| 词条 | Notholithocarpus |
| 释义 |
| image = Lithocarpus densiflorus leaves2.jpg | image_caption = Foliage | regnum = Plantae | unranked_divisio = Angiosperms | unranked_classis = Eudicots | unranked_ordo = Rosids | ordo = Fagales | familia = Fagaceae | genus = Notholithocarpus | genus_authority = Manos, Cannon & S.H.Oh | species = N. densiflorus | binomial = Notholithocarpus densiflorus | binomial_authority = (Hook. & Arn.) Manos, Cannon & S.H.Oh | synonyms =
| range_map = Notholithocarpus densiflorus range map.jpg | range_map_caption = Notholithocarpus densiflorus range }} Notholithocarpus densiflorus, commonly known as the tanoak or tanbark-oak, is an evergreen tree in the family Fagaceae, native to the western United States, in California as far south as the Transverse Ranges, north to southwest Oregon, and east in the Sierra Nevada. It can reach {{convert|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall (though {{convert|15|-|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} is more usual) in the California Coast Ranges, and can have a trunk diameter of {{convert|60|-|190|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Tanbark-oak was recently moved into a new genus, Notholithocarpus (from Lithocarpus), based on multiple lines of evidence.[1] It is most closely related to the north temperate oaks, Quercus, and not as closely related to the Asian tropical stone oaks, Lithocarpus (where it was previously placed), but instead is an example of convergent morphological evolution. DescriptionThe Notholithocarpus (prev. Lithocarpus) densiflorus leaves are alternate, {{convert|7|-|15|cm|in|abbr=on}}, with toothed margins and a hard, leathery texture, and persist for three to four years. At first they are covered in dense orange-brown scurfy hairs on both sides, but those on the upper surface soon wear off; those on the under surface persist longer but eventually wear off too. The seed is an acorn {{convert|2|-|3|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and 2 cm in diameter, very similar to an oak acorn, but with a very hard, woody nut shell more like a hazel nut. The nut sits in a cup during its 18-month maturation; the outside surface of the cup is rough with short spines. The nuts are produced in clusters of a few together on a single stem. The nut kernel is very bitter, and is inedible for people without extensive leaching, although squirrels eat them. Tanoak is one of the species most seriously affected by "sudden oak death" (Phytophthora ramorum), with high mortality reported over much of the species' range.[2] Notholithocarpus densiflorus var. echinoidesMembers of populations in interior California (in the northern Sierra Nevada) and the Klamath Mountains into southwest Oregon are smaller, rarely exceeding {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height and often shrubby, with smaller leaves, {{convert|4|-|7|cm|in|abbr=on}} long; these are separated as "dwarf tanoak", Notholithocarpus densiflorus var. echinoides. The variety intergrades with the type in northwest California and southwest Oregon. Tanoak does grow on serpentine soils as a shrub. UsesSome California Native Americans prefer this nut to those of many Quercus acorns because it stores well due to the comparatively high tannin content. The Concow tribe call the nut hä’-hä (Konkow language).[3] The Hupa people use the acorns to make meal, from which they would make mush, bread, biscuits, pancakes, and cakes. They also roast the acorns and eat them.[4] Roasted, the seeds can be used as a coffee substitute.[5] The name tanoak refers to its tannin-rich bark, a type of tanbark, used in the past for tanning leather before the use of modern synthetic tannins. By 1907, the use of tanoak for tannin was subsiding due to the scarcity of large tanoak trees. There weren't enough trees around for a worthwhile economic return. By the early 1960s, there were only a few natural tannin operations left in California. The industry was beginning to switch to a synthetic alternative.[6] A mulch made from the leaves of the plant can repel grubs and slugs.[5] Tanoak tannin has been used as an astringent.[7] Tanoak is sometimes used as lumber,[8] but isn't currently harvested commercially. SuperlativesCurrently, the largest known tanoak specimen is on private timberland near the town of Ophir, Oregon. It has a circumference of {{convert|26|ft|m}}, is about {{convert|8.25|ft|m}} in diameter at breast height, and is {{convert|121|ft|m}} tall with an average crown spread of {{convert|56|ft|m}}.[9] References1. ^{{cite journal| title=Phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic status of the paleoendemic Fagaceae of Western North America: recognition of a new genus, Notholithocarpus| url=http://www.ecologicalevolution.org/content/pdf/Manos09_Notholithocarpus.pdf| format=PDF| journal=Madroño| volume=55| number=3| pages=181–190| year=2008| first=Paul S.| last=Manos| first2=Charles H.| last2=Cannon| first3=Sang-Hun| last3=Oh| doi=10.3120/0024-9637-55.3.181}} 2. ^http://cisr.ucr.edu/sudden_oak_death.html Sudden Oak Death at University of California, Riverside, Center for Invasive Species Research 3. ^{{cite book|last1=Chesnut | first1 =Victor King |title=Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLkUAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=24 August 2012|year=1902|publisher=Government Printing Office|page = 405}} 4. ^Merriam, C. Hart 1966 Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes. University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley (p. 200) 5. ^1 Natural Medicinal Herbs: Home Url = www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net Reference page = Herb latin name: Lithocarpus pachyphylla 6. ^University of California Oak Woodland Management: Home Url = ucanr.edu Reference page = Does It Make Cents to Process Tanoak to Lumber 7. ^{{Silvics |volume=2 |genus=Lithocarpus |species=densiflorus |first1=John C. |last1=Tappeiner |first2=Philip M. |last2=McDonald |first3=Douglass F. |last3=Roy}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mendocinofurniture.com/artists/19/|title=Mendocino Coast Furnituremakers|publisher=Mendocino Coast Furnituremakers|accessdate=18 September 2015}} 9. ^American Forests External links{{Commons category-inline|Notholithocarpus densiflorus}}
8 : Fagaceae|Monotypic Fagales genera|Plants used in Native American cuisine|Trees of the Southwestern United States|Trees of the Northwestern United States|Flora of California|Flora of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Natural history of the California Coast Ranges |
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