam-v.html|title=stamm Vx+xx|author=|date=|website=luftwaffe-experten.org|access-date=5 March 2019}}
20. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stam-c.html|title=Cx+xx|author=|date=|website=luftwaffe-experten.org|access-date=5 March 2019}}
21. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stam-k.html|title= stamm Kx+xx|author=|date=|website=luftwaffe-experten.org|access-date=5 March 2019}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stam-h.html|title=stamm Hx+xx|author=|date=|website=luftwaffe-experten.org|access-date=24 March 2019}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stam-p.html|title=stamm Px+xx|author=|date=|website=luftwaffe-experten.org|access-date=5 March 2019}}
24. ^Fletcher, 1990, p. 41
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://legendofaces.com/na_64_3383/3383_main.htm|title=Restoration of North American NA-64 Yale 3383|author=|date=|website=legendofaces.com|access-date=5 March 2019}}
26. ^Fletcher, 1990, p.48
27. ^Fletcher, 1990, p.49
28. ^Fletcher, 1990, p.51
29. ^"The Ernie Simmons Story." Spitfire Emporium. Retrieved: 24 December 2011.
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://flightaware.com/resources/registration/N13397|title=N13397 (NORTH AMERICAN NA-64 owned by CYRIER MARK) Aircraft Registration ✈ FlightAware|author=|date=|website=FlightAware|access-date=5 March 2019}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/museums/main/iwm-duxford.htm|title=Imperial War Museum Duxford - Museums|author=|date=|website=aeroflight.co.uk|access-date=5 March 2019}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.warplane.com/aircraft/collection/details.aspx?aircraftId=34|title=Aircraft Details|author=|date=|website=Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum|access-date=5 March 2019}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aviationmuseum.eu/World/North_America/USA/California/Lancaster/Milestones_of_Flight_Museum.htm|title=Milestones of Flight Air Museum - Lancaster - California - USA|author=|date=|website=www.aviationmuseum.eu|access-date=5 March 2019}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://silverhawkauthor.com/aviation-canadian-warplanes-preserved-in-alberta_393.html|title=Harold A. Skaarup, author of Shelldrake|author=|date=|website=silverhawkauthor.com|access-date=5 March 2019}}
35. ^Reevers Warbirds
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=67750|title=Aerial Visuals - Airframe Dossier - North American T-6/AT-6/SNJ Texan / Harvard, s/n 3390 RCAF, c/n 64-3033|author=|date=|website=www.aerialvisuals.ca|access-date=5 March 2019}}
37. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.aviationmuseum.eu/World/Europe/France/La_Baule-Escoublac/Musee_Aeronautique_Presquile_Cote_dAmour.htm|title=Musee Aeronautique Presqu'ile Cote d'Amour - la Baule-Escoublac - France|author=|date=|website=www.aviationmuseum.eu|access-date=24 March 2019}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pimaair.org/aircraft-by-name/item/north-american-bt-14a-yale|title=YALE|author=|date=|website=www.pimaair.org|access-date=24 March 2019}}
39. ^"NA-64 Yale." Canadian Harvard Aircraft Association. Retrieved: 24 December 2011.
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://https/:www.warplane.com/aircraft/collection/details.aspx?aircraftId=46|title=Aircraft Details|author=|date=|website=Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum|access-date=24 March 2019}}
41. ^Bomber Command Museum of Canada – North American NA-64 Yale Retrieved: 31 March 2014
42. ^Aircraft 3416 Photo access date: 2 April 2014
43. ^{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508160427/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=5055|title=Factsheets : North American BT-14 (NA-64)|author=|date=8 May 2014|website=web.archive.org|access-date=5 March 2019}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.avionslegendaires.net/reportage/western-canada-aviation-museum-winnipeg/|title=Western Canada Aviation Museum – Winnipeg - Reportage avionslegendaires.net|first=|last=Marcel|date=|website=avionslegendaires.net|access-date=5 March 2019}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMJCE1_Canadas_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame_Wetaskiwin_Alberta|title=Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame - Wetaskiwin, Alberta - Aviation Museums on Waymarking.com|author=|date=|website=www.waymarking.com|access-date=5 March 2019}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.airport-data.com/aircraft/N64FL.html|title=Aircraft Data N64FL, North American NA-64 C/N 64-2207|author=|date=|website=www.airport-data.com|access-date=5 March 2019}}
47. ^1 2 3 4 Canadian Wings.com accessdate: March 2014
48. ^North American Aviation, 1940, p.29
49. ^North American Aviation, 1940, p.22
50. ^North American Aviation, 1940, p.28
51. ^North American Aviation, 1940, pp.17
52. ^Fletcher, 1990, pp.
53. ^Hagedorn, 1997, p.
54. ^North American Aviation, 1940, pp.8–9
{{Reflist|2}}

Bibliography

{{Refbegin}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Fletcher|first1=David C|last2=MacPhail|first2=Doug|title=Harvard! the North American Trainers in Canada|publisher=DCF Flying Books|location=San Josef BC/Dundee ON|year=1990|isbn=0-9693825-0-2}}
  • {{cite journal|last1=Fletcher|first1=David|title=North American Yale|journal=Random Thoughts|year=1995|volume=17|issue=2|publisher=International Plastic Modellers Society of Canada|page=31}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Griffin|first1=John A.|title=Canadian Military Aircraft Serials & Photographs 1920 – 1968|series=Publication No. 69-2|publisher=Queen's Printer|location=Ottawa|year=1969}}
  • {{cite book|last=Hagedorn|first=Dan|title=North American NA-16/AT-6/SNJ (WarbirdTech Volume 11)|publisher=Speciality Press|location=North Branch, MN|year=1997|isbn=0-933424-76-0}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Kostenuk|first1=S.|last2=Griffin|first2=J.|title=RCAF Squadron Histories and Aircraft: 1924–1968|publisher=Samuel Stevens, Hakkert & Co.|location=Toronto, ON|year=1977|isbn=978-0888665775}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Milberry|first1=Larry|last2=Halliday|first2=Hugh A.|title=The Royal Canadian Air Force at War, 1939–1945|publisher=CANAV Books|location=Toronto, ON|year=1990|isbn=978-0921022046}}
  • {{cite book|author=North American Aviation|title=Manuel de Pilotage de l'Avion NA-64 P-2 (Avion de Perfectionnement)|series=Rapport No 1552|publisher=North American Aviation|location=Inglewood, CA|year=1940}}
  • {{cite book|last=Skaarup|first=Harold A.|title=Canadian Warbird and War Prize Survivors, Updated Edition|publisher=Writers Club Press|location=Lincoln, NE|year=2000|isbn=978-0595122165}}
  • {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Peter Charles|title=North American T-6: SNJ, Harvard and Wirraway|publisher=Crowood Press|location=Wiltshire, UK|year=2000|isbn=1-86126-382-1}}
{{Refend}}

External links

{{Commons category}}
  • Warbirds Directory – North American T-6 and Yale
  • [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0034578/?ref_=tttr_tr_tt IMdB – Captains of the Clouds]
{{North American Aviation aircraft}}

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