| 词条 | Northrop Grumman Firebird | |||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Northrop Grumman Firebird is an intelligence gathering aircraft designed by Northrop Grumman's Scaled Composites design shop which can be flown remotely or by a pilot. At Scaled, it is known as the Model 355. It was unveiled on May 9, 2011.[1][2] It was first flown in February 2010 and is considered to be an optionally piloted vehicle (OPV).[3][4] Design and developmentOne of the last aircraft designs overseen by Burt Rutan, who retired in April 2011, Firebird is a medium-altitude long-endurance aircraft designed to fly up to 40 hours at a top speed of {{convert|230|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} at an altitude of {{convert|30000|ft|m}}.[1] The twin-boom aircraft has a pusher configuration and a long slender (high aspect ratio) wing with a very slight forward sweep angle.[5] It has a wingspan of {{convert|65|ft|m}}, a length of {{convert|34|ft|m}}, a height of {{convert|9.7|ft|m}} and a payload capacity of {{convert|1240|lb|kg}}.[6] It is powered by a Lycoming TEO-540 flat-six piston engine and has a maximum takeoff weight of {{convert|5000|lb|kg}}.[7] The aircraft has hardpoints to carry weapons, though it is currently unarmed.[8] A new variant with a wingspan widened from {{cvt|72.2 to 79.2|ft}} first flew in March 2018 and should be launched in early 2019.[9] Reconnaissance capabilitiesThe Firebird is designed so that the aircraft is able to carry up to four modules of spy equipment simultaneously, on a separate system from that needed to control the plane, so that equipment can be easily swapped in and out.[11] According to Rick Crooks, a Northrop executive involved in the project, this design means that "[i]t takes days or weeks to get a new payload [of equipment] integrated, instead of years."[10] The aircraft has the ability to simultaneously view infrared imagery, gather real time high definition video, use radar and perform local signals intelligence.[7] Operational historyThe idea of building an aircraft capable of being flown with or without a pilot was first floated 9 February 2009 by Rick Crooks, when he contacted Scaled Composites about the possibility of building such an aircraft.[10] Scaled agreed, and on 9 February 2010 the aircraft made its first flight.[10] In October 2010, the aircraft demonstrated its capabilities of collecting information from multiple sources simultaneously for the first time when it made a demonstration flight in Sacramento, California, for defense officials.[7] On 9 May 2011 the aircraft was publicly unveiled for the first time, and between 23 May and 3 June 2010, it participated in the 2011 Empire Challenge exercise, where it displayed its ability to carry multiple payloads and switch them out rapidly.[7] According to Northrop, the single aircraft built is considered to be operationally ready, beyond the prototype stage.[7] At the time of the aircraft's public unveiling, there were early plans for a second aircraft to be built.[7] If it enters production, construction of the Firebird is planned to move to factories in Palmdale, California or Moss Point, Mississippi, rather than the Scaled Composites facility in Mojave, California.[7] On 11 November 2012, the Firebird began test flights, and production was approved.[11] U.S. serviceThe first Firebirds are to be delivered to an unnamed U.S. government service before mid-2019.[12] Specifications{{Aircraft specs|ref=[13] |prime units?=imp |crew=two(optional) |capacity={{convert|1240|lb}} payload |length m= |length ft=34 |length in= |length note= |span m= |span ft=65 |span in= |span note= |height m=2.96 |height ft= |height in= |height note= |wing area sqm= |wing area sqft= |wing area note= |aspect ratio= |airfoil= |empty weight kg= |empty weight lb= |empty weight note= |gross weight kg= |gross weight lb= |gross weight note= |max takeoff weight kg= |max takeoff weight lb=5000 |max takeoff weight note= |fuel capacity= |more general= |eng1 number=1 |eng1 name=Lycoming TO-540 |eng1 type=opposed six-cylinder piston engine |eng1 kw= |eng1 hp=350 |eng1 shp= |eng1 note= |power original= |more power= |prop blade number= |prop name= |prop dia m= |prop dia ft= |prop dia in= |prop note= |max speed kmh= |max speed mph= |max speed kts= |max speed note= |max speed mach= |cruise speed kmh= |cruise speed mph= |cruise speed kts= |cruise speed note= |stall speed kmh= |stall speed mph= |stall speed kts= |stall speed note= |never exceed speed kmh= |never exceed speed mph= |never exceed speed kts= |never exceed speed note= |minimum control speed kmh= |minimum control speed mph= |minimum control speed kts= |minimum control speed note= |range km= |range miles= |range nmi= |range note= |combat range km= |combat range miles= |combat range nmi= |combat range note= |ferry range km= |ferry range miles= |ferry range nmi= |ferry range note= |endurance=40 hours |ceiling m= |ceiling ft=30000 |ceiling note= |g limits= |roll rate= |glide ratio= |climb rate ms= |climb rate ftmin= |climb rate note= |time to altitude= |lift to drag= |wing loading kg/m2= |wing loading lb/sqft= |wing loading note= |disk loading kg/m2= |disk loading lb/sqft= |disk loading note= |fuel consumption kg/km= |fuel consumption lb/mi= |power/mass= |thrust/weight= |more performance= |guns= |bombs= |rockets= |missiles= |hardpoints=2 |hardpoint capacity= |hardpoint rockets= |hardpoint missiles= |hardpoint bombs= |hardpoint other= |avionics= }} See also
References1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-northrop-drone-20110509,0,1365932.story|title=Onboard pilot optional with Northrop's Firebird spy plane|last=Hennigan|first=W.J.|date=9 May 2011|work=The Los Angeles Times|accessdate=9 May 2011}} {{Grumman aircraft}}2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2011/may/09/nothrop-secretly-develops-surveillance-plane-san-d/|title=Northrop secretly develops spy plane in San Diego|last=Robbins|first=Gary|date=9 May 2011|work=The San Diego Union-Tribune|accessdate=9 May 2011}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/awx/2011/05/06/awx_05_06_2011_p0-318896.xml|title=Exclusive: Northrop Unveils Firebird MALE|last=Butler|first=Amy|date=9 May 2011|work=Aviation Week & Space Technology|accessdate=9 May 2011}} 4. ^{{Cite news|url = http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/ScaledsLatest_PilotOptionalSpyplane_204625-1.html|title = Scaled's Latest: Pilot-Optional Spyplane|accessdate = 10 May 2011|last = Grady|first = Mary|authorlink = |date=May 2011| work = AvWeb}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/northrop-grumman-unveils-new-intelligence-aircraft-that-can-be-flown-unmanned-or-by-pilot/2011/05/09/AFEXywZG_story.html|title=Northrop Grumman unveils new intelligence aircraft that can be flown unmanned or by pilot|date=9 May 2011|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=9 May 2011}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-northrop-drone-box-20110509,0,2370890.story|title=Firebird spy plane at a glance|date=9 May 2011|work=The Los Angeles Times|accessdate=9 May 2011}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story.jsp?id=news/awst/2011/05/09/AW_05_09_2011_p52-316747.xml&headline=Northrop%20Grumman%20Aims%20To%20Take%20On%20Predator&channel=awst|title=Northrop Grumman Aims To Take On Predator|last=Butler|first=Amy|date=May 6, 2011|work=Aviation Week & Space Technology|accessdate=9 May 2011}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/05/09/356428/northrop-grumman-formally-unveils-firebird.html|title=Northrop Grumman formally unveils Firebird|last=Rosenberg|first=Zach|date=9 May 2011|work=Flightglobal.com|accessdate=9 May 2011}} 9. ^{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/defense/northrop-grumman-formally-unveils-firebird-uas |title= Northrop Grumman Formally Unveils Firebird UAS |date= Dec 14, 2018 |author= Steve Trimble |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}} 10. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | url=https://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2011/05/famed-spaceship-maker-gives-spy-drones-a-try/ | title=Famed Spaceship Maker Gives Spy Drones a Try | publisher=Wired Magazine | date=9 May 2011 | accessdate=11 May 2011 | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yc7oOwqr | archivedate=10 May 2011}} 11. ^{{cite web|last=Norris|first=Guy|title=Firebird Wins Northrop Grumman Production Go-Ahead|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/AW_11_19_2012_p32-516681.xml|publisher=Aviation Week|accessdate=22 November 2012|date=19 November 2012}} 12. ^{{cite web |last1=Kemp |first1=Damian |title=Avalon 2019: Optionally manned Firebird set to enter service |url=https://www.janes.com/article/86913/avalon-2019-optionally-manned-firebird-set-to-enter-service |website=Jane's 360 |accessdate=1 March 2019 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/HVO9s |archivedate=28 February 2019 |location=Melbourne |date=28 February 2019 |deadurl=no}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/blogs/defense/index.jsp?plckController=Blog&plckScript=blogScript&plckElementId=blogDest&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&plckPostId=Blog%3A27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%3Ac833c291-ab5b-4754-8e97-dfda8a75c421|title=Exclusive: Northrop Grumman's Firebird|last=Butler|first=Amy|date=6 May 2011|work=Aviation Week & Space Technology|accessdate=21 December 2011}} 8 : Northrop Grumman aircraft|Twin-boom aircraft|Single-engined pusher aircraft|United States special-purpose aircraft 2010–2019|Unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States|Scaled Composites|Mid-wing aircraft|Aircraft first flown in 2010 |
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