| 词条 | Norwegian Digital Learning Arena | |||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Norwegian Digital Learning Arena (NDLA) | logo = Norwegian digital learning arena.jpg | founded_date = 2007 | type = Non-profit organization | services = Open educational resources | area_served = Norway | focus = Education | location = Norway | homepage = {{URL|ndla.no}} }} Norwegian Digital Learning Arena (NDLA) (Norwegian: Nasjonal digital læringsarena) is a joint county enterprise offering open digital learning assets for upper secondary education. In addition to being a compilation of open educational resources (OER), NDLA provides a range of other online tools for sharing and cooperation. The legal liability for the joint county programme is carried by Hordaland County Council. NDLA does not take on its own employees, but manages co-workers within the county resource system, as well as co-workers from private sector. Core activities are organised in teams: Subject material development, technical development, applications management, content management, NDLA interactive, and desk support.[1] HistoryIn 2006 The Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research allocated NOK 50 mill for the development of digital learning resources for subjects in secondary education. Among the targets was the intention to enhance the access to and use of digital learning resources in secondary education, and increase the volume and the variety of such resources.[2] Increased volume and diversity were seen as significant conditions for the introduction of free learning material in upper secondary education. The incentive was an amendment imposing the counties to provide free educational material, in print as well as digital, including digital hardware.[3] 20 September 2006 the county chief executives of education agreed to establish a joint project to develop digital subject material for all subjects in secondary education. The project was named Norwegian Digital Learning Arena (NDLA).[4] The preliminary project work started early 2007; all counties except Oslo were parts of the collaboration. The first year the project was fully funded by the Ministry of Education and Research, and on 26 September Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg officially opened Norwegian Digital Learning Arena.[5] The academic year 2008–2009 subject material for Norwegian, natural science, and health and social care, first year course, was published. The 18 participating counties took over the further funding of the project, and for the academic year 2009–2010 digital subject material was provided for 17 curricula and more than 30 subject areas.[6] The extent increases by the year and by school start in 2014 subject material covering approximately 40 curricula and 60 subject areas within upper secondary education is available. In 2013 Akershus County decided to withdraw from the project, however, the county resumed its participation from January 2014.[7] The number of visits to the digital learning resources on ndla.no has been rising since the start of the project. Based on ratings by Google Analytics the figures are:[8]
Oslo County does not take part in the NDLA project, but is the county with most visits and use of the resources on ndla.no. In 2013 there were 1 139 129 visits from Oslo. Available Subject AreasMost of the available NDLA material is licensed by Creative Commons license and is free to use. All the material is noted with competence aims based on the official data from the Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training. By the start of academic year 2014 teaching material within the following subjects and subject areas are available:
Other ServicesIn addition to the open digital learning resources NDLA provides a series of net-based tools for sharing and cooperation on net. Some of these are:
International CollaborationNDLA cooperates with Khan Academy for translation and organising pages, Norwegian subtitles of videos, Norwegian framework and Norwegian tasks.[15] In addition NDLA has cooperation with the PhET project at the University of Colorado, providing simulations in HTML5 as well as translation and organising of the two forms of Norwegian.[16] TechnologyNDLA is developed in the publishing system Drupal 6. The solution was initially created by the developing group Utdanning.no,[17] but further development and operation now lies with the Cerpus group. The core code of the system is open source software;[18] open for anyone aiming to develop digital learning resources. In 2018 NDLA will relaunch on a [https://github.com/ndlano new technological platform]. Prizes and NominationsIn 2011 NDLA was nominated for European Public Service Award (EPSA).[19] The prize is awarded annually within the EU/EEC area, the ambition is to develop and improve solutions within public and civil administration. NDLA was candidate for the prize with the entry: NDLA Innovation in Acquisition, Development and Distribution of Digital Learning Resources. A total of 274 initiatives were evaluated, and 15 candidates were shortlisted for the prize.[20] In 2014 NDLA won the Boldic Award for its open and innovative web repository at ndla.no.[21] In the jury statement, it was pointed out that NDLA's project strategy and solutions can be scalable across the Nordic and Baltic countries, and that NDLA provides a unique way of working together to promote distance learning and ICT-supported flexible lifelong learning. In 2017 NDLA won the Open Educational Resources Awards for best OER Site. External evaluationsThe NDLA learning resources are continually evaluated by independent third parties. An external users’ study from 2013 revealed that NDLA was mostly used as supplement to a traditional textbook, and the use was largely managed by the teacher. Students pointed out e-lectures and differentiated tasks as most useful. Both teachers and students emphasized the value of the possibility to differentiate material and tasks designed for students with varying learning capability.[22] Procurement and ProductionBy publicly inviting tenders NDLA searches the market for digital learning resources to cover the competence aims of the different subject areas. NDLA asks for production services, developing groups of digital learning material, for either parts of, or prospective total solutions for a complete curriculum. The responsibility for the editorial work, organising, meta-tagging, and putting together the material in the respective subject areas lies with competent editing groups recruited from upper secondary schools in the counties. The contents of each site are quality controlled by academy and university expertise, or otherwise specialists in that particular field. All the core material is published in the two forms of Norwegian. When the demand is not met by the supply, the editing groups will produce their own material. The publishing companies are invited to collaborate in every round of purchase, and are free to make an offer of their material that will benefit their interests. FundingThe basic income of NDLA rests on a joint contribution from the part-taking counties, of NOK 400, - per student, which constitutes an annual income of estimated NOK 64 mill. In 2013 this figure was lower due to Akershus’ leaving the project.[23] 66% of NDLA’s net expenses in 2013 were spent on purchase in the market.[24] In 2010 NDLA was indicted by the Norwegian Publishers' Association before the European Surveillance Authority (ESA). The publishers claimed that the state funding of more than NOK 150 mill did not comply with the international regulation of financial state support, and represented an obstacle to the establishing of a free market for digital learning resources.[25] The indictment was initially rejected by the EFTA Surveillance Authority on 12 October 2011,[26][27] but in December 2012 the dismissal was set aside by the EFTA Court after an appeal from the Publishers’ Association. In March 2013 the EFTA Court announced a formal investigation of the funding of NDLA,[28] and ESA reopened the case. After a close examination ESA reached the same conclusion; the funding of NDLA is in compliance with the rules of state funding.[29] References1. ^From Chapter 2 in NDLAs Annual Report for 2013 2. ^Letter from the Ministry of Education dated 19.06.2006 3. ^Norwegian Education Act § 3-1. The right to upper secondary education for youth 4. ^"Digitale læremiddel i vidaregåande opplæring - Nasjonal digital læringsarena", political issue with case number 200702708-9 in Hordaland County Council 5. ^Norwegian Digital Learning Arena opened by PM Jens Stoltenberg. (From the web site of Hordaland County.) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605052740/http://www.hordaland.no/Aktuelt/Arkiv-nyhende/2007/September/Nasjonal-digital-laringsarena-opna-av-statsminister-Stoltenberg/ |date=5 June 2014 }} 6. ^Many curricula cover more than one subject; it is for example normal that a curriculum for a vocational syllabus is split into three or four different subject areas. Curricula for Norwegian, mathematics, and English also cover more than one subject. 7. ^Agenda from the Akershus County Assembly of 23 September 2013 8. ^Figures of ratings quoted from NDLA 9. ^fyr.ndla.no 10. ^deling.ndla.no 11. ^min.ndla.no 12. ^samskrive.ndla.no 13. ^NDLA Film 14. ^[https://www.youtube.com/user/videoNDLA NDLA YouTube Channel] 15. ^Translating Khan Academy (news story on ndla.no) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727050945/http://ndla.no/nb/node/133229?fag=55 |date=27 July 2014 }} 16. ^More of What Works, from NDLA (news story from ndla.no) 17. ^[https://kgv.doffin.no/app/docmgmt/downloadPublicDocument.asp?DVID=292751&FMT=1&AT=15&ID=96478 Basis of qualification from Doffin for acquisition of securing, running, and storage of a digital learning platform for NDLA. ] 18. ^[https://bitbucket.org/ndla/profile/repositories The ndla open source project] 19. ^Theme 1 - Nominees: European Public Service Award i 2011. 20. ^Press release: Norwegian Way on Top in Europe (from om.ndla.no) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727043551/http://om.ndla.no/pressemelding-norsk-metode-til-topps-i-europa |date=27 July 2014 }} 21. ^BOLDIC AWARD 2014, Stockholm 23 October 2014, The Boldic Award Jury 2014 22. ^Athenae AS Evaluation of NDLA -- User Survey {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022222111/http://om.ndla.no/system/files/Brukerunders%C3%B8kelse%20NDLA%202013.pdf |date=22 October 2013 }}, February 2013 23. ^From chapter 7 in NDLA’s annual report 2013 24. ^From chapter 8 in NDLA’s annual report 2013 25. ^Annual Report from Norwegian Publishers' Association 2010 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220105033/http://www.forleggerforeningen.no/filemanager/download_file/file/506285.pdf/rsberetning%202010.pdf |date=20 December 2014 }} 26. ^EFTA Surveillance Authority Press Release 2011-10-12: State aid: Norwegian support to provider of digital learning material cleared 12.10.2011 27. ^EFTA Surveillance Authority decision 2011-10-12 28. ^EFTA Surveillance Authority Press Release 2013-03-27: State Aid: Investigation opened into funding of Norwegian provider of digital learning material 29. ^EFTA Surveillance Authority Press Release 2014-06-26: State aid: Norwegian support to the provider of digital learning material does not involve state aid 5 : Norwegian websites|Open educational resources|Educational materials|Open content|Education terminology |
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