| 词条 | SS City of Flint (1919) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
SS City of Flint, a Hog Islander freighter built by American International Shipbuilding at the Hog Island Shipyard, Philadelphia for the United States Shipping Board (USSB), Emergency Fleet Corporation.{{sfn|Colton: American International Shipbuilding}}{{sfn|McKellar, Part II, Contract Steel Ships|pp=584, 588}} City of Flint was named to honor the citizens of Flint, Michigan for their effort in Liberty Loan drives during World War I.{{sfn|American Marine Engineer (January, 1920)|p=30}} The ship was operating with the American Hampton Roads Line in 1930, but reverted to the USSB by 1935.{{sfn|McKellar, Part II, Contract Steel Ships|p=588}}{{sfn|Lloyd's Register 1931—32}}{{sfn|Lloyd's Register 1935—36}} By 1940 the USSB had been replaced by the United States Maritime Commission as owner and the ship was being operated as a Maritime Commission cargo vessel.{{sfn|Naval History and Heritage Command: Gainard}}{{sfn|Lloyd's Register 1940—41}} During the World War II City of Flint was being operated by United States Lines allocated to Army cargo requirements.{{sfn|Lloyd's Register 1940—41}}{{sfn|Grover|1987|pp=38, 44}} City of Flint was the first American ship captured by the Germans during World War II. The AtheniaThe City of Flint, under the command of Captain Joseph A. Gainard, first became involved in the war when she rescued 200 survivors of the torpedoed British passenger liner {{SS|Athenia||2}} on 3 September 1939.{{sfn|Naval History and Heritage Command: Gainard}} Athenia had been torpedoed by the {{GS|U-30|1936|6}} commanded by Kapitanleutnant Fritz-Julius Lemp south of Rockall Bank that afternoon, and sent out a distress signal.{{sfn|Cressman, Official Chronology, Chapter I: 1939|p=3 September 1939}} City of Flint, the Norwegian freighter Knute Nelson, the Swedish yacht Southern Cross and the destroyers {{HMS|Electra|H27|6}} and {{HMS|Escort|H66|6}} responded to rescue survivors.{{sfn|Cressman, Official Chronology, Chapter I: 1939|p=3 September 1939}} The Captain of HMS Electra, Lt Cdr Sammy A. Buss, took charge as senior officer present. He sent the destroyer {{HMS|Fame|H78|6}} on an anti-submarine sweep of the area, while Electra, another destroyer HMS Escort, Southern Cross, Knute Nelson, and the City of Flint rescued the survivors. Between the ships, about 981 passengers and crew were rescued. City of Flint rescued more than 200 and the provisions for American passengers leaving Europe embarked at Glasgow contributed to the welfare of the survivors.{{sfn|Naval History and Heritage Command: Gainard}} 112 people were killed, and Athenia sank the next morning.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} SeizureIn October 1939, City of Flint was carrying a cargo of tractors, grain and fruit to Britain. On 9 October, the {{Ship|German pocket battleship|Deutschland}} seized the City of Flint, declaring her cargo to be contraband and the ship a prize of war. A German prize crew was put on board the ship to sail her back to Germany.{{sfn|Cressman, Official Chronology, Chapter I: 1939|p=9 October 1939}}[1] To avoid the Royal Navy and obtain water, the prize crew headed for Tromsø, arriving on 20 October 1939.{{sfn|Cressman, Official Chronology, Chapter I: 1939|p=21 October 1939}} The Norwegians, neutral at the time and disturbed by the sinking of the merchant {{SS|Lorentz W. Hansen}}, refused entry to the Germans, giving them 24 hours to leave.{{sfn|Cressman, Official Chronology, Chapter I: 1939|p=21 October 1939}} The Norwegian destroyer {{HNoMS|Sleipner|1936|6}} escorted the City of Flint out of Norwegian territorial waters at 1620hrs the next day.[2] The prize crew then sailed for Murmansk arriving 23 October.{{sfn|Cressman, Official Chronology, Chapter I: 1939|p=23 October 1939}} Claiming havarie (the privilege of sanctuary for damage caused at sea).{{sfn|Naval History and Heritage Command: Gainard}} the ship lay in Murmansk harbor under the control of the German prize crew for several days and was eventually sent out by the Soviets, who stated that if the Germans claimed havarie, the American crew could not be prisoners of war.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} The Soviets interned the German prize crew on 24 October but restored them to control on 27 October under the principle requiring a ship to leave in the same condition as on entry.{{sfn|Naval History and Heritage Command: Gainard}}{{sfn|Cressman, Official Chronology, Chapter I: 1939|p=24 & 27 October 1939}} On 28 October the ship sailed for Norway under German control without Captain Gainard, who was an inactive United States Naval Reserve officer, having been allowed to communicate with United States Embassy officials.{{sfn|Cressman, Official Chronology, Chapter I: 1939|p=28 October 1939}} In the several weeks that elapsed, the United States ordered many US merchant ships to register with other countries, so as to continue supporting the Allies without violating the US's nominal neutrality. The Royal Navy began closing on the captured ship.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} The prize crew then tried Norway again, proceeding to the port of Haugesund. The Norwegian government again refused entry, describing the German crew as kidnappers.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} The approaching Royal Navy left the prize crew no choice, though; on 3 November they entered the harbor.{{Citation needed|date=March 2015}} The ship anchored in Norway, and no one could claim the ship was making her right for passage. In consequence the Norwegian Admiralty dispatched the minelayer {{HNoMS|Olav Tryggvason}} and boarded the City of Flint with its second in command, captain Bernt T. Dingsør and thirty armed sailors, who on 6 November returned City of Flint to Captain Gainard's command. He unloaded his cargo in Bergen and set sail in ballast for the US. The German prize crew was interned at Kongsvinger Fortress. City of Flint continued in service in the Atlantic until she was sunk on 23 January 1943 by the {{GS|U-575}}. References1. ^{{cite book |title=Å være eller ikke være – Under orlogsflagget i den annen verdenskrig |last=Bjørnsson |first=Nils |year=1994 |publisher=Sjømilitære Samfund ved Forlaget Norsk Tidsskrift for Sjøvesen |location=Haakonsvern |isbn=82-990969-3-6 |page=23 |url= |language=Norwegian }} 2. ^{{cite book | title = Norges sjøkrig 1940–1945. Bd. 1, Sjøforsvarets nøytralitetsvern 1939–1940: Tysklands og vestmaktenes planer og forberedelser for en Norgeaksjon | first = Erik Anker | last = Steen |authorlink=Erik Anker Steen| language = Norwegian | location = Oslo | publisher = Gyldendal | year = 1954 |pages= 38–42 | isbn = | oclc = 186039825 }} Bibliography{{refbegin}}
External links
8 : 1919 ships|Design 1022 ships|Ships built in Philadelphia|Captured ships|World War II merchant ships of the United States|Ships sunk by German submarines in World War II|World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean|Maritime incidents in January 1943 |
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